Conservation K the REPRODUCED AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES NARA/CPIR679 CCF, 1933-491 Acadea Box 795, X Day letter. their August 5 44. Benjamin L. Hadley, Acadia National Park Bar Harbor, Maine. Service grieved over passing of Superintendent Dorr. Be has been an outstanding citizen and conservationist and his leadership in bringing about the creation of Acadia National Park and donating lands therefor set a magnificent precedent in park establish- ment. He has been an inspiration to all park people fortunate to know him. He will be greatly missed. Advise date of funeral and name of relatives to whom w should send condolences. SGD) Hillory A. Tolson Hillory A. Tolson, Acting Director, CONFIRMATION National Park Service. whi. 5920 - Ext. 42 cc: Mr. Drury. Mr. Demaray. Miss Story Personnel. IFS:HT:1b Ucadia national F6.9 1/2/02 Bar Harbor, main SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS VI Wild Life and Nature Conservation in the Eastern States ISSUED BY THE WILD GARDENS OF ACADIA BAR HARBOR, MAINE SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS VI WILD LIFE AND NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE EASTERN STATES. James Bryce The Appalachian region of America contained Kerner von until lately the finest temperate-zone forest, and Marilaun the richest in species, in the world. It ranged Univ. of Vienna unbrokenly from the northern boundary of the A. F. Schimper United States to Alabama and the Red River Univ. of Bonn region of Louisiana, and it stretched from the C. S. Sargent Atlantic lowlands to the prairies. Now, compara- tively little of this forest is left in an unaltered U. S. Forestry Report state; its area has shrunk to a fraction of what it was, and is still shrinking rapidly. It is a forest of immense antiquity. The earliest fossil record of the broad-leaved, deciduous-leaved type of tree found in the world is found in deep- placed rock-strata of the southern Appalachians, and the evidence is strong that never since that immeasurably far-off time has the long succession of its trees been broken, south of the limit of ice- A. R. Wallace sheet invasion. It is unique today in species no longer to be found elsewhere, such as the Tulip Tree, of which a dozen other species once dwelt within it; the Magnolias-now elsewhere found in eastern Asia only; the Tupelo, the Liquidamber, Sassafras, and others. Anciently as rich as it in these and other forms, the whole h to Huguenot Head in the Sieur de Monts national continent of Europe at the present time can on the coast of Maine scarcely show one-half its wealth in genera and species. 3 These species, forever irreplaceable if lost, M. L. Fernald are-like many of our native wild-flowers, birds and animals whose home the forest was-seriously endangered under existing conditions; and eastern America stands in the way today of losing swiftly, in a single human lifetime, its long inheritance of wealth and beauty in the natural world, in trees, in flowering shrubs and plants, in birds and other forms of animal life. N. S. Shaler Again, the Atlantic coast lands on the one hand I. C. Russell and the Mississippi Valley, with its branches, on J. P. Lesley the other, are regions destined to be permanent and crowded homes of industry and trade-homes of men, that is, on a vast scale. Between them, and everywhere within easy reach from them, lie the Appalachian mountain ranges, of great natural beauty and refreshing quality in extensive tracts, the ancient home of these magnificent for- ests, the source of streams, rich in delightful un- dergrowth and faunal life. This region of woods Charles Eliot and mountains, terminating in a magnificently watered region in the north, presents possibilities of incalculable importance to the crowded city populations of the East, the South, and the great Central Plains. To save it to the utmost in beauty and refreshing quality is imperative, in view of the great coming need, and it is yet more impera- tive to save to those who will come after us the A. R. Wallace forest's wealth of tree and plant species, of bird and other animal life. For these are things, A. F. Schimper precious in every sense, that once lost are lost for- ever, and not a few are lost already. What is now proposed is this-founded partly Dutch and on a scheme urged years ago by Dutch and Eng- English Colo- nial Reports lish naturalists for the preservation of the native forest and its associated life in their eastern col- 5 ennsylvania B6,F6,12 onies and partly on the knowledge that biologists have gained in recent years concerning bird and other wild life conservation: To establish a systematic chain of reserves, large or small as opportunity serves but selected always with well- A. R. Wallace studied reference to the preservation and favor- able exhibit of the native forest and other the choose bird these region; floras, and other faunas of their and to areas, also, so as to make of each, so Charles Eliot for as possible, a scenic reservation and a park, contributing to health and pleasure and the de- velopment of a love for nature. Each such reserve would thus contribute- variously, according to its character-toward these general ends: (1) the preservation of the native forest flora, its trees and underplants; (2) the preservation of bird and other forms of ani- mal life, natively inhabiting the forest; (3) op- portunity for scientific observation and study of these both, existing naturally under their original conditions; (4) conservation, in the public inter- est, of beautiful and inspiring landscapes; (5) the establishment of a means of study for plant- ers, landscape architects and foresters who have work to plan and carry out in the surrounding region. National Assn. In certain places, one or the other of these Audubon Societies objects would be dominant-as bird sanctuaries along the shore from Cape Cod southward, or James Bryce scenic reservations in tracts of exceptionally striking scenery, such as mountain heights and river gorges or beautiful coast broad To the and development landscapes. along of landscape work natural lines-work soundly based on nature-nothing that could else be done, no train- 7 86.F6.13 American In- stitute of Architects ing in schools or study of foreign examples im- possible of reproduction here, would contribute so liberally as this. In exhibiting to architects and landscape architects, or men charged with the development of public parks, the whole range of native material within their reach, a work of widest influence would be accomplished, and one that would aid greatly in the creation of a national landscape art. C. S. Minot For the botanist and entomologist such reserves, grouped in a linked series readily and quickly traversed, would not only provide living collec- tions of the rare plant and insect species of each M. L. Fernald region, difficult to study otherwise, but would also save from destruction many an interesting life form else certain to become extinct as the woods are cut away, the lands denuded and burnt over. For the preservation of the bird and other wild U. S. Biologi- life of the Continent, migratory as the former cal Survey largely is, absolute sanctuaries, well grouped and not too far apart, have already proved themselves beyond dispute essential, in the presence of a time where human forethought and prompt ac- tion only can avert the swift destructiveness of human agencies more ruinous biologically and wider spread than the destructive agencies of any previous age, glacial or other, the rocks or later clays reveal. GEORGE B. DORR. 9 B6,F6,14 ANPA. Ancient sea-cliff on Mount Desert Island, raised by coastal elevation and deeply sunk in woods ,1 ANPA SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS VII Man and Nature ISSUED BY THE WILD GARDENS OF ACADIA BAR HARBOR, MAINE SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS VII Man and Nature A paper GEORGE B. DORR in creation 1913, when were forward. park national plans now realized Mount for the Desert Island The we importance have question in the of eastern Public Reservations portion is of and swiftly already got a dense population of our country, paramount where Magnificent growing denser without swiftly West, cent ern first and with establishment the wise reservations prevision of national nothing have been similar, apparent created save limit. created in the the undertaken Southern Appalachians, forests in re- in the the nently its We beautiful productive scenery, territory. ready with its accessibility far greater has human and yet need, been East, North- men purposes, are are congregating passing for into in a new vast phase of human life perma- where the trade future and multitudes, for while for tion of there the must is present, time, inevitably pleasant, and intercourse; the be need many of times the conserving population the industrial popula- of can these with difficulty coming multitudes realize wholesome is great. breathing-places How now, occupied and in a period in 3 so our new country of growth yet great, so and newly vast we 1166 industrial change, but what such open spaces in the form of commons have meant to England in the past, the long struggle to prevent their enclosure by the few shows strikingly, and what is lost by their absence in densely peopled regions of China, where every rod of ground is given up to the material struggle for existence, the ac- counts of all returning travellers tell. But it is not a question of breathing-spaces and physi- cal well-being only; it goes far beyond that and is deeply concerned with the inner life of men. With Nature in her beauty and freedom shut out from so many lives in these industrial and city-dwelling times, it is going to become-has, indeed, become already-a matter of su- preme importance to preserve in their openness, in their unspoiled beauty and the charm of their wild life, their native trees and plants, their birds and animals, the places where the wealth or significance of these things is greatest, the places where the influence of Nature will be felt the most or where the life with which she has peopled the world, and man or chance has not destroyed, may be enjoyed and studied at its fullest. The times are moving fast in the destruction of beau- tiful and interesting things. The lost opportunity of one year becomes the bitter regret of thinking people in a few years more. Valuable and inter- esting species of birds, that were still familiar a genera- tion since and that might have added to the delight or wealth of the world forever, have now become extinct- as hopeless of resurrection as if we had known them only in fossil forms. Many a landscape and forest-land that should have remained forever unspoilt and public in the crowded eastern regions of the future has been ruined needlessly or locked up in private ownership. In nothing is conservation needed more than in saving all that is economically possible of the pleasantness and freedom of Nature in regions accessible, even by travel, 4 Cient +ulin trees North Carolina. on the left; Virginia, on the 1 to the vast, town-dwelling populations of the future; in preserving the features of scientific interest or land- scape beauty that widen men's horizon or quieken their imagination. City parks and playgrounds, valuable and necessary as they are, cannot do this, nor can cultivated fields and motor-traversed roads. The bold hilltops and mountainsheights which the ancient Hebrews felt were God-inhabited; the clear springs in Syria over which the Greeks built temples through whose ruined stones the crystal water still comes gushing; the sacred groves of Italy and Druid oaks of Northern Europe, tell a story of the deep influence of such things upon the hearts and lives of men, an influence we cannot afford to lose today in our mechanism-shrumken modern world of immeas- urably growing population. By taking thought in season, little need be sacrificed to secure incalculable benefits in Nature's wilder near-by regions, in her grander landscapes that lie within the reach of busy men; in refreshing forests, not too lim- ited; in picturesque and open downs beside the sea; or along the pleasant, wooded side of streams with unpol- luted water. When coal becomes exhausted, water-power or other form of energy will take its place, but nothing will ever compensate for natural beauty permanently ruined within the narrowing bounds of modern life. Life will always be a compromise between conflicting needs, but its needs are not material only. Man's future is deeply concerned with recognition of its spiritual side, and if there be anything in the world, next to the oppor- tunity to gain the necessities of life, to meet disease or find the means of education, that should be kept open to right use by all, it is the wholesome freedom of Nature and opportunity for contact with her beauty and many- sided interest in appropriate tracts. The day will ulti- mately come when to provide such will be felt to be one of the most essential duties of the state or greatest privileges of wealthy citizens. For wiser and better gifts than 6 these, to be public heritages forever, it were hard to find. Permanent as few others can be, they will only gain with time, in beauty often and in richness of association always. Changes in science or social organization, al- tered standards of artistic interest or change in char- itable method will not destroy their value. There are landscapes and tracts of land which for their beauty and exceptional interest-or their close relation to important centers-should be inalienably public, for- ever free to all. Our metropolitan parks and reserva- tions are a first step in this direction, as are the national parks out West, but with increasing private ownership and rapidly increasing population, the movement is one that will need to go far eventually. The earth is our common heritage. It is both right and needful that it should be kept widely free in the portions that the homes of men, industry and agriculture do not claim. Personal possession reaches out at widest but a little way, and passes quickly in the present day, gath- ering about itself little of that greater charm which time alone can give. If men of wealth would spend but a fraction of what they do for themselves alone, with brief result, in making the landscape about them beautiful for the benefit of all in permanent and simple ways, the result would be to give extraordinary interest-of a steadily accumulative kind-to every residential section of the land; and it would tend, besides, to give all men living in or passing through it a sense of personal pos- session in the landscape instead of injury at exclusion from it, and to give them, too, a freedom of wandering and a beauty by the way which do not lie within the reach of anyone today. And with such gifts would also go the pleasant sense of sharing, of participation in a wholesome joy which each recurrent year would bring afresh. No monument could be a better one to leave behind, no memorial pleas- anter-whether for one's self or others-than gifts like 8 B6.F6.6 these that make the earth a happier, a more interesting or delightful place for other men to live upon. That this movement must grow, no one who has thought upon the matter can doubt-the movement for public parks and open spaces, near or far, not as playgrounds simply but as opportunities for Nature in her deep appeal and various beauty to remain an influence in human life; for places, too, where such features of wild life as may coexist with man can be preserved, and where plant life, whether in forest growths or the infinite detail of flowering plants and lowly forms, may still continue a source of health and happiness in man's environment. The movement will grow, as all great movements do, because a great truth - man's need for Nature- lies behind it. The essentially important thing is to save now what opportunity we can for its expansion later. Our Duty to the Future JAMES BRYCE Extract from address delivered when ambassador to this country, urging the importance of creating national parks and forest reservations in the Eastern States before the opportunity was lost. I have had experience in England in dealing with this question, having been for some years chairman of a society for preserving commons and open spaces and public rights of way, and having also served on the com- mittee of another society for securing to the public places of national and historic interest. Thus I was led often to think of what is our duty to the future, and of the benefits which the preservation of places of natural beauty may confer on the community. That is a problem which presents itself not only in Great Britain but all over Europe, and now you in America are tending to 10 Giant Pine-trees in the north become what Europe already is. Europe is now a popu- lous, and in parts a crowded, continent; you, too, will some day be a populous, and ultimately, except in those regions which the want of rain condemns to sterility, a crowded continent; and it is well to take thought at once, before these days confront you, how you will deal with the difficulties which have met us in Europe. So that you may not find too late that the beauty, the freedom and primitive simplicity of nature have been snatched from you. Of all those pleasures the power to enjoy which has been implanted in us, the love of Nature is the very simplest and best. It is the most easily accessible; it is one which can never be perverted; it is one of which you cannot have too much; and it lasts from youth to age. Then, too, there are the literary associations which clothe many a wild or lovely spot with poetry. The farther a people recedes from barbarism, the more refined its tastes, the more gentle its manners, the less sordid its aims, SO much the greater is its susceptibility to every form of beauty, SO much the more do the charms of Nature appeal to it. Delight in them is a test of civiliza- tion. Now, let us remember that the regions and spots cal- culated to give enjoyment in the highest form are lim- ited, and are being constantly encroached upon. Although you have set a wholesome example in creat- ing the National Parks you have, there are still other places where National Parks are wanted. There is a splendid region in the Alleghenies, a region of beautiful forests, where the tulip trees lift their tall, smooth shafts and graceful heads one hundred and fifty feet or more into the air, a mountain land on the borders of North Carolina and East Tennessee, with romantic river val- leys and hills clothed with luxuriant woods, primitive forests standing as they stood before the white man drove the Indians away, high lawns filled with flowers 12 B6.F6.8 and traversed by sparkling brooks, containing every- murmur of a streamlet, the rustling of the leaves, thing to delight the heart of the lover of Nature. It would and the birds singing among the branches. No better be a fine thing to have a tract of three or four hundred service can be rendered to the masses of the people than thousand acres set apart there for the benefit of the to preserve for their delight wide spaces of fine scenery. people of the South and Middle Atlantic States, for whom We are trustees for the future; we are not here for it is a far cry to the Rockies. ourselves alone. These gifts were not given to us to be Then there are the Northeastern States with their used by a single generation, or with the thought of one mountains and forests. No other part of Eastern Amer- generation only before our minds. We are the heirs of ica can compare with this for the varied charms of a those who have gone before and charged with the duty wild and romantic nature. And as wealth increases in we owe to those who shall come after; and there is no other parts of the country, as the gigantic cities of the duty which seems more clearly incumbent on us than Eastern States grow still vaster, as population thickens handing on to others undiminished opportunities and in the agricultural and manufacturing parts of Ohio and facilities for the enjoyment of some of the best gifts Pennsylvania, of Indiana and Illinois, the love of nature that the Creator has bestowed upon his children. and the desire for health-giving recreation will draw more and more of the population of those cities and states to seek these spots where Nature shows at her loveliest. Do not suffer, therefore, any of the charms they offer to be lost by want of foresight now. Save your woods, not only because they are one of your great natural resources but also because they are a source of beauty which once lost can never be recovered. Preserve the purity of your streams and lakes, not merely for the sake of the angler but also for the sake of those who live on the banks, and of those who come to seek the freshness and delight of an unspoiled nature by the lake or river side. Keep open the long ridges that lead up to the rocky summits of your mountains; let no man debar you from free access to their tops, or from enjoyment of the broad prospects they afford. And keep wide woodland spaces open within the reach of cities, where those who seek quiet and the sense of communing with Nature can go and spend whole days enjoying one spot after another where Nature has pro- vided her simple joys-mingled shade and sunlight falling on the long vistas of the forest, the ripple and 15 14 DEPARTMENT OF THE 2161. AON **** NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON Bar Harbor, Me., , Oct. 29, 1917. Mr. Horace M. Albright, Acting Director National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Albright: I want to add just a word about the development of the Park. People are taking great interest in it, not only the people here but in a very wide circle. If I can show results within the next few years and what it may be made to mean to a great public, that interest will grow and bring its own re- sults in turn. If it stays inert, not opening out and developing its points of interest, its opportunity to give, that interest will drop. It is extremely important for the Monument that I should be able to Secure certain noble frontages I have in mind upon the ocean. For bringing this about I am dependent on the interest aroused, for they will be costly; but they are not out of reach if that interest can be kept quick and moving. The development here has got to be what we call in agriculture 'intensive', calculated to bring a large return from a relatively limited area. The Monument lends itself to this remarkably. There will be scarcely a hundred acres in a single tract in the whole Monument that will not be fitted to 2. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON make its own contribution of interest or beauty, different from the rest. And the landscape effects I am planning for, and am already in part securing, are unique -- in the world so far as I know and singularly striking. This is due ;O the boldness of the Flaciated rock formation and the picturesqueness of the foregrounds made by the frost-split granite, covered with moss and lichens. And it is also due to the character of the vegetation, which leaves no bareness anywhere and is rich in northern forms. In this it is un- like the White Mountains, which are relatively bare in detail, and unlike any of our southern landsca pes. The park, with such & path system as I am planning and have got already started, with its woods and springs and the ocean presence, ought to become one of the great health resorts as well as recreative areas of the country. It has remarkable possibilities in that direction, needing only proper hotels and a few years development of the park to make it so. And it is capable of being made as well a great biological station, exhibiting in & concentrated space the flora and fauna of the whole northeastern region of the continent. People are taking great interest in this aspect of it also, and I ought to be able to Secure generous support for it on this ground as well, when I can show results. I calculate there are now about ten thousand acres in the Monument with what I now have ready to add to it; I hope to 3. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON make this twenty thousand presently including in it something like thirty square miles. This will take in the whole moun- tain range and its adjoining valleys, together with good wharfages and sea approaches, and & considerable extent of shore. On the historic side, keeping alive the memory of a singularly interesting period in the settlement of the country and of the part France took in that settlement, the Monument has a distinct mission. It can enrich the national life with memories and associations we have been losing sight of. This back-ground of history, I find, interests everyone who comes here very greatly and is already becoming through the Sieur de Monts Publications a feature of the Monument. I have these publications on distribution at two places, the Govern- ment office and at the Sieur de Monts Spring entrance to the Monument, of which Secretary Lane can tell you. It interested him more, he told me as he was going off, than any other thing he saw here, in its combination of the wildness of nature and the human touch. There, opposite the entrance to the Emery path which leads to Sieur de Monts Crag and on over Dry Mountain to the Island summit, I have placed a simple little building sixteen feet square with a sanded floor and with a round oak table I gave for the purpose in the middle; the Crag looks down on it. On the table these publications are kept, spread out, and the door is open. A constant stream of people already passes there in summer time and carries off these pamphlets. It 4. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON has become, from & seemingly remote and unfrequented spot one of the most frequented spots on the Island within the last two years, it being first opened to the public on the creation of the Monument. Placed where the Monument is, with its railroad, motor, and water connections -- and air connections doubtless present- ly -- it is bound to be a point of great resort in the future, as it is developed and takes on a park-like aspect. Villa residence is already occupying the shore as far as the Penobscot, in practically unbroken occupation. The time is not distant when the park will present the only tract of really wild land upon the whole coast. The problem is, as I stated in my paper, to maintain its atmosphere of wildness and of natural beauty in the presence of the many thousand people who will annually visit it. Another matter I am studying over now is to make resort to it inexpensive, so that people of moderate means or on salary can come to it freely. This is a matter that I talked over with Mrs. Lane when she and Secretary Lane were here, I can get people boarded now at not exceeding fourteen dollars a week, and this is the first year -- owing to war prices -- when it would have been as high. But to provide for people at such rates on a large scale new accommodations will have to be provided, and it is this question, of location and the cost of building, which I am working on. The railroads will make special rates for such visitors to the park, I have ascertained. 5. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON So will the steamboat lines. With regard to food supply, the conditions are extremely favorable if the supply be properly organized. The supply of fish from the ocean, bought direct from the fishermen, is abundant and cheap. It is also a luxury to those who do not live within reach of it at other times. The market-garden industry also has sprung up now to such an extent in this region, stimulated by summer residence and the advent of the motor, that farmers fifty miles away -- in the neighborhood of Bangor -- club together and send a motor down two or three times a week, while the neighboring farmers, on the main- land as well as on the Island, make daily trips. Boat freight from Boston and Portland is also low and can be used for anything which is not quickly perishable. And as soon as people know what can be counted on in the way of demand there will be no difficulty in providing for people inexpensively on a large scale. On a lesser one they can be cared for now in the park's immediate vicinity. For the park is surrounded by resort and fishing villages, placed upon the shore. And every natural condition is favorable to low prices, cheap transport and good food. Yours sincerely, G.B.Door Acadia National Park By George B. Dorr Acadia. has been for the past ten years the only park in the National system' east of the Missippippi, in the territory of the original thirteen States. It is the only one based upon the coast, lying along the ocean highway that gave rise to the first settlement of the country. And as yet it is the only National Park exhibiting, in any part, the flora and fauna of the East. It lies on the islanded, embayed, and harbored coast of eastern Maine, in territory that was once a part of the French province of Acadia, then passed to England as the spoils of battle on the battlefields of Europe and presently to Massachusetts, the parent state of Maine. The territory in which it lies, rich in old historical association, is the most beautiful on the North Atlantic shore, and the only one to the St. Lawrence Gulf where mountainous formations reach the sea. Until now the Park has been restricted to the limits of Mount Desert Island, with its dominating landscape feature that island Is mountain chain. Now, by a recent act, Congress has granted it authority to overstep that bound and include, in the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior, whatever tracts in that widely sea-invaded region may be offered for its increase and found desirable. And with this wider vision for the Park's development, Congress changed its name from Lafayette, with memory of a great but passing moment, to Acadia; with its deeply rooted historical significance and descriptive value. The Park sprang from the conservational effort of a little group of early summer residents on Mount Desert Island, of whom President Eliot of Harvard was one, the writer another, to preserve in openness to the public and freedom from commercial exploitation such portions of that splendid scenery as private generosity and public spirit might make possible. In 1914, half a dozen years after the first gift of land had been received, enough had been secured to make its permanent conservations under the protection of the National Government seem important. Two years later, in the summer of 1916, on the advice of Secretary Lane, President Wilson proclaimed the tract a National Monument, named for the founder of Acadia, the Sieur de Monts. When the war was over and Congress voted the Monument its first appropriation, the Appropriations Committee of the House advised that it be made a National Park, upon which a bill to make it so was passed and signed by the President on February 26, 1919 during the period of his return from Paris, In one respect, besides contact with the ocean on a beautiful and historic coast and its eastern situation near by land and water to great city populations, Acadia is unique in that it has been formed by gift--gift to the illimitable, fast-increasing public of the future through the National Government as trustee--and sets a precedent that may be widely followed. The question is in debate among those in authority and others who have the best development of the National Parks at heart as to what, primarily, is the purpose of a National Park, whether its true function be conservational, recreational, or educational, or in what degree combined. In the case of Acadia, conservation--the conservation of beauty of inspiring quality and the safeguarding of free access to it by the public-was the impelling motive, both on the part of those who gave and on that of those in authority who accepted. Like a great work of art or famous ruin, whether many visited it or few, such a landscape should be preserved in its unique and inspiring beauty and spiritual significance for the enrichment of the workd and its influence on the minds of men. To. recreation Acadia National Park offers two great features: its many miles of mountain trail with ever-changing vision of the sea, and its contact with the ocean where an archipelago of islands on a sub- merged coast yields many hundred miles of picturesque and sheltered waterways with access to the open sea, once traversed by the Indians in their bark canoes and open now to every form of boat from ocean- going yachts to tiny sailing craft. Educationally, Acadia National Park occupies a unique position, representing singly among the National Parks the flora and fauna of a great natural province lying between the Massachusetts coastal zone and the Canadian, and including in its biological field the world's most various and crowded zone of life, the sea beach, rock pools, and shallow coastal waters. In its educational aspect the Park is a museum filled with living, self-perpetuating forms and exhibiting in singularly instructive fashion their ecological relations, their reactions to uniquely various physical conditions within a limited and readily traversed area. Much has been already studied and recorded on these lines, and here, if anywhere, it should be possible to awaken people to the interest of nature and its processes. Placed at the crowning point of beauty on a coast whose whole length, from Portland east, is a resort, with splendid highways in the making and the Maritime Provinces beyond, Acadia National Park is widely visited from the country over, and must be so increasingly as the population of the interior grows, airways develop, and the number grows of those who, inland or city dwelling, seek sight of or contact with the sea upon their summer holiday. Impressions they receive will travel widely and be a leaven working through the land for nature conservation and the preservation of landscape beauty in all its many types and forms. 8/10/2021 U.S. Department of the Inteior: The Department of Everything Else board THE DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING ELSE DEPARTMENT The Conservation Movement 1843 that DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING 0.32 The Conservation Movement of lékeries Matory As the 20th century opened, the Department of the Interior became progressively concerned with a movement aimed at reorienting the nation's The Department of traditional practices of handling natural resources--land, timber, water, Everything Else minerals, wildlife. Most 19th-century Americans held these resources to be inexhaustible and government regulation of their exploitation alien to MENU democratic principles. Basically, Interior's mission was to dispose of them to private enterprise, individual and corporate. A few men of vision dissented from this philosophy. Secretary Carl Schurz fought to halt the devastation of Cover forests in the public domain. John Wesley Powell preached a gospel of systematic and purposeful resource management. The Forest Reserve Act of Contents 1891, promoted by President Benjamin Harrison's Interior Secretary, John W. Foreword Noble, and the creation of the first national parks marked a modest erosion of the traditional philosophy. But not until Theodore Roosevelt's administration Origins (1901-09) did the doctrine of Schurz, Powell, and their sympathizers flower in a national crusade. The crusaders gave it a label that has endured: Getting Organized conservation. Western Emphasis To them conservation did not mean, as often alleged, that natural resources under federal control should be locked up and saved for the future. On the Nationwide Concerns contrary, the conservationists advocated use--rational, planned, orderly use. Early Problems Their goal was not an end to exploitation, not even private exploitation, but rather wise development and use guided by science, facilitated by technology, The Conservation regulated by government, and benefiting society. Thus power and irrigation Movement sites would be leased to private enterprise and developed according to government standards. Mineral deposits would be mined under a lease system. Parks and the Park Service Forests would be logged and grasslands would be grazed under permits that guaranteed sustained yields of timber and grass. The Geological Survey Leader of the Roosevelt conservationists was Gifford Pinchot, the dynamic Managing the Public head of the Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. Allied with Domain Pinchot were William A. Richards, a former Wyoming governor who served Fish and Wildlife as Commissioner of the General Land Office from 1905 to 1907; Frederick H. Newell, Chief Engineer of the Geological Survey's Reclamation Service; and Indians and the BIA W J McGee (he always dropped the periods), Secretary of the Inland Waterways Commission appointed by President Roosevelt in 1907 to design Territorial Affairs multiple-purpose development of river basins. Youthful, zealous in their cause, these men enjoyed direct access to Roosevelt but almost no rapport with Ethan 20th Century Highlights Allen Hitchcock, the elderly and conservative Secretary of the Interior held An Imperfect Anthology over from the McKinley administration. When Roosevelt replaced Hitchcock with James R. Garfield (son of the President) in 1907, the conservation coterie Notes acquired another effective activist. [37] Appendix The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized the President to set aside forest lands on the public domain. Lands thus reserved remained in the custody of Secretaries Interior's General Land Office. Judging Interior's management of these forest reservations unscientific and unproductive, Pinchot and his allies campaigned https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/utley-mackintosh/interior6.htmp 1/3 8/10/2021 U.S. Department of the Inteior: The Department of Everything Else for their transfer to Agriculture. Lumber, grazing, and power interests backed them, and in 1905 Congress enacted a transfer measure. The forest reserves, then comprising 63 million acres, formed the foundation of the national forest system. Pinchot's bureau was renamed the U.S. Forest Service, and he became the first U.S. Chief Forester. While maneuvering to take charge of the forests, Pinchot gave strong support to a movement that launched reclamation as a major activity of the Department of the Interior. His interest was an outgrowth of John Wesley Powell's studies showing the connection between forests and water storage. Irrigation interests in turn championed Pinchot's forestry programs. The reclamation movement bore fruit through the Newlands Act of 1902, which provided for the construction of dams and aqueducts to water arid and semiarid lands in the West. To carry out this ambitious program, the Reclamation Service was organized within the Geological Survey under Chief Engineer Frederick Newell. It became a separate Interior bureau under Newell's direction in 1907 and was retitled the Bureau of Reclamation in 1923. The Salt River Project with its Roosevelt Dam, the first major effort under the act, began in 1903 and ultimately made Phoenix, Arizona, an agricultural center of first importance. Later Bureau of Reclamation projects--including such world-famous works as the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams, the All-American Canal in California, and the Alva Adams Tunnel beneath the Continental Divide in Colorado-- brought water, flood control, electric power, and recreational resources to vast areas formerly incapable of sustaining major settlement, crop production, and industrial development. The conservationists, including Pinchot's allies in Interior, wanted to apply his principles of scientific planning and use to all public lands administered by the General Land Office. Part of their program was a lease system for livestock grazing within prescribed range capacities. Another, considerably more ambitious, was comprehensive planning and development of entire river basins. The main objective here--later achieved in large measure through the Bureau of Reclamation--was to further agriculture and industry through water resource development, the cost to be defrayed by the sale of hydroelectric power. In 1907-08, however, both proposals met defeat in Congress. Controversy among cattle men, sheepmen, farmers, and watershed protectionists doomed the grazing program; while the Army Corps of Engineers, long charged with public works in navigable rivers, effectively opposed giving the Inland Waterways Commission a statutory mission of comprehensive river-basin planning. In the closing years of the Roosevelt administration, conservationists came to see that further major gains were unlikely through legislative action. Comprehensive resource planning and development threatened local interests and alliances and SO encountered insurmountable obstacles in Congress. Increasingly, therefore, they sought to advance their cause through executive action. Secretary Garfield, for example, withdrew from other disposition most of the good sites for waterpower development. And Roosevelt, forced to sign an Agriculture Department appropriations bill that prohibited further presidential creation of national forests in six western states, first reserved 16 million more acres of forests there. Roosevelt later gleefully recalled how opposing interests "turned handsprings in their wrath" over the setting aside of these "midnight reserves" --a stroke described by a Forest Service historian as "the last flamboyant act of the conservation movement." [38] https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/utley-mackintosh/interior6.htm 2/3 8/10/2021 U.S. Department of the Inteior: The Department of Everything Else President William Howard Taft's administration (1909-13) proved less receptive than its predecessor to the sweeping new policies and programs championed by the conservationists. It also proved uncongenial to the freewheeling methods and direct access to the White House of the coalition of career bureau officials that had given the conservation movement its drive. The prior and subsequent styles were personified by Pinchot and Richard A. Ballinger, Taft's first Interior Secretary (1909-11). Ballinger, a successful lawyer and reform mayor of Seattle, had served effectively as Commissioner of the General Land Office under Secretary Garfield. But his appointment as Secretary disappointed conservationists: they had hoped Taft would retain Garfield, and Ballinger was less friendly to their cause. When a Land Office employee, Louis R. Glavis, charged that Ballinger was impeding an investigation of fraudulent coal claims in Alaska involving a former legal client, Taft backed Ballinger and authorized Glavis's dismissal. Conservation interests led by Pinchot sided with Glavis and forced a congressional investigation, their aim being to discredit and overturn Ballinger's policies. The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy was widely portrayed as a struggle of public against corporate interest, of good against evil. Although he was surely innocent of Glavis's charge, Ballinger's exoneration by a partisan majority of the congressional committee did not quiet his critics. When the popular Pinchot had to resign as Forest Service chief for his insubordination to the President, the administration lost further support. Ballinger, well aware that he had become a political burden, left voluntarily after two hectic years. The affair redounded far beyond Interior: by fueling progressive disaffection from Taft, it stimulated the rift in the Republican Party that enabled Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912. The conservation crusade of the early 20th century and the formation of other departments for other concerns tended toward a sharper focus in Interior on natural resources and a drift away from the "home department" concept. Interior became less and less a grab-bag of miscellany and more and more a natural resource agency. Pensions and patents (two of the department's original "big four"), education, hospitals, and other such activities gradually dropped out. Parks, mines, and reclamation, originally concerns of the General Land Office and Geological Survey, were elevated to separate bureau status within the agency; new responsibilities for fish and wildlife later arrived from the Commerce and Agriculture departments. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, focusing on human rather than natural resources, remained as the major exception to the trend. History Links to the Past I National Park Service | Search Contact Top Last Modified: Thurs, May 17 2001 10:08 pm PDT http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/interior6.htm ParkNet National Park Service https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/utley-mackintosh/interior6.htm 3/3 8/10/2021 U.S. Department of the Inteior: The Department of Everything Else History magline. Links to the Past National Park Service Home MENU THE DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING ELSE Cover Highlights of Interior History Contents Foreword Origins Getting Organized Western Emphasis THE Nationwide Concerns DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING ELSE Early Problems The Conservation Movement Highlights of Parks and the Park Service Interior History The Geological Survey Managing the Public Domain Fish and Wildlife Indians and the BIA 1989 Territorial Affairs 20th Century Highlights An Imperfect Anthology Notes by Robert M. Utley and Barry Mackintosh Appendix Secretaries 1989 History Links to the Past I National Park Service I Search Contact Top - https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/utley-mackintosh/index.htm 1/2 8/10/2021 U.S. Department of the Inteior: The Department of Everything Else 1006 THE DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING ELSE OF THE Contents MANCA I 1945 THE DEPARTMENT OF EVERYTHING as Contents Happy Matery FOREWORD The Department of ORIGINS Everything Else GETTING ORGANIZED MENU WESTERN EMPHASIS Cover NATIONWIDE CONCERNS Contents EARLY PROBLEMS AND PERSONALITIES Foreword THE CONSERVATION MOVEMENT Origins PARKS AND THE PARK SERVICE Getting Organized INTERIOR'S LAND LABORATORY: THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Western Emphasis MINING, GRAZING, AND MANAGING THE PUBLIC DOMAIN Nationwide Concerns FISH AND WILDLIFE Early Problems INDIANS AND THE BIA The Conservation Movement TERRITORIAL AFFAIRS Parks and the Park Service TWENTIETH CENTURY HEADLINERS AND HIGHLIGHTS The Geological Survey AN IMPERFECT ANTHOLOGY Managing the Public NOTES Domain APPENDIX Fish and Wildlife SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR Indians and the BIA Cover photo: Lewis and Clark Expedition: Bas-relief by Heinz Warneke in Territorial Affairs the Interior Auditorium, 1939. 20th Century Highlights An Imperfect Anthology Notes Appendix Secretaries https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/utley-mackintosh/interiort.htm 1/2 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 HC 106 N4 2doct I at ADDRESSES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST National Conservation Congress HELD AT SEATTLE, WASHINGTON AUGUST 26-28 1909 PUBLISHED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS CELLARY CONGRASS http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 OFFICERS NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS PRESIDENT B. N. BAKER, Baltimore, Md. SECRETARY L. FRANK BROWN, Seattle, Wash. VICE-PRESIDENTS JOHN BARRETT, Washington, D. C. JAMES S. WHIPPLE, Albany, N. Y. E. J. WICKSON, Berkeley, Cal. ALFRED C. ACKERMAN, Athens, Ga. HENRY A. BARKER, Providence, R. I. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE J. B. WHITE, Kansas City, Mo., Chairman B. N. BAKER, Baltimore, Md. J. N. TEAL, Portland, Ore. A. B. FARQUHAR, York, Pa. L. H. BAILEY, Ithaca, N. Y, THOMAS BURKE, Seattle, Wash. HENRY E. HARDTNER, Urania, La. W.A. FLEMING JONES, Las Cruces, N. M. MRS. PHILIP N. MOORE, St. Louis, Mo. MRS. J. ELLEN FOSTER, Washington, D.C. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY THOMAS R. SHIPP, Colorado Building, Washington, D.C. Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 16K) http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 MRS. MARGARET R. KNUDSEN, representing the Woman's National Rivers and Harbors Congress, Kokana, Kanai, Hawaii 206 THE HON. AUGUSTUS F. KNUDSEN, representing the Governor of Kokana, Kanai, Hawaii. 61, 172 MR. FRANK H. LAMB, member, Washington State Board of For- estry; member, Washington Conservation Commission, Hoquiam, Wash 189,228 PROF. SAMUEL C. LANCASTER, Consulting Engineer, Office of Public Roads, United States Department of Agriculture 198 MR. H. D. LANGILI., representing the Oregon Conservation Asso- ciation, Portland, Ore. 67 THE REV. DR. N. L. LARSON, of Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill. 4 MR. E. H. LIBBY, President of the Washington Conservation Association, Clarkston, Wash. 9 MR. ALEXANDER MACKIE, representing the Improvement Clubs of California, Alameda, Cal. 48 Cor.. JOHN I. MARTIN, representing the Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterways Association, St. Louis, Mo. 228 JUDGE L. P. MARVIN, representing City of Hartford, Conn. 32 GEN. MARION P. MAUS, representing United States Military Academy at West Point, Port Lawton, Wash. 115 MR. Hu MAXWELL, Chairman, West Virginia Conservation Com- mission THE Hon. H. B. McAFEE, Missouri 51 THE HON. H. W. McAFEE, representing the Topeka Commercial DR. W J McGEE, in charge of Soil Erosion Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture; member, National Conservation Commission 96 THE HON. J. F. MILLER, Mayor of Seattle, Seattle, Wash 95 MR. P. H. MORLEY, representing the Nebraska Conservation Com- mission, Lincoln, Nebr. 67 DR. ARTHUR MORROW, President Chamber of Commerce, Kalis- pell, Mont. 63 THE HON. GEORGE C. PARDEE, ex-Governor of California, member, Joint Committee on Conservation, Oakland, Cal. 123 MRS. R. H. PARKER, representing the Lowell Book Club, Lowell, Wash. THE HON. R. E. PEARSON, representing Governor Hughes, of New York, Albany, N. Y. 37 MRS. P. S. PETERSON, representing Mt. Holyoke College, Massa- chusetts, Chicago, III., and the General Federation of Women's Clubs, Illinois, Chicago, III. 60,136 MR. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester, United States Department of Agriculture ; Chairman, National Conservation Commis- sion. 70, ,117,2 ix Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 SECOND DAY-MORNING SESSION-AUGUST 27 * 68-111 (Inc.) Conservation: MR. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester, United States Department of Agriculture; Chairman, National Con- servation Commission. 70 Conservation in Pennsylvania : Hon. A. B. FARQUHAR, repre- senting the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania, the American Civic Association, and the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. 79 Conservation of Child Life: MRS. J. ELLEN FOSTER, Chair- man, Committee on Child Labor National Society Daughters of the American Revolution 90 The Relations Among the Resources: DR. W J McGEE, in charge of soil erosion investigations, United States De- partment of Agriculture: member, National Conserva- tion Commission 96 The Civic Aspect of Conservation: HON. HENRY A. BARKER, representing the State of Rhode Island and the American Civic Association 103 Conservation of Wild Birds: MR. WILLIAM L. FINLEY, repre- senting the National Association of Audubon Societies; the Oregon Conservation Association. 108 AFTERNOON SESSION 114-164 (Inc.) Conservation in the Military Aspect : GENERAL MARION P. MAUS, representing the United States Military Academy at West Point 115 The Right Use of Natural Resources Hon. GEORGE C. PAR- DEE, Ex-Governor of California 120 The Desirability of Conserving Natural Resources, from the Standpoint of a Railroad Man: MR. LEONARD N. SOLLY, representing the Esquimal and Nanaimo Railroad Com- pany, a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company 130 Conservation in Japan: MR. HASHIGUCHI, in behalf of Hon. Hajime Ota, Imperial Commissioner of the Japanese Government at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition 133 Address: MRS. MARY GAGE PETERSON, representing the Gen- eral Federation of Women's Clubs, Illinois ; Mt. Holyoke College, Chicago 136 The Progress of Conservation in Hawaii; HON. RALPH S. HOSMER, Superintendent of Forestry and Chairman, Ter- ritorial Conservation Commission of Hawaii 142 The General Federation of Women's Clubs in Conservation Work: MRS. OVERTON G. ELLIS, representing the General Federation of Women's Clubs, by appointment of its President, Mrs. Philip N. Moore 148 xii Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 37K) http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 Origin of the Congress HE First National Conservation Congress was the logical outcome of the White House Conference of Governors which was held in Washington, D. C., May 13-15, 1908, on the invitation of Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States, but the definite idea of convening the Congress originated with citi- zens of the State of Washington, who made the Congress a reality. In November, 1908, the Washington Forestry Associa- tion held a convention in which the people of the whole State participated. The delegates to this convention recommended that a conservation congress of national scope should be held in Seattle during the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. In January, 1909, the members of the Washington For- estry Association organized the Washington Conservation Association, with a charter membership composed of the members of the Forestry Association. A Committee of the Conservation Association was appointed to make arrange- ments with the Exposition management. As a result, suita- ble halls were secured for the sessions of the Congress and tickets of admission to the Exposition were obtained for the delegates. The work of arranging all the details of the Congress was planned and supervised by Mr. R. W. Douglas, Executive Secretary of the Washington Conservation Association. XV Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 28K) Image 17 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE I NEXT IMAGE 17 hhttp://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 70 THE CHAIRMAN Any formal introduction of the speaker who is with us this morning would be entirely out of place. I simply say that I desire to introduce to this assem- bly one whose works speak for him, and that is saying a good deal. I desire to introduce to you a leader, a distinguished leader of the great conservation movement, that typical American, Gifford Pinchot. Mr. Pinchot was received with loud and prolonged ap- plause. ACONSERVATION. MR. GIFFORD PINCHOT. FORESTER, UNITED STATES DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL CONSERVATION COMMISSION. My friend, Mr. Teal, is not a good authority about me, as you who may have heard him yesterday will realize. But I accept his kindness, as I have done many times before, and your kindness, with the keenest appreciation and much gratitude. It gives me a very peculiar pleasure to speak on conserva- tion here in Seattle. I came out here in 1891 to take up the question of National Forests and to discuss with your people the principles which were then and are now at stake, and I remember with the keenest delight that when I came to Seattle the first time I found here encouragement and assist- ance and support, and I remember with peculiar delight that the man who was foremost in that work then, as he has been prominent in it ever since, was Judge Burke. Seattle has always been most friendly and helpful in this movement, through its Chamber of Commerce and its citi- zens generally. That is one of the reasons I am so glad to come before you now and acknowledge the debt of the Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - : 31K) Image 87 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 71 movement with which I am connected to the Pacific North- west, to the lumbermen of this region especially, and to the people of Seattle. The principles which the word conservation has come to embody are not many, and they are exceedingly simple. I have had occasion to say a good many times that no great movement which has taken place in this way has made such progress in so short a time and made itself felt in so many directions with such vigor and effectiveness as the move- ment for the conservation of natural resources. We for- esters began our forest work before the conservation work as such began, and we are glad to believe that conservation began with forestry, and that the ideas which govern the Forest Service in particular and forestry in general are also the ideas that control conservation. Forestry came first and conservation later. So perhaps forestry had something to do with the starting of the conservation movement. At any rate, the principles which govern both are precisely the same, and the work which, if I understand it rightly, this Congress is to do is along the same lines. I think it is fair to say that the first idea of real foresight in connection with natural resources did arise in connection with the forest. From it sprang the movement which gathered impetus until it resulted in the great Convention of Governors at Washington something over a year ago. Then came the second official meeting of the National Con- servation movement last December in Washington. Both these meetings, as Mr. Libby indicated, were in a certain sense official. Now comes the first gathering of citizens without official connection, brought together to handle this question as citizens of the United States are handling so many other questions, with the intention of expressing their judgment on what ought to be done, and contributing as powerfully as only such meetings can to the formation of public opinion Back to Bibliographic Information I Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 88 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 72 The movement so begun and so prosecuted has gathered immense swing and impetus. Where two years ago few knew what conservation meant, now it has become a house- hold word. While at first conservation was supposed to apply only to forests, we now see that its sweep extends even beyond the natural resources, as I hope to say in a word later this morning. The principles are very few which govern the conserva- tion movement. Like all great and effective things they are simple, few and easily understood. There is no mystery about them, no reason whatever why they should be misun- derstood in any direction. Yet it is often hard, as no body of men know better than the gathering in this room, to make the simple, easy and direct facts about a movement of this kind known to the people generally. The first thing to say about conservation is that it stands for development. There has been a fundamental misconcep- tion that conservation meant nothing but the husbanding of resources for future generations. There could be no more serious mistake. Conservation does mean provision for the future, but it means also and first of all the recogni- tion of the right of the present generation to the fullest necessary use of all the resources that this country is so abundantly blessed with. It means the welfare of this gen- eration and afterwards the welfare of the generations to follow. The first principle of conservation is development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now. There may be just as much waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources as there is in their destruction by waste. We have a limited supply of coal, and only a limited supply. Whether it is to last for a hundred or a hundred and fifty or a thousand years, the coal is limited in Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 36K) Image 89 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 73 amount and, except through geological changes which we can never see, there will never be any more of it than there is now. But coal is in a sense the vital essence of our civiliza- tion. If it can be preserved, if its life can be extended, if by preventing waste there can be more coal in this country when this generation is gone, after we have made every needed use of this source of power, then this country is just so much further ahead and the future SO much the better off. Conservation, then, stands emphatically for the use of sub- stitutes for all the exhaustible natural resources, for the de- velopment and use of water power, and for the immediate development of water power as a substitute for coal. It stands for the immediate development of waterways under a broad and comprehensive plan as substitutes and assistants to the railroads. More coal and iron are required to move a ton of freight by rail than water, three to one. In every case and in every direction the conservation movement has development for its first principle, and at the very beginning of its work. The development of our natu- ral resources and the fullest use of them for the present generation is the first duty of this generation. So much for development. In the second place conservation stands for the prevention of waste. There has come gradually-and most of us in this room today have seen nearly the whole of it-there has come gradually in this country an understanding that waste is not a good thing and that the attack on waste is a necessary and possible attack. I recall very well indeed how, in the early days of forest fires, they were considered simply and solely as acts of God, against which any opposition was hopeless and any attempt to control them not merely hopeless but childish. It was assumed that they came in the natural order of things as inevitably as seasons or the rising and setting of the sun. Today we understand that forest fires are wholly within the control of human agency. Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 39K) Image 90 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 74 So we are coming in like manner to understand that the prevention of waste in all other directions is a simple matter of good business. The human race controls the earth it lives upon. We are coming to be in a position more and more com- pletely to say how much waste and destruction of natural resources is to be allowed to go on and where it is to stop. It is curious that the effort to stop waste, like the effort to stop forest fires, has often been considered as a matter con- trolled wholly by economic law. I think there could be no greater mistake. Forest fires were allowed to burn long after the people had means to stop them. The idea that men were helpless in the face of them held long after the time had passed when the means of control were fully within our reach. It was the old story that "as a man thinketh so is he:" we came to see that we could stop forest fires and we found the means at hand. When we came to see the control of logging in certain directions was profitable, we found it had long been possible. In all these matters of waste of natural resources. the education of the people to understand that they can stop these things comes before the actual stopping, and after the means of stopping them have long been ready at our hands. In addition to the principles of development and preser- vation of our resources, the length of the life of the ex- haustible resources, the perpetuation and renewal of those which can be renewed and perpetuated, there is a third prin- ciple about which I want to say a word. I would say more about it except that the admirable paper of Mr. Teal vester- day set forth. as I could not hope to do, the third principle of conservation. It is this: the natural resources must be de- veloped and preserved for the benefit of the many and not merely for the profit of a few. We are coming to under- stand in this country, as I have had occasion to say more Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 36K) - Image 91 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 75 than once, that public action for public benefit has a very much wider field and a much larger part to play than was the case when there were resources enough for everyone and before certain constitutional arrangements in this coun- try of ours had given SO tremendously strong a position to vested rights and property in general. President Hadley, of Yale, wrote an article in The Independent a year or more ago which has not attracted the attention it should. I hope it will be widely republished. The effect of it was that by reason of the fourteenth amendment to the Con- stitution, property rights in the United States occupy a stronger position than in any other country in the civilized world. I want to add that it becomes then a matter of mul- tiplied importance, of a thousandfold importance, if you like, to see, when property rights once granted are SO strongly entrenched, that they shall be granted only under such conditions as that the people shall get their fair share of the benefit which comes from the development of the country which belongs to us all. The time to do that is now. By so doing we shall avoid difficulties and conflicts which will surely arise if we allow vested rights to accrue outside the possibility of government and popular control. These conservation ideas cover a wider field than the field of natural resources alone. Conservation means the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time. One of its great contributions is that it has added to the worn and well-known phrase, "the greatest good to the greatest number," the additional words. "for the longest time," thus recognizing that this nation of ours is to endure and shall endure in the best possible condition for all its people. Conservation advocates the use of foresight. prudence, thrift, and intelligence in dealing with public matters. for the same reasons and in the same way that we use foresight, Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 92 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 76 prudence, thrift. and intelligence in dealing with our own affairs. It proclaims the right and duty of the people to act for the benefit of the people. Conservation demands the ap- plication of common sense to the common problems for the common good. The principles of conservation thus described have a gen- eral application which is growing wider and wider every day. The development of resources and the prevention of waste and loss, the protection of the public interests by fore- sight. prudence, and the ordinary business and home-making virtues, all these apply to other things as well as to the con- servation of resources. There is no interest of the people to which the principles of conservation do not apply. The conservation point of view is valuable for education as well as in forestry it applies to the body politic as well as to the earth and its minerals. A municipal franchise is as properly within its sphere as a franchise for water power. The same point of view governs in both. It applies as much to the subject of good roads as to waterways, and the train- ing of our people in citizenship is as germane to it as to the productiveness of the earth. The application of common sense to any problem for the Nation's good will lead directly to national efficiency wherever applied. In other words, and that is the burden of what I have to say this morning. we are coming to see that it is the logical and inevitable outcome, that these principles, which arose in forestry, and have their bloom in the conservation of natural resources, will have their fruit in the increase and promotion of national effi- ciency along other lines of national life. The outcome of conservation, the inevitable outcome, is national efficiency. In the great commercial struggle be- tween nations which is eventually to determine the welfare of all, national efficiency will be the deciding factor. So from every point of view conservation is a good thing for the American people. Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 93 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 77 I am almost through. (Cries of "Go on.") Just one word, if I may inject it, about the Forest Service, for of all conservation movements that is the closest and dearest to us. I wanted to say to this audience that the National Forest Service takes the following point of view in all the work it is doing. It may not apply' it with absolute perfection or even with a reasonable approach to perfection; but this is what we are trying to do in the application of the principles of con- servation. We are trying to be useful to the people of this Western country. We recognize, and recognize it more and more strongly all the time, that whatever this Service of ours has done or is doing has just one object, and that ob- ject is the welfare of the plain American citizen, and that unless the Forest Service has served the people, and is able to contribute to the welfare of the plain American citizen, it has failed in its work and should be abolished but that just so far as by cooperation, by intelligence, by attention to the work laid upon it, it contributes to the welfare of the plain American citizen, it is a good thing and should be allowed to go on with its work. We have established headquarters throughout the West- ern country because we understand that our work cannot be done effectively and properly without the closest contact and the most hearty cooperation with the Western people. We try to see to it that the timber, water powers, mines, and every resource is used for the benefit of the people who live in the neighborhood or who may have a share in the welfare of each locality. We are trying to cooperate with the West- ern States. In many cases the forest officers are officers of the State for the enforcement of the game and stock laws. We are trying to adjust all difficulties, and, I think, with some success. In this State of Washington there has been a good deal of complaint that the school fund was being injured by the Forest Service, but I expect that, as far as the Service- Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 38K) Image 94 of 249 Turn to image PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 78 can go, this will be settled during the next few months, and the State of Washington will get the benefit of every acre of school lands in the National Forests to which it is entitled. Let me repeat that however the Service may fail from time to time. and I think the failure is not all on its side, the thing it is trying to do is to work in cooperation with the Western people in carrying out the principles of the great movement of conservation which you represent. We have heard this morning, and this is the last thing I want to say, a most welcome but not unexpected expression of opinion from the President of the United States on the matter of conservation, and those of us who know him well know where he stands on that subject. I think we, as a Nation, may congratulate ourselves at this time. as I said at Spokane, more than upon any other single matter, that the author of these Roosevelt policies which are summed up in conservation, that the great man who gave his name to these policies has for his successor another great President whose Administration is most solemnly pledged to support them. (Applause.) Back to Bibliographic Information Conservation Home Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 22K) Image 95 of 249 PREV IMAGE NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg55/consrvvg55.db&recNum.. 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 THE FIGHT FOR CONSERVATION By GIFFORD PINCHOT NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1910 Back to Bibliographic Information | Conservation Home | Highest Resolution Image (TIFF - 5K) Image 1 of 155 NEXT IMAGE http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg11/consrvvg11.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 Page 2 of 3 CONTENTS Introduction ix CHAPTER PAGE 1. Prosperity 3 II. Home-building for the Nation 21 III. Better Times on the Farm 3r IV. Principles of Conservation 40 V. Waterways 53 VI. Business 7 VII. The Moral Issue 79 VIII. Public Spirit 89 IX. The Children 101 X. An Equal Chance 109 XI. The New Patriotism 120 XII. The Present Battle 132 Index 149 vii hhttp://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvg&fileName=vg11/consrvvg11.db&recNum... 11/19/2004 Conservation Movement: Conservation Chronology 1908-1911 Page 1 of 6 Documentary Chronology of Selected Events in the Development of the American Conservation Movement, 1847- 1920 1847-1871 | 1872-1889 1890-1900 | 1901-1907 | 1908-1911 1912-1920 [Elk with velvet on its antlers, lying down, Yellowstone National Park], William Henry Jackson, [1871]. LC-USZ62-61817 Conservation Home Page 1908 The Governors' Conference on the Conservation of Natural Resources, organized by Gifford Pinchot and his associate "WJ" (as he preferred to style himself) McGee, whom Pinchot called "the scientific brains of the new [conservation] movement," and largely financed by Pinchot himself, is held May 13-15 at the White House, propelling conservation issues into the forefront of public consciousness and stimulating a large number of private and state-level conservation initiatives. The Conference's Proceedings are published in 1909. A second such Conference is held at the end of the year to receive the recommendations of the National Conservation Commission. The National Conservation Commission, appointed in June by President Roosevelt and composed of representatives of Congress and relevant executive agencies with Gifford Pinchot as chairman, compiles an inventory of U.S. natural resources and presents Pinchot's concepts of resource management as a comprehensive policy recommendation in a three-volume Report submitted to Congress at the beginning of 1909. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron5.htn 6/17/2004 Conservation Movement: Conservation Chronology 1908-1911 Page 2 of 6 An article by Robert Underwood Johnson in Century magazine, "A High Price to Pay for Water," helps bring the Hetch Hetchy controversy to national attention. Congress begins several years of hearings and debate on the Hetch Hetchy question; the transcript of a Hearing held before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House of Representatives, December 16, 1908 suggests the scope of public concerns. President Roosevelt issues Proclamations establishing Muir Woods National Monument, California, on land donated to the Federal government for that purpose by civic reformer and future Congressman William Kent; Grand Canyon National Monument, Arizona; Pinnacles National Monument, California; Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota; Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah; Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument, Montana; and Wheeler National Monument, Colorado. The Land Classification Board is established within the U.S. Geological Survey to classify natural resources systematically SO as to determine their best use. Dallas Lore Sharp publishes The Lay of the Land, a particularly fine example of the way in which the era's nature essayists brought the American romance with pastoral nature into the dooryards of the nation's burgeoning suburbs, sustaining an appreciation for wild things in an ever-more-urban people. With financial support from the Russell Sage Foundation, and reflecting renewed concern for the value of rural life in an increasingly urban nation, President Roosevelt appoints a Commission on Country Life, headed by Liberty Hyde Bailey and including Gifford Pinchot, to study problems of rural life and recommend measures to ameliorate them; the Commission's Report, published in 1909, deals chiefly with social and economic issues, but also draws attention to such conservation problems as soil depletion and deforestation. 1909 President Roosevelt convenes the North American Conservation Conference, held in Washington and attended by representatives of Canada, Newfoundland, Mexico, and the United States. Outlook magazine becomes a chief organ in the national campaign to save Hetch Hetchy, publishing two editorials on the subject by its editor, Lyman Abbott. The First National Conservation Congress is convened by the Washington (State) Conservation Association; its Proceedings underscore the importance of private conservation activity, including that of women's groups, at this time, and highlight the energetic public response to the 1908 Governors' Conference. Until 1915, these Congresses serve as annual forums for discussion and debate among public and private conservation leaders, though they are eventually http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron5.htm 6/17/2004 Conservation Movement: Conservation Chronology 1908-1911 Page 3 of 6 undermined by internal squabbling. Congress passes "An Act To create the Calaveras Bigtree National Forest," authorizing the acquisition of lands in California to protect stands of Sequoia washingtoniana. President Roosevelt issues a Proclamation establishing Mount Olympus National Monument, Washington. President Taft issues Proclamations establishing Oregon Caves National Monument, Oregon, Mukuntuweap National Monument, Utah, and Shoshone Cavern National Monument, Wyoming. Under the influence of the work of the Inland Waterways Commission, Herbert Quick publishes American Inland Waterways: Their Relation to Railway Transportation and to the National Welfare; Their Creation, Restoration and Maintenance, a broad overview which well illustrates how policymakers in this era understood waterways development as an aspect of conservation. For the next several years, conservationists appointed by Roosevelt turn to the general public for support of their policies in the face of conflict with Congress and appointees of President Taft; as a result, conservation gains greater national attention, even as policy debates also increasingly involve those more anxious to preserve natural resources for aesthetic/spiritual reasons than to put them to practical use. 1910 Having publicly levelled charges of official impropriety against Secretary of the Interior Richard A. Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot is dismissed from government service by President Taft and turns to pressing for implementation of his policies through the National Conservation Association, which he had founded the previous year (it in turn had developed out of the Conservation League of America, which Pinchot had founded in 1908); Pinchot serves as the Association's President from 1910 until it dissolves in the 1920s (its official periodical, American Conservation, is published only from February to August of 1911, before folding for lack of subscribers). In this same year, Pinchot publishes The Fight for Conservation, a summary of his beliefs about the nature and importance of the conservation movement. "Conservation means the greatest good to the greatest number for the longest time," Pinchot writes (p. 48); "it demands the complete and orderly development of all our resources for the benefit of all the people, instead of the partial exploitation of them for the benefit of a few. It recognizes fully the right of the present generation to use what it needs and all it needs of the natural resources now available, but it recognizes equally our obligation SO to use what we need that our descendants shall not be deprived of what they need" (p. 80). Between January and April, following a Joint Congressional Resolution, a Joint Committee of http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron5.htr 6/17/2004 Conservation Movement: Conservation Chronology 1908-1911 Page 4 of 6 the Senate and the House holds hearings on the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, investigating the activities of both the Department of Interior and the Forest Service; though dominated by politics, these investigations--which eventually fill some thirteen printed volumes--are also, in historian Samuel Hays's words, "a gold mine of information about resource affairs" in this era. In the legislation known as the Withdrawal Act, Congress authorizes the President to withdraw public lands from entry and reserve them for "water-power sites, irrigation, classification of lands, or other public purposes," but reaffirms its ban on the creation or enlargement of national forests in six Western states. Congress passes a bill establishing Glacier National Park, Montana. President Taft issues a Proclamation establishing Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah. In an early attempt to come to grips with the growing problem of large-scale urban water pollution, Congress passes "An Act To prevent the dumping of refuse materials in Lake Michigan at or near Chicago". Reflecting the surge of popular interest in conservationism in the wake of events such as the 1908 Governors' Conference, several books published in this period offer an overview of conservation issues for the general public; the most notable of these include Charles Richard Van Hise's authoritative Conservation of Natural Resources in the United States, published this year; Mary Huston Gregory's broader-based Checking the Waste: A Study in Conservation, published in 1911; Rudolf Cronau's 1908 jeremiad, Our Wasteful Nation: The Story of American Prodigality and the Abuse of Our National Resources; and Thomas Herbert Russell's Natural Resources and National Wealth (also 1911), which includes a chapter on irrigation by Reclamation Service Director F.H. Newell, and is particularly directed at businessmen. John Burroughs, nearing the end of his long career as the preeminent interpreter of nature to the American public, publishes In the Catskills: Selections from the Writings of John Burroughs, a volume of nature-essays about his home region originally published across four decades; it epitomizes the literary and philosophical stance which sustained his popularity for nearly half a century and influenced the work of a host of other nature-essayists in an era when Americans were redefining their relationship with the natural world. By this time, conservationists primarily interested in nature as an aesthetic, spiritual, or recreational resource join with sportsmen, railroads, travel agencies, and highway associations to begin calling for the creation of a Park Bureau in the Department of Interior to take charge of national parks. 1911 The American Game Protective and Propagation Association (usually referred to as the American Game Protective Association) is founded by sportsmen-conservationists with financial http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron5.htr 6/17/2004 Conservation Movement: Conservation Chronology 1908-1911 Page 5 of 6 backing from gun and ammunition companies; it advocates conservation for the purposes of sustainable hunting, and reaffirms the role of sportsmen in the conservation movement. 1911 Congress passes the legislation known as the Weeks Act, which (among other provisions) authorizes interstate compacts for water and forest conservation and Federal acquisition of land for the purpose of protecting watersheds; it also places large amounts of Eastern forest land under Federal jurisdiction for the first time; and provides financial aid to efforts to protect timberlands at the heads of navigable streams from fire. President Taft issues Proclamations establishing Colorado National Monument, Colorado, and Devil Postpile National Monument, California. John Muir publishes My First Summer in the Sierra, a reflective memoir embodying his mature vision of nature's divine beauty and integrity, inviting modern man to redemptive re-integration in a relationship of reverent love: "No Sierra landscape that I have seen holds anything truly dead or dull This quick, inevitable interest attaching to everything seems marvelous until the hand of God becomes visible; then it seems reasonable that what interests Him may well interest us. When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe. One fancies a heart like our own must be beating in every crystal and cell, and we feel like stopping to speak to the plants and animals as friendly fellow-mountaineers" (p. 211). The first of four important National Parks Conferences convenes at Yellowstone National Park to explore the need for a National Park Service (the others are held in 1912, 1915, and 1917); participants include officials of the Interior Department and Forest Service, railroad representatives, and the owners of park hotels and camps; the printed Proceedings of the National Park Conference Held at the Yellowstone National Park (1912) reveal much about the parks' evolving identity, public expectations about them, the pressures on them, and the issues and dilemmas confronting them in this formative era. Increasing concern for what became known as "human conservation," the impact of environmental factors (especially in urban areas) on human health and well-being, is reflected in the work of socially-concerned engineers and scientists such as chemist Ellen H. Richards; in this year, she publishes Conservation by Sanitation: Air and Water Supply; Disposal of Waste, a work which is particularly concerned with the management of water pollution and its effect on human health. Former President Roosevelt's leadership in efforts to irrigate the West is recognized at the dedication of the Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River in Arizona; the contemporary importance of projects like the Roosevelt Dam is later documented in film footage of the dam and its impact. 1847-1871 1872-1889 1890-1900 1901-1907 1908-1911 1912-1920 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron5.htm 6/17/2004 Preserving Historic Landscapes An Annotated Bibliography Compiled by: Lauren Meier, ASLA and Betsy Chittenden U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Preservation Assistance Division COLLEGE Washington, D.C. 1990 DATE 90-609-P LEARNER SEP 26 1990 DEPOSITORY Introduction This Directory focuses specifically on organizations or institutions currently involved in historic landscape preservation in the United States. It includes ongoing work in public agencies as well as private preservation organizations and academic institutions. Together, these groups and their libraries, archives, programs, and sites contribute greatly to the field of landscape preservation nationwide. The programs included in this publication relate to a broad range of historic landscapes, including designed landscapes, vernacular landscapes, historic settings, and battlefields. Information on ethnographic programs is not included in this publication. The genesis for this publication came from a spring 1991 meeting of the Historic Gardens and Sites Committee of US ICOMOS, an international organization devoted to the recognition and protection of cultural properties. There, the need for information on organizations, agencies, and institutions active in historic landscape preservation was identified. From this meeting, a group of volunteers was formed to begin to compile the information. The resulting publication is, in a sense, a companion to the annotated bibliography, Preserving Historic Landscapes, published by the National Park Service in 1990. This publication is intended to provide information on Federal, State, and local public agencies; private preservation organizations; educational programs; sources of information for research; and journals or magazines. All of these organizations, institutions, and publications provide some level of information or administer programs that address historic landscape preservation in the U.S. Also included 1 materials and historic landscape books. It is landscape preservation, at a local, state, or national interest to researchers. Publications that feature intended for a general audience, including level. articles on historic preservation are listed in this preservation professionals, historic property chapter. These vary widely from professional managers, landscape architects, public officials, Even though this document is broad in focus, it is journals to popular magazines. This section is not and academics. by no means comprehensive. Throughout the annotated. The last section of the Directory information-gathering process, the compilers had to includes sources of information for locating historic This Directory is not the first preservation make difficult decisions about which organizations plant materials. directory. Readers may be familiar with the to include. For example, the number of general Landmark Yellow Pages, published by the National "open space preservation" organizations that A few types of information - such as newsletters - Trust for Historic Preservation, the Preservation address resources nationally, regionally, statewide are conspicuously missing from this publication. Directory produced by the Preservation League of or in local communities is staggering. By and Also missing are organizations specifically focused New York, and The Olmsted Parks Preservation large, these organizations were not included unless on individual historic properties. Similarly, we Directory published by the Buffalo Friends of their work entailed specific historic preservation have not included information on historic Olmsted Parks. These three directories are very projects or they were involved in geographic areas landscapes that are open to the public. Information helpful and were used extensively as sources for with highly significant historic landscapes. on specific historic landscapes will be gathered in this publication. Unlike the first two, this 1991-92 and, if possible, included in a later edition directory is both annotated and focused specifically The first chapter of the Directory describes of the Directory. on historic landscapes. It is the first version of a national and regional agencies and organizations, directory that will be updated and revised both public and private whose mandate or services regularly, as new information becomes available contribute to the field of historic landscape and as comments are received from this preservation in the U.S. Information included here publication. ranges from Federal agencies such as the National Park Service to national professional organizations The information included has been obtained, by including the American Society of Landscape and large, through telephone interviews with the Architects. organizations and institutions listed. Due to the short timetable for production, it is likely that some The longest section is Chapter 2, which lists State organizations may have been omitted. For this and local agencies and organizations. This chapter reason, we have included a form for revisions, is divided into states in alphabetical order. Every corrections, additions, and deletions, which we State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) is listed hope readers will complete and return to the here and is followed by other state agencies, local National Park Service. governments, and private organizations. The emphasis of this Directory is on innovative Chapter 3 includes a list of academic programs that programs and sources of information that relate offer curricula in landscape architecture or historic directly to the field of historic landscape preservation, as well as continuing education preservation. As a result, it includes information programs, with applicable courses. This is on organizations and publications from a number of followed by Chapter 4: Sources of Information for related disciplines including open space Historic Landscape Research, which contains an preservation, horticulture, architectural history, in annotated list of notable archives, repositories, and addition to the more well-known fields of landscape libraries. These collections are useful sources of architecture and historic preservation. However, books, journals dealing with historic landscapes, or all of the entries have been evaluated to determine contain the historic records of individuals (such as 2 Ali A. Miri Philosophy and Principles of Preservation in Practice A country with no regard for its past will do little number of elements in the larger scale objects, worth remembering in the future. such as a plantation or a town. The integrity, value, and character of the object, whether large Abraham Lincoln or small, is related to its authenticity. ur cultural properties bring us This authenticity is represented in the origi- O messages from our past. They nality and character of each element in the are the lanterns of our past civi- "whole," and the technique applied to put those lization. The message we get elements together. An old doorknob or the fire- from a 17th-century fortification is different place mantel in a building has as much signifi- from the message we get from a plantation or a cance as the "whole" of which they are a part. Victorian structure. The hall where the A good example of this concept is the plan- Declaration of Independence was signed, for tation or historic center. In a plantation, every- example, brings us the message of the birth of thing from the large glorious mansion to the our nation, supported by the philosophy of the smallest privy, smokehouse, or blacksmith shop Age of Enlightenment. has the same value when it stands as part of the "whole." When each of these structures is consid- A historic structure is a thing of beauty and a document of history. A fundamental pre- ered alone and is not looked upon as a "whole," condition for restoration is the recognition and its individual value differs. But, as a whole entity, definition of an object as a work of art, consider- they complete and reinforce the value, signifi- ing its aesthetic and historic aspects. Restoration cance, and function of the plantation as a historic site. and preservation are the methods for transmitting the work to the future The analogy of a hand is instructive here. This paper addresses the preservation and The function of a hand would be greatly restoration process of any cultural property. It impacted by the loss of one of the fingers, responds to three questions: What is to be con- whether it was the tiny fifth finger, or the power- ful thumb. The function of the hand would not sidered as a "whole" of the object? What is the "context" of the object? What has been the be complete. "value" of the object? When a larger scale object is to be treated The Whole consistently as a whole, there must be close coop- The "whole" is the unity of our structure eration among the various specialists involved. resulting from the coalescing of various elements The historical architect, historical landscape that combine to make a monument, historic architect, architectural historian, archeologists, structure, historic center of a town, or a planta- ethnographer, historical structural engineer, con- tion, and cannot be divided from each other. servator, artisan, craftsmen, and many other dis- These elements can be as diverse as arts and ciplines should work hand-in-hand to treat the crafts, a doorknob, a fortification, or a store. object. As the entire complex or "whole" will The "whole" in historic preservation desig- have to be treated under principles of preserva- nates the entity of an object, structure, or com- tion, the separate elements also will have to be plex. An old object by itself can be made of sev- treated as such within the preservation and eral elements that, put together, make that object. restoration regulations. There are situations where a historic site is a The "whole" of an object could be as small combination of an archeological site, historic as an antique ring, a painting, or sculpture, or as large as a plantation, a historic center, or a town. structures, and historic landscape site. When this The number of elements in a ring is less than the occurs, the parts of the whole represent different CRM No 7-2001 11 object are dependent. One is not complete with- out the other. Context without an object is not complete, and the object devoid of its context suffers a diminished value, because the signifi- cance of its interpretation is lessened. The absence of context greatly changes the interpreta- tion of the object. A historic church built origi- nally in a small town or pastoral setting that is now being towered over by modern skyscrapers has a very different interpretive impact than that of its original context. The recognition of the value of the whole and its context leads logically to the principle that every object should be preserved in total if one wants to save the full value and significance Fort Jefferson is cultural values. Let us consider, for example, a located on of the whole and its parts. The principles of historic plantation with a combination of intact Golden Key in preservation apply to all objects that are signifi- Key West structures and ruins. The ruins can be consoli- cant and have value in their natural and cultural Florida. This dated or preserved as an archeological site in con- unfinished fort surroundings. San Francisco, Venice, and junction with other intact structures. This was constructed Amsterdam, without their context of canals or in 1846 due to methodology adds more value to the "whole" hilly streets would not be the same. The canals or its strategic complex. Without the presentation of the ruins, location in the hilly streets are part of what gives these cities the pattern of the plantation would not be com- Florida Straits. their character, beauty, and fame. A plantation's Photo courtesy plete. context is its main building, gardens, trees, walk- Everglades Historic structures, like human beings, have ways, orchards, outbuildings, and the planting National Park/ different shapes, characters, and values. Just as Dry Tortugas. fields. The context is the connection that gives each person has a unique personality, each his- life and function to the whole. The same princi- toric structure has a unique story to tell; hence, ple applies to an object and context as small as a the restoration or preservation of a historic plan- historic door or window with its ornamental tation, landscape site, fortification, or a small his- frame, or the jewel of the ring in its setting. toric lighthouse, should be done with caution The landscape surrounding Castillo de San and sensitivity. Marcos in St. Augustine, Florida, consists of the The principles to follow for restoration and moat, a grassy open area, the seawalls, and river, preservation of an internationally or nationally which make that fortification stand out like a significant structure or monument, which is rare jewel in a crown. Besides the aesthetic value, the and one-of-a-kind, are more detailed than those context adds to the authenticity and its value as a for a simple, locally significant structure that is genuine monument. Other examples are Fort more common. An internationally or nationally Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and Fort significant structure may carry more messages Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The water from our past and should be treated with a surrounding both fortifications is the context in greater sense of responsibility. which these monuments dominate. If any of Context these monuments lost their respective context, it The context is the immediate surrounding would greatly decrease their impact. In a of an object. It can be the frame of a painting, a cityscape, context makes the vernacular architec- meadow in front of a historic church, the canals ture a significant "whole" linked to its living sur- of Venice, or the frame of a door or window. The roundings. On the other hand, a major monu- "context" has relation to the scale, significance, ment in a cityscape can impose itself upon its and value of the "whole." surroundings or context. In some cases, the context becomes an Values object in and of itself; for example, non-historic Evaluation of cultural properties is based on structures in a historic center, or a site where no their values, which define their significance. A individual building is a work of art, but taken as historic object or structure may contain different a whole, the collection of buildings become a types of values. By recognizing the values of cul- monument in a historic center. Context and 12 CRM No 7-2001 tural properties, we develop and improve our should bear in mind the principles and proce- knowledge, enhancing our appreciation for our dures for the preservation of historic objects and ancestors, heritage, country, and world. It is the apply the required methods, principles, and tech- identification of the values that makes an object niques (old and new) to the various parts of the important, and causes it to stand out as an whole object. important part of our cultural heritage. According to the condition and value of It is our recognition of values that brings each element of historic structures there are dif- about appreciation of cultural property. A con- ferent procedures and levels of intervention that federate flag from a Civil War battle, the Vietnam we should consider. These should be based on Memorial in Washington, DC, and the Statue of maintenance, stabilization, consolidation, preser- Liberty have sentimental and emotional value vation, restoration, reproduction, reconstruction, above all. The Vietnam Memorial does not have and re-evaluation. as much age value as Fort Sumter or Castillo de All of the levels of intervention and proce- San Marcos, but it has tremendous emotional dures should be considered at the beginning of value. The memories and feelings evoked by the the evaluation and condition assessment of a cul- Vietnam Memorial, which is also an artistic tural property. In this way, we have the best object, is one of the values that people ascribe to chance of preventing unnecessary damage to the a monument as part of its significance. cultural property. Values are not just in the structure, but can Preservation or restoration of cultural prop- also be related to the materials of the structure. erty should respect the existing condition of the The layers of paint that accumulate on a historic monument. Preservation or restoration should building are part of its age This site plan is value. If removal of these of Oakland plan- tation. This plan- layers takes place it should tation is located be carefully documented. / alongside the Without documentation, the the - Cane River in System Louisiana. The we lose the age value of the majority of the building, and part of his- structures in this tory is lost. Removing the plantation were constructed in original layers of paint the first half of from a historic building the 19th century. without documentation is Map courtesy like tearing pages out of a Southeast Regional Office, book of history. If paint is National Park removed, a chronological Service. representation of the removal process should be News displayed on part of the wall for public observa- tion, while the rest of the paint documentation should be kept in an / archives. / were wen Intervention on behalf of any cultural property should be mini- mal, and should be based on the values of the prop- erty and its elements, espe- cially if the property is a rare example of its type. Before anything is done to a cultural property, we CRM No 7-2001 13 take place on a case-by-case basis, and should be By identifying the changes in the historic based on information regarding the history of the structure or site, we will add to its value and the structure, evaluation of the structure, and the public will have a better understanding of the sensitivity and technical competence of the con- structure. Identifying old material adjacent to servator. The practical skills of a trained crafts- new material in a treated or restored area is analo- man are one of the most important tools that can gous to observing an old person standing next to be used in preservation and restoration. a child. The child is beautiful and fresh, but the In historic preservation or restoration, all old person, with wrinkles can give us the experi- new parts, additions, or new treatments to an ence of age, and talk about the tradition and cul- original historic wall, door, window, floor or ceil- ture of his country and civilization. Beautiful ing, should be clearly identified. The original part young people are accidents of nature, but beauti- will show the craftsmanship of its own time, ful old people are works of art. besides the age and other values, and comparing it with the new repaired or patched area makes Ali A. Miri is a historical architect with the Architecture the old part more significant. Division, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service, Atlanta, Georgia. The year 2000 marked the 25th anniversary of the Preservation Briefs series. First published in 1975, the series now includes 40 titles. Prepared by the Technical Preservation Services pro- gram of the National Park Service, Preservation Briefs have helped homeowners, preservation professionals, organizations, and govern- ment agencies by publishing easy-to-read guidance on preserving, rehabilitating, and restoring historic buildings. Preservation Briefs are avail- 25 able for purchase on the web site Text only years of versions are available at twww2.cr.nps.gov/tps/briefs preservation /presbhom.htm>. Illustration briefs courtesy the National Park Service. Technical Preservation Services National Park Service 14 CRM No 7-2001 LIBRARIES MAR 16 1999 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY CHANGE PROCEEDINGS RESOURCE OF THE 9TH CONFERENCE MAKING PROTECTION WORK: Date Due MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON ON RESEARCH PUBLIC LANDS AND OCT 1 18 1999 JIII t. 6 2001 Edited by David Harmon March The George Wright Society Biennial Conference 17-21, 1997 Albuquerque, New Mexico Sponsor: and Organizer The George Wright Society Conference Co-Sponsors U.S. National Park Service U.S. Eastern Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division National Park & Monument Association Printed in U.S.A. Cat. No. 23 233 BRODART U.S. National Park Service, Park Planning and Special Studies Division Proceedings Co-Sponsor THE GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY HANCOCK, MICHIGAN 1997 tions is the first step in cultural landscape preservation. And third, we need to keep in mind, Protecting Landscapes: Contributions from Landscape Preservation to we proceed with inventories and analyses, that symbolic meanings of the landscape, and emo Management of Parks and Reserves tional associations with the landscape, play a large role in how and why people have modified their environment (Taylor 1992). A quintessentially Australian example is people's relation NORA J. MITCHELL, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, National Park Service, 99 ship with fire as a landscape-changing force, from an emotional response of fear and avoidance Warren Street, Brookline, Massachusetts 02146 to a relationship with fire as a tool to clean and care for the land. Introduction Acknowledgments I would like to thank the many people in Australia who helped me learn about cultural Over the last decade, cultural landscapes have received recognition as part of our national landscapes Down Under, including Ken Taylor, Stuart Read, Jane Lennon, Joan Domice heritage. Concurrently, many countries around the world have recognized the diversity and falue of cultural landscapes. Definitions and protection strategies for cultural landscapes have and Jane Jacobs. mincluded in local by-laws, regional planning procedures in Canada, and in the guidelines the World Heritage Convention. References Anderson, Margaret. 1993. In search of women's public history: Heritage and gender. Public History Review 2:1-19 As awareness of this type of resource has increased and the definitions have been refined, Australian Heritage Commission. 1980. Nomination of the Willandra Lakes Region for Inclusion in the World any cultural landscapes have been identified in existing parks and reserves. This paper re- Heritage List. Canberra. facts on this experience and explores the contributions and insights that a cultural landscape Bates, Badger, and Dan Witter. 1992. Cultural tourism at Mutawintji-and beyond. Pp. 215-220 in Aboriginal Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas, edited by J. Birchhead, T. De Lacy and L. Smith. Canberra perspective offers. Discovering the cultural landscapes of parks and reserves is creating oppor- Aboriginal Studies Press. Sanities for more integrated and comprehensive management strategies. Bickford, Anne. 1992. Women's historic sites. Pp. 195-205 in Women in Archaeology: A Feminist Critique, edited b H. Du Cros and L. Smith. Canberra: Australian National University. Breeden, Stanley. 1994. Ulugu: Looking After Ulagu-Kata Tjula-the Anangn Way. East Roseville, New South Defining Cultural Landscapes Wales: Simon and Schuster. Carl O. Sauer, a cultural geographer in the 1920s, offers an elegant definition of cultural DEST [Department of Environment, Sport, and Territories]. 1994. Renomination of Ulucu-Kata Tjula Nation dscapes: "The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Park by the Government of Australia for Inscription on the World Heritage List. Canberra, 1994. Du Cros, Hillary. 1996. Cultural linkages: A concept useful for Aboriginal cultural landscapes and local government Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result. The planning schemes?" Paper given at the Australia ICOMOS Cultural Landscapes Conference, Robertson, Nee National Park Service (NPS) defines a cultural landscape very broadly as "a geographic area South Wales. Egloff, Brian, and Janet Fingleton. 1994. Australian Alps case study." In Diversity, Place, and the Ethics cluding both natural and cultural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, as- Conservation: A Discussion Paper J. Domicelj and D. Marshall. Canberra: Prepared on behalf of Australia sociated with a historic event, activity or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic val- ICOMOS for the Australian Heritage Commission, (Appendix B). Jacques, David. 1995. The rise of cultural landscapes. International Journal of Heritage Studies 1:91-101. This definition is intended to foster a comprehensive approach to defining and under- James, Peter C. 1996. The Burra Charter at work in Australia. Cultural Resources Management Bulletin, 3:49-51. ending a place. Importantly, the NPS definition specifically includes natural resources in cul- Jones, Rhys. 1973. The Ncolithic, Palacolithic and the hunting gardeners: Man and land in the Antipodes." Pp. 21. ml landscapes and sets no limit on the scale of the landscape. 34 in Qualernary Studies: Selected papers from the IX International Congress, INQUAA, December 2-10. Kneebone, Eddie. 1996. Lecture given for Aboriginal Land Management course, Charles Sturt University, Albury, These definitions for cultural landscapes are broad. The term encompasses a diversity of New South Wales. akural landscapes, ranging from important historic gardens of less than an acre to rural ver- Landscan Pty. Ltd. and Ken Taylor. 1991. Historical cultural landscape assessment report. Unpublished incular historic districts of several thousand acres, and sites with powerful cultural associa- prepared for JRC Planning Services as part of the Wingecarribee Heritage Study. Lennon, Jane, and Steve Matthews. 1996. Cultural landscape management: Guidelines for identifying, assessing Recently, a number of heritage areas have been designated by Congress. These large- managing cultural landscapes in the Australian Alps national parks. Canberra: Report completed by Jane Lenses landscapes have an array of cultural and natural values that shape regional character and and Associates for the Australian Alps Liaison Committee. Lewis, Henry. 1992. The technology and ecology of nature's custodians: Authropological perspectives on Abori Mentity. and national parks. In Aboriginal Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas, edited by J. Birchhead, T. De Given this broad definition, it is clear why there are many cultural landscapes in parks and and L. Smith. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. serves. Certainly, most historic sites are cultural landscapes, but it is also important to real- Randall, Robert. 1990. Video of talk given for students in the course on Aboriginal Land Management. Albury, South Wales: Charles Sturt University. that many areas which are perceived as natural may also include cultural landscapes as part Rose, Deborah Bird. 1996. Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilders the legacy of the human history that is written on the land. As has been demonstrated in Canberra: Australian Heritage Commission. Russell, J. A. 1988. Valuing Cultural Landscapes in the U.S.A., Britain, and Australia. Hobart, Tasmania any places throughout the world, there are very few areas that have not had some level of Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Occasional Paper 22. intervention. In some cases, land stewardship has been continuing for tens, hundreds, Sullivan, Sharon. 1993. Cultural values and cultural imperialism. Historic Environment, 10:54-62. in some places, for thousands of years. It is important to note that identification of a cul- Taylor, Ken. 1992. A symbolic Australian landscape: Images in writing and painting. Landscape Journal, 11:12 landscape does not immediately connote significance or preservation as a management 143. 1996. Valuing the ordinary-an Australian perspective. Cultural Resources Manage ment Bulletin, 9. Frection. An evaluation process of the landscape's importance should be undertaken before Taylor, Ken, and Carolyn Tallents. Cultural landscape protection in Australia: the Wingecar ribee Shire acisions on management are made. The important point is that many national parks and re- International Journal of Heritage Studies, August. Tjamiwa, Tony. 1992. Tjunguringkula Waakaripai: Joint management of Ulugu National Park. In Aboriz serves are cultural landscapes or contain one or more cultural landscapes, and this can add a Involvement in Parks and Protected Areas, edited by J. Birchhead, T. De Lacy, and L. Smith. Canbens valuable dimension to understanding the place. Aboriginal Studies Press. Contributions from a Cultural Landscape Perspective So what is gained by recognizing cultural landscapes? This paper reflects on the contribu- tions from a cultural landscape perspective. Four types of contributions described below inchitects began planning for visitor facilities in 1927, Rim Village was described as "bleak" and intended to be examples of the knowledge that can be gained through a landscape analysi pumice desert," and vegetation was practically non-existent. Plans in the NPS rustic style this list, however, is not intended to be comprehensive. A series of case studies are used developed and implemented between 1927 and 1941. These plans called for extensive illustrate insights gained from projects in a variety of parks and reserves. Revegetation, which included addition of truckloads of soil and transplanting trees to the site. 1. Describing cultural landscapes clearly defines the resource. Cultural landscapes This resulted in a dramatic transformation that was intended to appear natural-and, without easy to overlook. In general, people are not accustomed to reading landscapes as cultural heri- knowledge of its history, this plan was SO effective that the plantings would appear to be natu- tage. It has been noted that "historic and cultural landscapes often seem so obvious that they llyoccurring vegetation. may be taken for granted or considered too diffuse to capture. ,,3 Landscapes seem to not just similar project involving Acadia National Park's historic motor road system, the Olm- blend into the background, but are the background. Robert Z. Melnick eloquently stated that sted Center for Landscape Preservation developed guidelines for its rehabilitation, in coopera- tion with the park, the NPS Denver Service Center, and the Federal Highway Administration. There are places in this country that we look at every day, but that we never really see. This project is a good example of discovering previously unacknowledged practices or tech- They are landscapes of heritage; places that seem SO natural that they often go unrecog siques. Paul Haertel, superintendent of Acadia, described the motor road project as recovering nized, misunderstood, unprotected, and mismanaged. "lost story" of the "development of the road system [that] had been largely forgotten. Historical research can also suggest options that otherwise may not be considered, options A variety of methodologies have been developed to describe cultural landscapes. For may, in fact, result in a better product. ample, a series of National Register bulletins detail how to identify the characteristics of a prop Finally, historical research can inform ecological studies by documenting previous land use erty that contribute to its significance. A related methodology was developed for the cultural and impact on natural systems. This, too, can help to inform management since, in some landscape inventory currently underway to identify and evaluate cultural landscapes on NPS cases, the populations of rare species that are found in traditionally managed areas, are, in fact, properties across the country. Although there is a checklist of landscape characteristics sustained through active intervention. In these areas, if the traditional management regime was these systems, the scale, history, and significance of each landscape are used to develop a site halted, the species would be lost. The landscape of Yorkshire Dales National Park in England specific list of the most important characteristics. one of small, wall-enclosed fields each with its own barn. This working rural landscape re- The landscape characteristics of a historic designed landscape, such as the motor road mains in private ownership and is still in agriculture. A long continuity of this land use has re- tem of Acadia National Park built between 1921 and 1958, relate to the design principles sulted in a habitat known as species-rich hay meadows. With the recent intensification of agri- the naturalistic style. This historic motor road system, a 26-mile scenic route, was the result culture in many areas, this type of habitat and its associated species have become quite rare a collaboration between the NPS and the Bureau of Public Roads, supplemented and, in many consequently are of high value for their biological diversity. National park staff are working ways, led by the creative vision and philanthropy of John D. Rockefeller, a summer resident with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Nature Conservancy Council, and the Countryside on Mount Desert Island. Rockefeller embraced the concept of a motor road system as a way Commission by making grants to local farmers in support of their traditional management re- for visitors to enjoy the scenery of the island from their automobiles. His vision for an inte gimes, thereby sustaining the ecologically rich meadows. A similar grant scheme has been de- grated road system was realized in collaboration with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., who, veloped in Norway. 1930, prepared a lengthy report. The character of the historic road depends on the road loca- 3. Recognizing the dynamics of landscapes and the importance of continuity and tion, its profile and alignment, and on the rustic details and use of local materials which allow change is important in evaluation and management. Change is an inherent characteristic of the road to blend with the landscape. cultural landscapes. Vegetation, ecological systems, and cultural traditions introduce a dy- In contrast, the characteristics of a vernacular landscapes whose significance is related namic quality that distinguishes cultural landscapes from other types of cultural resources. Yet traditional activities, such as mining, fishing, and agriculture are related to the patterns on the Inspite of the dynamic characteristic, most landscapes also exhibit continuity with the past, land. These landscape patterns reflect beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and values of people both reflecting layers of history and human use. The challenge in any landscape program is to de- past and present. For example, Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, on Whidbey velop an approach to managing change that respects continuity and yet allows for modifica- land in Washington state, was established in 1978 to protect and preserve this important tions. 17,400-acre rural landscape. Continually reshaped by inhabitants, its historic mix of farm The management approach at Boxley Valley, an Ozark Mountain community, illustrates forest, village, and shoreline represents a continuum of land use spanning more than a century. this strategy. Boxley Valley is part of Buffalo National River in Arkansas, established to pre- Patterns of settlement associated with the first land claims and the subsequent historic devel serve a free-flowing river in 1972. Boxley Valley is located in the upper drainage of the river and opment of the area are still visible today on the landscape. extends seven miles long and two miles wide. At the time the national park was established, Clear descriptions of landscapes and their important characteristics bring them into sharper the valley included more than fifty inhabitants, many of whom were descendants of the early- focus. Once described, the landscape is no longer in the background, and it is clear what mineteenth-century settlers, representing a traditional Ozark valley agricultural landscape of needs to be protected. 8,000 cultivated acres and more than 200 structures. By 1982, seventy-five percent of the 2. The history of a landscape offers insights into existing conditions, identifies lands to be retained in private use were acquired in fee by the NPS. As a result, many farm change over time, and can help to plan the future. The existing characteristics of a land- complexes were vacant and neglected and some were removed. The population of the valley scape-their origin, meaning, and change over time-can be understood through historical decreased and those community members who were left were embittered. Based on two years research. This information can provide ideas and help to guide planning for the future. resource evaluation and public involvement, the land use plan and cultural landscape report A particularly dramatic example of history informing the understanding of a landscape is for Boxley Valley outlines a strategy for returning the farms acquired by the NPS to private found at Crater Lake, which was designated a national park in 1902. When NPS landscape ownership. The NPS retains easements regarding farm management, water quality protection, historic structures, and visitor access. Additionally, the plan allows for limited new construc- Liles, Jim. 1990. Boxley Valley, Buffalo National River NPS Historic District in private hands. Cultural tion according to specific design guidelines. The primary intent of the plan is to provide distinctive the Resource Management 13:4, 14-15. opportunity for continued traditional use of the landscape by the people who have 1991. The Boxley Valley of Buffalo National River: A U.S. National Park Service his toric district associations with the land, while preserving the historic character of the valley. in private hands. The George Wright Forum 7:3, 2-5. This example illustrates the importance of continuity of land use when traditional man- Melnick, Robert Z., with Daniel Sponn and Emma Jane Saxe. 1984. Cultural Landscapes: Rural is one of the primary landscape characteristics and is integral to the landscape's signifi- is Historic Districts in the National Park System. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. agement cance. Although some change is occurring in the valley, the overall character of the landscape for the being protected. This tension between retention of the past, current use, and preparing Mitchell, Nora J. 1989. Conservation of English heritage landscapes: Programs with potential application to the U.S. National Parks. National Park Service, Boston. Photocopy. future requires site-specific, local solutions to find a balance and manage change. Importantly, this Orlando, Cynthia, and Gretchen Luxenberg. 1992. Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve: the people of these landscapes play a critical role in defining, evaluating, and managing Nontraditional management of a nationally significant resource. Pp. 95-97 in Partnerships in Parks & Preservation, Proceedings and Bibliography, Albany, New York, tember 9-12, 1991, edited by heritage. 4. Perhaps the most important contribution of landscape preservation, to date, has Ini- Ron Greenberg. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. been advancement of a more comprehensive perspective for preservation planning. ob- Larsen, Knut Einar, Ingvild Austad, Jukka Jokilchto, Michael Jones, Nora J. Mitchell, Dag Nilsen, Mehr tially landscapes were thought of as another type of cultural resource, like structures individual and Azar Soheil, and Herb Stovel. 1995. Assessment of the Urnes Stave Church, World Heritage jects. Landscapes were defined as the open space here, the formal garden there, and Convention. ICOMOS, Norwegian National Committee, Oslo, December. plants. But as the definition developed, it became clear that the cultural landscape was not just of Paine, Cecelia, and James R. Taylor. 1995. Cultural Landscape Assessment: A Comparison of Current Methods and Their Potential for Application within the Niagara Escarpment. Research Report. another category of resource but rather a unifying perspective which linked all the resources defini- Guelph, Ontario: Landscape Research Group at Guelph, School of Landscape Architecture, a place together. This comprehensive perspective became paramount and integral to the University of Guelph, October. tion of landscapes. Satterthwaite, Ann. 1973. A new meaning for landscapes. Historic Preservation 25 (July-September), 4- Many of the previously cited case studies illustrate this point clearly. A recent example under- from 9. Norway illustrates the impact that recognition of cultural landscapes can have on the in Sauer, Carl O. 1963. The Morphology of Landscape. Pp. 315-350 in Land and Life: A Selection from standing of well-established resources. The Norwegian National Committee of ICOMOS, the Writings of Carl Otwin Sauer, edited by John Leighly. Berkeley: University of California Press. cooperation with the Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvaren), decided to reassess its UNESCO. 1994. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Con vention. the cultural landscape of Urnes Stave Church, a World Heritage Site listed in 1978 for ar- Paris: UNESCO. chitectural value. An international evaluation team concluded that this was a "farm church," U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1985. Land Use Plan/Cultural Landscape integrally related to the area's history of settlement and agricultural land use. Given this per- Report, Boxley Valley, Buffalo National River. Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. spective, the boundaries of the existing site (which include only the church itself) are not ade- 1994. Cultural Resource Management Guideline, NPS-28. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department quate to convey all of the significant values associated with the church. The final report rec- of the Interior, National Park Service. ommended that additional research be conducted on the church as part of the vernacular land- von Droste, Bernd, Harold Plachter, and Mechtild Rossler. 1995. Cultural Landscapes of Universal scape, including its current social context, to recognize the site's full range of values and to Value, Components of a Global Strategy. Jena, Stuttgart, and New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag in cooperation with UNESCO. support effective management strategies. Webb, Mclody. 1987. Cultural landscapes in the National Park Service. The Public Historian 9:2, 81- 83. Concluding Remarks A cultural landscape perspective recognizes the history of a place and its cultural traditions in addition to its ecological value. It is distinct from a wilderness or natural-area perspective Endnotes and is appropriate for places with a human history. A landscape perspective also recognizes the 1 continuity between the past and with people living and working on the land today. For these Carl O. Sauer, The morphology of landscape, in Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl reasons, cultural landscapes are being embraced as an important part of the conservation pro- Otwin Sauer, ed. John Leighly (Berkcley: University of California Press, 1963), 343. 2 gram of many countries around the world. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Cultural Resource Management Guideline, NPS-28 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1994), 189. 3 References Foulds, H. Eliot. 1993. Historic Motor Road System, Acadia National Park, Compliance Ann Satterthwaite, "A New Meaning for Landscapes," Historic Preservation 25 (July- September Documentation and Rehabilitation Guidelines for FHWA Project #PRA-ACAD-4A10. Cultural 1973): 7. 4 Landscape Publication No. 9. Boston: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Robert Melnick with Daniel Sponn and Emma Jane Saxe, Cultural Landscapes: Rural Historic Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. Districts in the National Park System (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Gilbert, Cathy A., and Gretchen A. Luxenberg. 1990. The Rustic Landscape of Rim Village, 1927- Park Service, 1984), 1. 1941, Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Seattle: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park 5 Paul Haertel, foreword to Historic Motor Road System, Acadia National Park, Compliance Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Gilbert, Cathy, Gretchen Luxenberg, and Allan Comp. 1984. The Land, The People, The Place: An Documentation and Rehabilitation Guidelines for FHWA Project #PRA-ACAD-4A10 (Boston: U.S. Introduction to the Inventory, Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve. Seattle: U.S. Department Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, of the Interior, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 1993), xiii. 5/21/2016 XFINITY Connect XFINITY Connect eppster2@comcast.net + Font Size Re: Dorr on Wilderness From charlie jacobi Sat, May 21, 2016 07:56 PM Subject : Re: Dorr on Wilderness To : Ronald Epp Hi Ron I too would like to think, as you suggest here, that Mr. Dorr had the spirit of wildness in him before the entry of Mr.Rockefeller and the beginning of his duties as a federal administrator for a National Park Service that was wholly focused on expanding access and opportunities and bringing people to the parks to justify their existence. His hiking and camping excursions out west and to northern Maine are evidence of a longing for wild country. But whatever conflicting views he may have held in his head after this (and never voiced) were also I think a result of his experiences in Europe (think SDM springhouse), his interest in horticulture and designed landscapes, and as you mentioned in our phone call, his muted response to the monotony of the uninterrupted northern forest. I can see that the open prospects to and from the mountains of Acadia and out to sea would have appealed to him greatly, as they still do to all of us today. I think your book argues that he had a more balanced view of nature and culture for Acadia. I think he would have a good understanding of park management today because of this. Thanks for the follow up. Charlie On Fri, May 20, 2016 at 8:51 AM, Ronald Epp wrote: Hi Charlie, Since our conversation lastg weekend, I've been running over in my mind your question about Dorr's stance on wilderness. Although we never agreed on a definition, we seemed to agree that Dorr was not cut from the George Pepper cloth. In preparation for the installation of a HCTPR plaque at the Blue Hill overlook this fall, Josh Torrance and Becky asked me to compile a list of mountains that were approved by the USBGN following Dorr's requests. I came across an article by Sally Trepanowski in the Feb. 1995 issue of American Hiker tghat contains a passage that best captures Dorr's view of wilderness which I alluded to in chapter 8 of Creating Acadia National Park. Paraphrasing Ron Tipton of the National Audubon Society, the author says: "...wilderness should offer a feeling of solitude, remoteness, closeness with nature and a guarantee that there will be no man-made structures or impact beyond that of the trail itself. This is exactly what a wilderness experience is meant to offer, according to language in The Wilderness Act." I think this captures Dorr's view prior to the arrival of Mr. Rockefeller. Thereafter the development of carriage and motor roads--and the increase in visitor use of the landscape--involved his approvals as a federal administrator. I think he tried to adhere to his original concept yet realized that opportunities and locations for wilderness experiences on MDI were under assault; and to offset this he worked tirelessly to expand the park. But at the same time one must accept the fact that he also expanded the road systems that threatened the wilderness experience. In the end, access trumped wilderness. Hope this helps. Ron Ronald H. Epp, Ph.D. 532 Sassafras Dr. Lebanon, PA 17042 717-272-0801 eppster2@comcast.net https://web.mail.comcast.net/zimbra/h/printmessage?id=371340&tz=America/New_York&xim= 1/2