Sieurde Monts: Pierre du Gua de Monts 4/21/2015 Biography - DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE-Volume I (1000-1700) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography FRANCAIS HOME BROWSE ABOUT US CONTACT US LOG IN REGISTER Volume (1000-1700) Dictionary of Search Canadian Biography Print Advanced Search DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE, explorer, trader, 6/9/16 governor of Acadia, and founder of the first permanent settlement in Canada; b. 1558? in Saintonge, France, probably at Le Gua; d. 1628 in France, probably in the Ardennes. The son of Guy Du Gua and Claire Goumard, he Source: Link married Judith Chesnel by whom he had no children. A Calvinist, de Monts distinguished himself fighting in the cause of Henri IV during the religious wars in France. The king later awarded him an annual pension of 1,200 crowns and the governorship of the town of Pons in Saintonge in recognition of his outstanding service. De Monts seems to have made several voyages to Canada during the closing years of the 16th century, one as a member of Pierre CHAUVIN DE TONNETUIT'S expedition to Tadoussac in 1600. France at the time was showing a growing interest in Canada as an area for both colonization and exploitation. Because of the depleted state of the country's treasury, this work was being left to individuals under an arrangement whereby they would establish settlements in New France in exchange for the exclusive right to trade with the Indians. Few such settlements had been attempted before de Monts and all of them had failed. In 1603, de Monts was granted the privilege of trade and responsibility of settlement by the king. Under the terms of his commissions, he was given a trading monopoly and appointed lieutenant-general "of the coasts, lands and confines of Acadia, Canada and other places in New France," there to establish 60 colonists a year and to win the Indians to the Christian faith. De Monts turned at once to organizing a trading company. Merchants in Rouen, Saint-Malo, La Rochelle, and Saint-Jean-de-Luz who were willing to purchase shares were invited to join. With the promise of handsome profits, many of the merchants became partners, and a powerful company with capital of 90,000 livres was formed on 8 Feb. 1604. The principal collaborator was the Dutchman Cornelis (Corneille) de Bellois who was a merchant in Rouen, but de Monts withdrew his trust when Bellois's nephew, Daniel Boyer, was caught trading illegally in 1606. With the means to equip an expedition to explore and colonize, de Monts had ships fitted out, the necessary supplies purchased, and he recruited both Protestant and Roman Catholic participants. These were men of varying skills such as artisans, architects, and carpenters, masons and stone cutters, soldiers and vagabonds, several noblemen whose motives in joining the daring venture ranged from a quest for riches to a desire-as in the case of Jean DE BIENCOURT de Poutrincourt to win new lands for France, as well as two priests, including Nicolas Aubry, and a minister. De Monts invited Samuel de Champlain to accompany him and he acted as a geographer and cartographer. [See Champlain.] Early in the spring of 1604, de Monts sent three vessels to trade for furs on the St. Lawrence. Meanwhile, the work of fitting out the two ships he and his party would use to explore and colonize was rushed to completion. The first of these http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html 1/7 4/21/2015 Biography - DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE - Volume I (1000-1700) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography left Havre-de-Grâce (Le Havre) on 7 March, according to LESCARBOT, with Francois GRAVÉ Du Pont as senior officer and Capt. Timothée as sailing master. De Monts followed in Capt. Morel's vessel on 10 March 1604. He arrived on 8 May at Cap La Hève (La Have) on the Nova Scotia coast where he waited for François Gravé Du Pont who assessed the extent of de Monts's monopoly before joining his leader. A few days after his arrival, de Monts discovered and captured the Levrette of Jean Rossignol, for illegal trading in the area. As Rossignol and several Rouen merchants had equipped the vessel and obtained a permit to fish off the coasts of "Florida," they took legal action against de Monts and in 1608 de Monts agreed to repay Rossignol's expenses in recovering his ship as well as 900 livres compensation for the seized pelts. The place of the capture de Monts named Port Rossignol. The next day, while they were exploring another bay nearby, one of the sheep fell overboard and was drowned, which prompted de Monts to call the place Port-au-Mouton. De Monts decided to remain here while Jean Ralluau his secretary, and Champlain explored the coast south to the Baie Française (Bay of Fundy) in the ship's boat. When these two men returned, the vessel was taken to Baie Sainte-Marie at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy where it was left once more while de Monts and Champlain explored these unknown waters in the ship's long boat. Delighting in the country as they explored the coast, de Monts and Champlain were especially pleased with the beautiful region now called the Annapolis Basin. Poutrincourt was later to express the wish to have the place and to one day settle there with his family. De Monts forthwith gave him the basin area, a gift later approved by the king. The explorers continued up the bay, seeking both a site for their settlement and a valuable metal deposit Jean Sarcel de Prévert had reported the previous year to be in the area. So it was that they reached Chignictou (Chignecto) and then turned westward to coast the New Brunswick shore. On 24 June they entered the mouth of a great river and they named it the Saint John, the saint whose day it was. In this search for a place to settle, fear of the Indians made them look for a spot that would be easy to defend. So they continued west along the coast crossing Passamaquoddy Bay where they entered a river, coming probably on 26 June to an island that de Monts and his companions all seem to have felt suitable for their first settlement. île Sainte-Croix (Dochet Island) as it came to be called was chosen for its central position, its good anchorage, its ease of defence against attack, and because little time remained to prepare for the winter season. ANGIBAULT dit Champdoré, the expedition's pilot, was sent with orders for the two vessels and the rest of the men to move up to Sainte-Croix from the Baie Sainte-Marie. Work began almost at once and the rate of progress indicates both the careful preparations de Monts had made in France as well as the vigour of his leadership. Following a plan drawn by Champlain, some dozen houses were built around a court, being connected in some places by a palisaded wall SO that the whole settlement resembled a fort. It is of interest that some of these houses were partially built of lumber brought from France. In addition there were service buildings such as a storehouse, kitchen, and common living-dining hall. Also included was a Catholic chapel. While construction was pressed forward, gardens were planted both on the island and the mainland opposite, where the first wheat to be grown in New France was sown. Yet the season was already late and crops must have been small that first year. This was to be a very serious matter because the winter proved an abnormally severe one. The first snow fell on 6 Oct. 1604 and we are told it still lay three to four feet deep at the end of April. Even worse, ice floes in the river were SO thick that it became dangerous - and sometimes impossible - to cross the river. The http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html 2/7 4/21/2015 Biography DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE - Volume I (1000-1700) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography island was proving to be a prison. With supplies of fresh food exhausted, they were reduced to salt meat; fresh water was scarce and melted snow had to be used as a substitute. With the poor food and enforced idleness, scurvy developed and almost half of the men died of it. Spring brought an end to the wretchedness of the brave band. By March 1605, Etchemin (Passamaquoddy) Indians had started to call there to trade fresh meat and soon after the strongest men in the expedition were able to hunt game themselves. The arrival of warm weather also brought the supply ships from France with a relief party of 40 men under Ralluau and Gravé Du Pont. De Monts now decided to move his place of settlement. Champlain was sent on an exploratory trip down the New England coast with Panounias and his wife as interpreters and guides, but his report on settlement possibilities there was unfavourable. Orders were then given to dismantle the houses and carry them by ship to the Annapolis Basin, for building there not far from the present Annapolis the Port-Royal habitation. Once work was well under way, de Monts arranged to leave for France since recent news from home indicated his trading company was in financial difficulties and his monopoly in a critical condition. He left François Gravé in charge of the settlement because the Sieur d'Orville, a gentleman of some social standing who had joined the expedition and was to have assumed this responsibility, was ill from the effects of scurvy. Champlain was to direct further exploration. De Monts set out for France in September 1605, taking with him all but three of the survivors of the winter on Sainte-Croix - Fougeray, Champdoré, and Samuel de Champlain. When he arrived after a crossing of 31 days, he learned that many of the fur-trading merchants who were not members of the company were making a serious effort to have his trading privileges revoked. He quickly came to the decision to remain in France to better protect his company's interests. On 13 May 1606, having secured backing from the famous La Rochelle merchants Macain (or Macquin) and Georges, he sent out a ship to Acadia with supplies and a new party of men, including Jean Ralluau, Marc Lescarbot, and the young CHARLES de BIENCOURT, under the command of Jean de Poutrincourt. His orders were to take charge of the Port-Royal colony and to continue the search for a better situation for the colony to the south. The party arrived late (the end of July), to find that the bulk of the good furs had already been taken by Basque interlopers. At Port-Royal, François Gravé was able to report success in the growing of grain and other food, although he himself had concentrated on exploration, but 12 more men had died of scurvy during the winter of 1605-6. While Guillaume Des Champs, the surgeon, had performed autopsies he had failed to discover the cause of the dread disease. The next year, to keep the men active and interested, the Order of Good Cheer was formed; because of it and the mildness of the winter, scurvy claimed but seven victims, but bad news was to arrive with the spring. De Monts reported in a letter sent out with Jean Ralluau in 1607 that the opposition of the merchants of Saint-Malo not included in the monopoly and of the Duc de Sully, and the intrigues of the Paris hatters' corporation had caused the king to revoke his privileges. Champlain, Poutrincourt, and the others were to return to France. That fall, the affairs of de Monts's company were wound up. The final accounting showed that during its three years of activity revenues had been high but costs even higher. De Monts's loss alone was said to be 10,000 livres. The chief reason for the failure was the volume of the illicit trade in furs. In 1604 http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html 3/7 4/21/2015 Biography - DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE - Volume I (1000-1700) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography alone, for example, at least eight vessels had been seized for trading with the Indians without licence, and many times that number had not been apprehended. It must be remembered that those who traded illegally did not bear the burden imposed on the de Monts company to supply colonists and their necessities. Happily, de Monts succeeded in having the monopoly extended for one more year, 1607-8, on his pledge that he would establish a post on the St. Lawrence and renew his efforts to colonize the new land. Money was raised for a new expedition, organized by Lucas Legendre, of three vessels. One was to go to Port Royal (under Angibault dit Champdoré), a second to the lower St. Lawrence, and the third to found a post at Quebec under the direction of Champlain. A modest profit was realized from the trading venture and, more important, the station actually built at Quebec was both a post for trade and a base for exploring the country to the west. However, the monopoly was not renewed at the end of 1608, partly because of the lack of success there had been in colonizing under this system, in force since 1600. The fur trade was now thrown open to all. With the establishment of a system of free trade, de Monts was granted a compensation of 6,000 livres, but this money was never actually paid. Nevertheless, he and his partners, Collier and Legendre, decided to continue their operations. These were roughly divided into two phases with Champlain to continue to explore and have charge of the Quebec post while Gravé Du Pont took charge of the fur trade. It was during the 1611 season that de Monts arranged for a shipload of oak - the first timber to be exported from Canada - to be sent to France. Until the fall of 1611, de Monts regularly sent out ships with supplies for the colonists and goods for the trade in furs. The post at Quebec was maintained, contact made with new Indian nations, and the exploration of the country pressed forward. Yet all other traders could share in the trade with none of this expense. Operating as they were at a loss, de Monts's two partners determined they could no longer afford to maintain the post at Quebec. With his unbounded faith in the country and his conviction of the importance of the work of exploration being undertaken by Champlain, de Monts determined that Quebec would not be abandoned. He therefore bought the shares of the others. In 1612 Champlain and de Monts succeeded in having the title of viceroy given to the Comte de Soissons and then to the Prince de Condé. Under their protection, de Monts organized a company with certain privileges. By now, any rights he had in Acadia had been given to the Marquise de Guercheville [see BIARD and JEAN DE BIENCOURT] SO that efforts were to be restricted to Canada where the new partners had won the monopoly. He continued to participate actively in the Canadian trade and to encourage the exploration and settlement of the country until 1617. After that he withdrew to his château in the Ardennes, although he continued to be a shareholder in succeeding trading companies as late as 1622 when he and Cornelis de Bellois became members of that of Montmorency. Despite the tremendous contribution made by this far-seeing and broadminded individual to the development of Canada, he has seldom been accorded his rightful place in accounts of its history. Here is the man who made possible SO much of what Champlain accomplished. He it was who, inspired with the noble impulse of making a new France in America, founded the first permanent colony here. With his interest in trade simply as a necessary source of funds for colonization and discovery, he sacrificed personal gain for the greater goal, one in which Champlain was his staunch ally. From the day he and his valiant band planted their settlement on île Sainte-Croix, the continent was never to be without a European settlement. It was de Monts who proved that people from Europe could live here permanently and that agriculture could be carried on http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html 4/7 4/21/2015 Biography DU GUA DE MONTS, PIERRE - Volume I (1000-1700) Dictionary of Canadian Biography successfully. What is more, he was instrumental in making Canada far better known in Europe. He assembled a collection of animals and birds, portraits of Indians, artifacts, and other curiosities. Part of this material was taken to France by Poutrincourt in 1604 and the rest by de Monts himself in 1605. These objects were examined by the distinguished humanist Nicolas de Peirese and his descriptions are among the earliest we have concerning certain of the birds and animals of North America. The energetic direction, support, and encouragement de Monts gave to exploration which was subsequently reported in the writings of such men as Champlain and Lescarbot represents a contribution of inestimable value. Speaking of the task undertaken by de Monts to promote settlement, to explore the land, and to expand commerce, Lescarbot says this in the dedication of his Adieu à la France (1606): De Monts, tu és celui de qui le haut courage A tracé le chemin à un si grand ouvrage: Et pource de ton nom malgré l'effort des ans La feuille verdoyra d'un éternel printemps. [De Monts, it is you whose high courage has traced the way for such a great undertaking, and for this reason, in spite of the attack of time, the leaf of your fame will grow green in an eternal spring.] Had his monopoly been enforced and maintained by the French government, the undertakings of de Monts in Acadia and Canada might well have succeeded in full measure instead of falling short of the goals he had set. In many ways the monopoly arrangement for the fur trade was a good one at the time for developing the country, in that it gave reasonable assurance of profits large enough to pay the cost of founding settlements and to allow shareholders in the company a fair return on their investment, while imposing desirable obligations respecting colonization. Yet those who ruled France did little effectively to support the trading companies. Spanish, Dutch, and especially French vessels in sizable numbers defied the trading monopoly with little risk and the result was a drastic cut in fur-trading profits. What is more, jealousy prevailed, intrigue was rampant, and de Monts saw his exclusive trading privilege, granted for a ten-year period, revoked without just cause at the end of three. The monopoly system, even at best, could probably only have produced modest profits because of the high cost of placing colonists on the land, the quantity of supplies that had to be imported, the expense of building and maintaining posts both for trade and protection, in addition to the regular overhead of a company such as that of de Monts. References make it abundantly clear, however, that de Monts was a man interested in commercial profit only as a means to develop a new domain for France in this great, strange land across the Atlantic. To de Monts must be accorded an important part of the credit for the fact that this goal was ultimately reached. GEORGE MACBEATH AN, Minutier, XXIV, 229, 232. Champlain, Works (Biggar). Lescarbot, History (Grant). Mémoires des commissaires, I, IV, passim, and Memorials of the English and French commissaries, I, passim. Biggar, Early trading companies. Ganong, "Historic sites in New Brunswick," 262-66. É.-H. Gosselin, Documents authentiques et inédits pour servir à l'histoire de la marine normande et du commerce rouennais pendant les XVI, et XVIIe siècles (Rouen, 1876), 18-19; Précis analytique des travaux de l'Académie de Rouen (Rouen, 1871-72), 331. Francis W. Gravit, "Un document inédit sur le Canada: raretés rapportées du Nouveau-Monde par M. de Monts," RUL, I (1946-47), 282-88. Pierre Du Gua, sieur de Monts; records: colonial and "Saintongeois," ed. W. I. Morse http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html 5/7 4/26/2015 D'adhemar Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History Home Customer Service Site Map Name Search How To Buy Shopping Cart 0 Items First Name Search Last Name Search Home Digital Products Prints Apparel Ceramics Other Sign In FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more - Font Size D'adhemar Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 2015 Where did the French D'adhemar family come from? What is the French D'adhemar family crest and coat of arms? When did the D'adhemar family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the D'adhemar family history? The surname D'adhemar is of local derivation; that is, it is derived from the name of the place where the original bearer lived or held land. In this case, it is derived from the name of the lands of Adhemar, in the medieval French province of Provence. Provence is located on the Mediterranean coast of France, between the Rhône River and the Italian border. The capital towns of the region were Aix and Narbonne. It experienced its first development of Christianity in the 3rd century. The Franks invaded in the 5th century. Provence was occupied by the Ligures in the 7th century BC and later colonized by Greek traders. The Merovingians and the Carolingians enlarged their shares of the territory and reunited Provence. D'adhemar Provence maintained its independence into the 10th century but it later passed to the Catalonian dynasty. In the 11th century Provence was in a state of disorganization, with real power in the hands of the local counts. Buy JPG Image PDF Coat of Arms D'adhemar Early Origins More + Extended History Includes FULL Spelling variations of this family name include: Adhémar, D'Adhémar, Adhomaris, D'Adhomaris, Addémar, Addemar, Coat of Adhemar, Ademar, Adémar, Adzemar, Azemar, Adzémar, Azémar and many more. framing First found in Provence where this noble family originates. D'adhemar Early History More This web page shows only a small excerpt of our D'adhemar research. Another 959 words(68 lines of text) covering the Buy PDF History years 1164, 1254, 1273, 1355, 1477, 1520, 1558, 1789, 1793, and 1817 are included under the topic Early D'adhemar History in all our PDF Extended History products. 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D'adhemar Coat of Arms/Family Crest Key- Family Tree emphasing the family crest for the name House of Names chain D'adhemar. Like D'adhemar Coat of Arms/Family Crest Coffee Hand Painted Plaques showing the D'adhemar family crest. Mug Keychains emphasing the family crest for the name 20,771 people like House of Names D'adhemar. D'adhemar Armorial History with Frame Mouse pads proudly displaying the D'adhemar family D'adhemar Framed Surname History and Coat crest. of Arms New Products displaying the D'adhemar family crest. Packages showing the D'adhemar family crest. Facebook social plugin Plaques and Frames proudly displaying the D'adhemar coat of arms. Surname Histories for the name D'adhemar. Symbolism for the D'adhemar family crest. Travel Mugs emphasing the family crest for the name D'adhemar. See Also Mo Family Crests: the Heraldic Artist Family Crests: Timeline Family Crests: Elements Family Crests and Genealogy: how they relate Local Spelling variations References Mo 1. Guérard, Albert Léon. France: a Modern History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959. Print. 2. Browning, Charles H. Americans of Royal Descent. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. Print. 3. Rasmussen, Louis J. San Francisco Ship Passenger Lists 4 Volumes Colma, California 1965 Reprint. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1978. Print. 4. Bolton, Charles Knowles. Bolton's American Armory. Baltimore: Heraldic Book Company, 1964. Print. 5. Conrad, Glenn R. The First Families of Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA: Claitor's Publishing, 1970. Print. 6. Rolland, and H.V. Rolland. Illustrations to the Armorial general by J. B. Rietstap 6 volumes in 3. Baltimore: Heraldic Book Company, 1976. Print. 7. Filby, P. William and Mary K Meyer. Passenger and Immigration Lists Index in Four Volumes. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985. Print. (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8). 8. Robb H. Amanda and Andrew Chesler. Encyclopedia of American Family Names. New York: Haper Collins, 1995. Print. (ISBN 0-06-270075-8). 9. Best, Hugh. Debrett's Texas Peerage. New York: Coward-McCann, 1983. Print. (ISBN 069811244X). 10. Zieber, Eugene. Heraldry in America. Philadelphia: Genealogical Publishing Co. Print. 11. The D'adhemar Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The D'adhemar Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. This page was last modified on 22 January 2014 at 15:16. Sign Up E-Newsletters: My Email Address Sign Up Now FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more Customer Service 888-468-7686 Email FAQs SHIPPING & RETURNS SHOPPING SERVICES MORE TO EXPLORE ABOUT HOUSEOFNAMES.COM https://www.houseofnames.com/d-adhemar-family-crest 2/3 4/21/2015 Pierre du Gua, Sieur De Monts Home Credits Contact Français Subi 1 Champlain the Man Pierre du Gua, Sieur De Monts Champlain the Explorer De Monts was the founder of Port-Royal, the Early Voyages De Monts' first permanent settlement in Canada. In 1603 1 Champlain's Ste-Croix choice of King Henri IV gave him a fur-trade monopoly Voyages 1604- Port-Royal an island in New France. In return he was required to 05 Farewell to Acadie for his first plant about 60 colonists per year and to convert winter the local First Nations to Christianity. De Perspectives settlement Monts proceeded to Acadia in the spring of 1 Pierre du Gua. The Mi'kmaq was made 1604, accompanied by Samuel de Champlain. Sieur De Monts for reasons The expedition spent its first winter on the Timeline of defence, island of Ste Croix, where 35 of 80 men died of but it scurvy. The following summer, de Monts Links proved moved the colony to Port-Royal, which became 1 Habitation on miserable the first permanent settlement in New France. Ste. Croix for the men Island, 1604- courtesy While de Monts was struggling to gain a 1605 (Division foothold in an inhospitable land, jealousies and 2 Scurvy intrigue were undermining him back in France. 3 of Rare Books and De Monts tried to keep his monopoly by 3 Scurvy at Ste. Croix Island, Manuscript promising to redouble his efforts at 1604-05 Collections, colonization. He sent a ship to Port-Royal, Cornell another to the Saint Lawrence and a last one to University Québec. He lost his monopoly in 1611 but Library). continued to participate in the fur trade in Canada until 1617, when he retired to his chateau in Ardennes. Despite the important contribution made by this far-seeing individual to the development of Canada, he has seldom been given his due in the history books. It was he who made possible SO much of what Champlain accomplished. In pursuit of his dream of making a new France in America, he sacrificed personal gain. The energetic support and encouragement de Monts gave to exploration was a contribution of inestimable value. Marc Lescarbot sang his praises with these words: "De Monts, it is you whose high courage has traced the way for such a great undertaking, and for this reason, in spite of the attack of time, the leaf of your fame will grow green in an eternal spring." Historica http://www.histori.ca/champlain/page.do?subclassName=Biography&pageID=15 1/1 THE HOUSE OF DE MONTS OR MONS The House of de Monts or Mons is as illus- trious as old; it prides itself on having served our Kings and the States since the most remote centuries in military employs. It has contributed Viceroys, Ambassadors, Generals, Governors of Pro- vinces and Cities, Prelates, Heads of Orders and Knights of Malta. The historians of Savoy, of Languedoc and of Dauphine make mention of them. I The line of descent followed by this family goes back to Rodolphe de Mons, son of Ragnier, Count of Mons, Hainault and Brabant, who is on record as taken with his two nephews by the King Lothair in a castle on the banks of the river Chiers that Ragnier, his father, had seized from Lord Ursion in 956. His lands were confiscated and added to the royal domain. Today, 2. Rodolphe de Mons was killed in the siege of Luxembourg, leaving -- his widow -- the Countess, Adelaide, of an ancient Family of Vienne in Bur- gundy, and a son, Gosvin de Mons. II Gosvin de Mons is recorded in a deed of the year 997 where he is referred to as son of the "Magnifique et Puissant Homme; Rodolphe, Comte de Mons." His son Gosvin, second of the name, married Jeanne-Imengarde, who appears with him in a joint will leaving their property to their two younger sons, Alexandre and Izoard, in the event that their four other sons, Hugues, Philippe, Lambert and Gir- audonnet failed to return from their voyage d'Outre- mer, -- Beyond the Sea -- the First Crusade. This deed is of the year 1096. III Philippe, one of the four sons mentioned in this deed, lived, on his return from the Crusade, 3. upon an estate given him in feudal tenure by Giraud and Giraudonnet Adhemar of Montelimar. This Act, of the 21st September, 1099, recites that Hugues de Mons, having distinguished himself with his brothers in the Holy Land under Giraud and Giraudonnet Adhemar, Sov- ereign Lords of Montelimar and its lands, in Valdog- nie, Province of Dauphine, these Lords gave in fief the estate of Saint Georges-de-Lene, in Savasse, to Philippe de Mons, for the benefit also of his brother, Hugues, in recompense for their praise-worthy (louable) services in the Holy Land, where two brothers perished in the siege and capture of Jerusalem; and for having saved the life of Giraud Adhemar on the day of Holy Friday (July 15, 1099) in the storming of the city. 5. VI Pierre de Monts, cited in a document of the year 1225, married Francoise Adhemar. Their sons were: Simon, who is cited in a deed of Hugues, Duke of Burgundy, of the year 1236, where he is entitled Simon de Mons, Damoiseau, and who was present with his brothers, Bertrand and Louis, in the Tourney held at the City of Noyon in the year 1234, given by Philippe, Count of Clermont. Etienne, who is cited as present in an ex- change made in 1234 between the Abbeys of Baume- les-Messieurs and Rosieres de la Garde and the Seigneurs of Chalons, accompanied Lord Robert of France, surnamed the Good and Valiant, when he journeyed "beyond the sea" with Saint Louis, the King, his brother, and was killed at the battle of Massoure in Egypt in 1249. Jean, cited in a re-capture of the Chateau de Mons, for the benefit of Jean, Count of Bur- gundy, in the year 1230, where he is mentioned as Jean, Sire de Mons. 6. XV Jean-Giraud - de Mons, Chevalier and Count of Mons, the great-grandfather of the Sieur de Monts, founder of Acadia, was present at the Joust held at the Faubourg Saint Antoine in Paris in 1505, when the Duke of Albany was killed. He paid homage to Francois I in 1520, for the Lands and Seigneuries of la Marcillion; served his King as Captain of 100 Men at Arms; distinguished himself and was wounded in the retreat from Rebec, in Italy, in 1523. In 1529 he was cited in the Ban and Arriere- Ban of Languedoc, being registered at Carcassonne, and served as Commissioner of Wars. He married, in 1495, Marie Anne de Lunel de Gorceval, called de la Mothe-Houdancourt, daughter of the Chevalier Antoine, Captain of Arquebusiers -- a fellow officer. His children were, besides Jean de Mons, who follows: Antoine, who became a Knight of St. John at Jerusalem. to 7 Francois, who was killed in the war of Tuscany, commanding the Company of Gensdarmes of M. de Cipieres. He is mentioned in Brantome, where he is spoken of as "le brave de Mons. If 8. XVI Jean de Mons, Marquis de la Martois, grand- father of Pierre du Guast, the Sieur de Monts of Acadia, paid homage to Francois I for his Mar- quisate and the Seigneurie de la Marcelliere in 1530. Serving in the army from his earliest youth, he was appointed by Marguerite, Duchess of Austria, whose employ he entered, Governor of Luxembourg in 1540. He married the daughter of the noble Jean de Bressan, Captain of Arquebusiers, and had -- besides Jean-Balthazar, who follows -- a son Aphrodise, who was "Guidon" -- Standard Bearer -- in the Company of M. d'Humieres, then Lieutenant, and finally Captain of 100 Men-at-Arms. He was killed near la Rochelle in battle. The memoirs of the Marechal de la Vieu- ville and the works of Brantome make mention of him. Another son, Balthazar, serving with the Hugue- not forces under Henry of Navarre, was killed by a 'coup de pertuisane' by order of the Duke de Joyeuse in 1585 on surrendering the Fortress of Angers after having bravely withstood four assaults, the Duke, none the less, having pledged him his life and the life of his men. (Hist. Generale de Languedoc.) 9. XVII Jean-Balthazar de Mons, Baron of Cabrerolles, father of the Sieur de Monts, founder of Acadia, paid homage to the King, Francois II, for the Seig- neurie of la Marcelliere and the Marquisate of la Marcillion. He served in the Army from his earliest youth, first as Ensign, then as Lieutenant-Captain of Arquebusiers, and in 1586 as Mestre de Camp with five hundred "Enseigns" under his command. He fought bravely in the battles of Saint Denis, November 10, 1567, and of Moncontour, October 3, 1569; was wounded at Coutras, October 20, 1587; bore himself bravely in the battle of Ivry; and was wounded again at the siege of Epernay in 1592, dying two years later of his wounds. He married on the 20th of May, 1572, Delphine de Latenay, daughter of the Noble Antoine, former Captain, and of Marguerite de la Mairie. Their children were: Jean Jacques, Seigneur de Cabrerolles, Marquis de la Marcelliere and Captain of a Company of Foot Soldiers, who married Anne-Marie de Mercouran. 10. Pierre, Sieur de Monts and Seigneur du Guast, the founder of Acadia under a Commission as viceroy given him by the King, Henry IV, and dated, at Paris, December, 1603. A Huguenot soldier, he served under Henry of Navarre and had been appointed by him Gov- ernor of Pons, an ancient city of Saintonge in south western France, which had been established by Henry on becoming King of France, as a place of security for Huguenots. Balthazar, who follows. Jacques, the fourth son, and Jean, the fifth, both became Chevaliers de Malte; Jean, received in 1592, being entered on the Order's roll as le Chevalier de Guast. 11. XVIII Balthazar, brother to the Sieur de Mons, Pierre du Guast, rendered homage to the King, Henry IV, in 1594, for the Marquisate of la Martois, the Lands of Autignac and la Marcillion, rendering homage for them again to Louis XIII in 1614 as Seigneur-foncier and Haut Justicier of the Lands and Seigneuries of la Caussade, Lentheric and others. He served in the army and became Captain of 100 Men at Arms and Governor of the Fortress of Aqua Pendente, being selected also by the Prince of Conde, who ruled the Province, to lead the Noble Host of the Ban and Arriere-Ban on account of his ability and great merits. He married in 1592 Jeanne Marie-Anne de Latenay, a relative on his mother's side. They made a joint will on the 9th of April, 1620, naming their children, and died that same year, being buried in a tomb he had built himself in the Church of Autignac. The children of Balthazar were: Jean Jacques, who, having served in the Marine, entered, with the King's permission, the service of Her 12. Royal Highness Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy, who gave him a Commission, drawn in Latin, to command two vessels. Balthazar, who follows. Blaise, who was received in 1601, when yet in his cradle, as a Chevalier de Malte. Louis, received also in his infancy as a Chevalier de Malte, but who quitted the Order to marry, contrary to the will of his father, who disinherited him. He served in the Regiment of Allot as Lieutenant, in that of Saint Just as Captain of 100 Lances. He married the Noble Gabrielle de Feroul, Mar- quise de Saint-Sernin, niece of Gabriel de Feroul, Chevalier de St. Jean de Jerusalem, who made a will in her favor, 13th April, 1629. 13. XIX Balthazar de Mons, second of the name, nephew of the Sieur de Monts of Acadia, paid homage to Louis XIII for the estate of Saint Aunes and the fief of Magelas in 1623, which came to him by his father's will. He served "from his tenderest youth" in the Regiment of Mirepoix, was Captain in that of la Bastide, then Captain of 100 lances -- each "lance" representing half a dozen men of various equipment rebelled with his brothers, taking the part of the gallant Duc de Montmorency, beheaded by Richlieu, but none the less, having made his submission to the Kind, was appointed by him Mestre de Camp and freed from all tax or charge upon his property, "in recognition", said the Prince, "of his services and those of his ancestors, and for the high esteem in which I hold him." In 1641 he was selected by this Monarch to be Under-Governor of his son, the future Louis XIV. He married on May 21, 1645, Jeanne de Fabry, daughter of the Noble Jean de Fabry, Chevalier, and of Catherine de Gout. They had eleven sons who all entered the Army, serving "from the Cradle." L. 14. The eldest of these sons, Antoine, was killed in Italy, Lieutenant in the Regiment of Normandy. Balthazar, the second son, entered the Regiment of Picardy in 1672 in the capacity of Lieutenant, passed through all grades and followed King James to Ireland. On his return to France he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment of Michel Croat, was placed at the head of the Regiment of Berwick and made Brigadier in 1690, Chevalier de Saint Louis in 1696, and was killed at the head of his Regiment in the battle of Cassano on the 16th of August, 1705. He was so highly esteemed by his brother officers that they composed the following epitaph in his honor: Voila les restes de ce guerrier, Dont la valeur si distinguee De plusieurs Rois de sur la terre S'est faite couronnee de laurier, Depuis longtems par son epee Que la mort a su mettre a bas Par les souffrances de la guerre. Craignons la tous tant que nous sommes, Elle peut bien s'en prendre aux hommes Puisqu'elle a mis de Monts a bas. 31. 15. The third son was Louis, who served in the Regiment of Allot, in which he became Captain in 1688, the 13th of April; then entered that of la Tour la Bastide as Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and was killed in Italy. The fourth son, Francois, served in the Regiment of Vivonne as Captain of Grenadiers, appointed in 1689, and was killed in Italy. The fifth son, Jean-Francois, received as Chevalier de Malte in 1667 was killed in Italy as Captain of Gren- adiers, being appointed in 1688, the 13th of April. The sixth son, Etienne, served in the Regiment of Navarre, in which he was Captain of Grenadiers, but an affair of honor obliged him to expatriate himself. He went to Russia, where he was made Chamberlain of the Czar, Peter I, and became by his wit and striking figure one of his favorites. He married there and left a daugh- ter who married the Seigneur de Balley, Chamberlain of the Emperor. Another son, the seventh, was made Knight of Malta in 1670, and retired from the service when Lieutenant in the Regiment of Piedmont. The eighth son, Joseph, became a Knight of Malta in 1671. He entered the Regiment of Picardy in 1672, was A. 16. made Captain of Dragoons in 1680, was mortally wounded in Italy and made his will in Latin on the 28th of April, 1690. The ninth son, Alexandre, continued the Family. The tenth son was Jean Jacques, who entered the Marine, passed through all grades, was made Captain of a Ship of War, and commanded the right wing in the naval battle which the Count of Toulouse gave in 1705, and in that which the same Prince gave subsequently near Malaga. The eleventh son, Aphrodise, became Lieutenant of Granadiers in the Regiment of Picardy in 1674 and died two years later. 17. LesCarbot in his book account on the 'discovery and settlement of the New France' says: "I have to tell in this book of the most courageous of all the enterprises that our French have made for the settlement and inhabita- tion of the New Lands beyond the ocean, and the least aided and assisted. 11 "The Sieur de Monts, called in his proper name Pierre du Gua, Gentleman of Santonge, was the first mover in this enterprise, who having his heart born to high enterprise and seeing France in repose through the Peace happily concluded at Varvin, place of my birth, proposed to the King ( the exploration) settling and taking possession of in the name of France, on the coast, of this land as are far as to Malebarre, which more than 400 leagues; (lieues ?) in ranging this coast and exploring the extent of its bays Besides the labor of the settlements which he established 18. Sylvic De Monts sailed from Havre-de-Grace; he took with him a number of 'Gentilshommes', artisans of all kinds, soldiers and -- as well of the one religion as of the other --priests and ministers. Champlain accompanied him. Apparently, they sailed first to Dieppe, thence to Acadia. The weather was SO favorable to their voyage that they were but a month in reaching Cap de la Heve. His vessels being discharged of freight he sent them back the soonest possible, and with them the Sieur Poitrincourt, who came to see the country for the purpose of making himself a habitation there, returned. [G.B.DoRR] SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS XI Sieur De Monts Commission De Monts and Acadia An Appreciation ISSUED BY THE WILD GARDENS OF ACADIA BAR HARBOR, MAINE SIEUR DE MONTS PUBLICATIONS XI Sieur De Monts Commission De Monts and Acadia An Appreciation PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN SEA VOYAGES AND LANDE TRAVELLS BY ENGLISHMEN AND OTHERS. The Patent of the French King to Monsieur de Monts for the inhabiting of the Countries of La Cadia, Canada, and other places in New France. Henry, by the grace of God King of France and Na- varre. To our deare and well beloved the Lord of Monts, one of the ordinarie Gentlemen of our Chamber, greeting. As our greatest care and labour is, and hath alwayes beene, since our comming to this Crowne, to maintaine and conserve it in the ancient dignitie, greatnesse and splendour thereof, to extend and amplifie, as much as lawfully may bee done, the bounds and limits of the same. We being, of a long time, informed of the situation and condition of the Lands and Territories of La Cadia, moved above all things, with a singular zeale, and devout and constant resolution, which we have taken, with the helpe and assistance of God, Author, Distributour, and Protectour of all Kingdomes and Estates, to cause the people, which doe inhabit the Countrey, men (at this present time) Barbarous, Atheists, without Faith, or Sieur de Monts National Monument-The East Cliff . Religion, to be converted to Christianitie, and to the 3 B6 F6.23 Beliefs and Profession of our Faith and Religion: and in the exercise and profession of the same, keepe and con- to draw them from the ignorance and unbeliefs wherein serve the said people, and all other Inhabitants in the they are. Having also of a long time knowne by the said places, and there to command in peace, rest and Relation of the Sea Captaines, Pilots, Merchants and tranquillitie, as well by Sea as by Land: to ordaine, de- others, who of long time have haunted, frequented and cide, and cause to bee executed all that which you shall trafficked with the people that are found in the said places, judge fit and necessarie to be done, for to maintaine, how fruitfull, commodious and profitable may be unto us, keepe and conserve the said places under our Power and to our Estates and Subjects, the Dwelling, Possession, Authoritie, by the formes, wayes and means prescribed and Habitation of those Countries, for the great and by our Lawes. And for to have there a care of the same apparent profit which may be drawne by the greater fre- with you, to appoint, establish, and constitute all Officers, quentation and habitude which may bee had with the as well in the affaires of Warre, as for Justice and people that are found there, and the Trafficke and Com- Policie, for the first time, and from thence forward to merce which may be by that means safely treated and name and present them unto us: for to be disposed by us, negotiated. and to give Letters, Titles, and such Provisoes as shall We then for these causes fully trusting on your great be necessarie, etc. wisdome, and in the knowledge and experience that you Given at Fountain-Bleau the eight day of November: have of the qualitie, condition and situation of the said in the yeere of our Lord 1603. And of our Reigne the Countrie of La Cadia; for divers and sundry Navigations, fifteenth. Signed Henry: and underneath by the King, Voyages and Frequentations that you have made into Potier; And sealed upon single labell with yellow Waxe. those parts, and others neere and bordering upon it: Assuring our selves that this our resolution and inten- tion, being committed unto you, you will attentively, dili- De Monts and Acadia: An Appreciation gently, and no lesse couragiously and valorously execute Being portion of an address delivered by Major General and bring to such perfection as we desire: Have expressly Joshua L. Chamberlain at the Ter-Centennial celebra- appointed and established you, and by these Presents, tion of the founding of Acadia and first permanent signed with our owne hands, doe commit, ordaine, make, settlement of America to the north of Florida. constitute and establish you, our Lieutenant Generall, There are things done in the world which by a certain for to represent our person, in the Countries, Territories, estimation are accounted failure, but which belong to an Coasts and Confines of La Cadia. To begin from the 40. eternal process turning to its appointed ends the dis- degree unto the 46. And in the same distance, or part of continuities of baffled endeavor. We have come to this it, as farre as may bee done, to establish, extend and little spot where broken beginnings were the signal of make to be knowne onr Name, Might, and Authoritie. mighty adventure, and restless spirits, lured by visions of And under the same to subject, submit and bring into empire forecast upon the morning clouds, pressed and obedience all the people of the said Land, and the Bor- passed like them. The great action of the times we com- derers thereof : And by the meanes thereof, and all law- memorate was not the result of shrewd calculations of full wayes, to call, make, instruct, provoke and incite economic advantage; it was largely the impulse of bold them to the knowledge of God, and to the light of the imagination and adventurous spirit stirred by the fore- Faith and Christian Religion, to establish it there: And 5 4 B6.F6.24 shadowing of untested possibilities, and knowing no limit actual occupancy that France sent out two great ex- but each one's daring or dream. While the motive of ploring expeditions which were not only thorough-going pecuniary gain was not absent from even noble minds, in character but pregnant of consequences: that of Ver- yet this was secondary and subordinate. A deeper razano in 1524, which gave the name New France to these thought was moving them,-to turn to human good such North Atlantic shores, and that of Jacques Cartier ten opening store of rich material and marvellous oppor- years later, whose remarkable observations and glowing tunity; to signalize the valor of their race, the glory of accounts deepened this nominal interest into the sense their country and their religion; to take a foremost step and pride of ownership. France now asserted her sole in the march of civilization,-the mastery of man over right to all the region north of Spanish Florida. nature. It was akin to the chivalry which enjoys per- Portugal, also, laid early claim to the vast, unbounded sonal hazard for a sake beyond self. What generous region north of the Newfoundland waters, which she ambitions, what lofty hopes hovered in those early skies, named Corterealis after her great discoverer in the year and since have "faded into the light of common day !'' 1500; the name Labrador preserves a record of her We come here to recognize the worth of a remarkable passing hand. She commenced an occupancy, too, about man, Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts,-to commemorate the Newfoundland shores, building a rendezvous or re- in a material structure more lasting than any of his own cruiting station for her fishermen there which lasted a the value of his work and the greatness of his ideas. It long time. Portuguese names remain here, although in is, moreover, a part of the glory of Old France of which disguised form; Cape Race, from Cavo Raso-Flat Cape; we come with one heart to celebrate a passage,-taking and Bay of Fundy, replacing the name Baie Francoise this term in both senses of its meaning. Not other than given by de Monts. On the oldest Portuguese and Span- glorious the passage from vision to ideal,-from dream ish maps this is Rio Fundo, or Hondo-Deep River. to deed; and although passed are the facts and forms so England kept up some intercourse with these north- vivid and vital in their day, who shall say passed the eastern coasts in the way of fishing interests, but in this spirit and power, the living potentiality of good, whose she was far exceeded by others. In 1578 the fishing fleet course is by unrecorded ways and whose law of mani- of England here numbered fifty; that of Portugal and festation is unsearchable? Spain twice that number; that of France three times as England was not wanting in bold sea enterprise. many. And think of what strong, indomitable blood Almost a century before the discovery of this continent those early Frenchmen were: Norman, Breton, Biscayan. she had a brisk trade with Iceland. In a single snow- Strains of these inextinguishable essences remain in storm in April, 1419, twenty-five of her vessels were lost those who follow the old vocation off those outlying, on that wild coast. But whether the race instinct of storm-swept shores, and abiding tokens in the name and colonization was taking a rest, or because of the absorb- character of Cape Breton, and in the stubborn contest ing interest in the mythical "northwest passage to over treaty rights reserved in the islands of Miquelon. Cathay," she made no effort to follow up the discoveries The inaction of England was practically abandonment of the Cabots in 1497 by acts evincing intention of per- of claim. The middle of the sixteenth century saw the manent possession. new world in theory, in legal presumption and probable But it was with express purpose of proceeding to fate, apportioned between France, Portugal and Spain. 6 7 B6.F6.25 To us, familiar with the history of modern movement in these did not prevent association in a common purpose the world's masteries, it seems strange that the Norman for SO high an end. Under Henry IV a notable company element in English blood, so prone to see an opportunity, was formed, the leading spirit of which was Aylmar de and some might say SO prompt to seize an advantage, did Chastes, a gentleman of high standing and governor of not follow up England's claimed priority of discovery by Dieppe, to carry forward colonization on these shores earliest occupancy of the new Atlantic shores. But know- "in the name of God and the King." ing also as we do, the audacity of the mingled strains in At this juncture comes upon the scene one of the most the old French blood, we do not wonder that it was this remarkable characters of our New World history-Sam- which took the forefront and held on till its last foothold uel, Sieur de Champlain. Born on the shore of Biscay was drowned in its last red tide. in a little seaport where departing and returning ships Occupancy by settlement was slow. A charter was bringing stories of wide and wild adventure quickened granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert by Queen Elizabeth in into life that vague consciousness of power which stirs 1578, but it was not until 1583 that he began a settlement in all brave spirits; by nature bold, chivalrous, romantic; in Newfoundland at what he called St. John's. But that by early experience soldier, sailor, observer and relater; high spirit who declared, "We are as near heaven by sea tireless in labor, patient of suffering, large of vision and as land!" passed out through a storm of elements off generous of purpose, genial of spirit and firm of soul, he those headlands, precarious indeed, and with him the soul may well be regarded as providentially prepared to be went out of his enterprise, and the claim of England called to the solution of great problems of enterprise. through this occupancy did not for a long time emerge. We do not wonder that he had already received special Sir Walter Raleigh's vigorous efforts in Virginia in marks of honor from the king. He and de Chastes seem 1584 also came to nought. And so at the close of the to have come together by mutual attraction. To him the 16th century there was not a European settlement north king gave special charge to observe carefully and report of Florida on the western Atlantic shores. all he should see. The practical charge of the expedition But the human ferment was going on, and the time was entrusted to Du Pont Gravé, of St. Malo in Bretagne, appointed drawing near. The fierce persecution of the who had already made a voyage to this region. Huguenots was tearing asunder social bonds in France. This expedition explored the St. Lawrence, tarrying The quarrel over the succession of King Henry of some time at Tadoussac, at the mouth of the mysterious Navarre had its spring in this bitterness, and the chang- Saguenay, and finally ascending to the site of Montreal. ing play of parties permitted no one to be safe. Earnest Of this exploration there were wonderful things to tell in minds were moved to seek peaceful homes in the wilder- France; and told by Champlain roused an interest such ness of the New World, where they might find at least as nothing had done before. He came back with high freedom of thought and action, and possibly scope for hopes, but found that his generous patron had passed their best energies. Thus Admiral Coligny sought to away, and with him the supporting hand, if not the ani- plant Huguenot colonies in both South and North mating spirit, of the enterprise. America, which soon succumbed to Portugal or Spain. But he found also that the king had given a new charter But inward pressure prompted outward movement and to a gentleman of equally high character, an officer of bitterly manifest as were the differences in the old home, the king's household, Pierre de Monts, Seigneur of the 8 9 B6,F6,26 Commune of Guast in Santonge, a region of which La glory of de Monts' dawning dream. Contemplating this Rochelle was the natural center and strongly Huguenot ruin and this baffled purpose, must we speak of failure? in its proclivities, as was the family of de Monts. This If so, for de Monts personally the case is not singular. charter was given November 8, 1603. It conveyed to de All the first leaders had sad experiences. Gilbert, Monts in elaborate terms trading and seignorial rights Raleigh, Gorges, de Monts, Poutrincourt, Champlain even, over the New World territory between the fortieth and and we might also say Columbus himself-jealousy, forty-sixth parallels of latitude-those of Philadelphia enmity, imprisonment, disgrace barred their sunset sky. and Montreal today-this territory being designated But we judge men more by the ideas they quicken into Lacadie, or Acadia. With this came the appointment of action than by the immediate material results they live Lieutenant-general, and by inference Vice-admiral, of to see. this vast and vaguely known domain of Acadia. All the developments of succeeding history in this re- With reciprocal personal respect and the sympathy of gion must be regarded as in some true sense the unfolding like purpose, these two men joined hands and hearts in of de Monts' purpose, not under his guidance indeed the enterprise now more definitely thought out and prac- but under the momentum of the impulse he originated, and tically organized than any before. De Monts had been the although we cannot see all the interaction of the com- companion of Chauvin in a former voyage to these north- posite forces which determine life and history, we must eastern shores, and had the confidence of experience. think back to de Monts, when we consider the long, sharp Champlain again received appointment as special geo- struggle for possession of these Acadian shores and the grapher and reporter for the king. They enlisted also tenacious hold on them which France maintained for the interest and companionship of Jean de Poutrincourt, more than a century, and is not wholly yet unfelt. Baron of Saint Just in Bretagne, a man of ample means One singular dignity this St. Croix settlement of de and large of mind and heart, pronounced by King Henry Monts has come to hold. After long lost identity and to be "one of the most honorable and valiant men of earnest searching, these ruins were discovered and ad- the Kingdom." mitted to be the proper mark for the boundary line be- Thus was ordained and organized that famous adven- tween two great nations, England and the United States ture of Acadia, fraught with human hopes as high and of America. Such value had this broken enterprise in fancies as wide as its sequel was to be bright with char- the minds of men and council of nations. Without the acters of courage and devotion and stormy with vicissi- identifying of this spot the language of treaties was in tude and tragedy. vain, and the bounds of nationalities in confusion. But this little relic is not the measure of the man. The NOTE BY EDITOR:-This and the following extracts from General Chamberlain's address are published for their admirable and eloquent narrow compass of this island does not bound his thought, appreciation of the deeper meaning and significance of de Monts' adven- nor the dim fragments of his doing that have taken ture. The story of the enterprise itself will be published later in this series, in a condensation from Champlain's account. GEORGE B. DORR. earthly form around us compose his record. The meas- ure of him is his purpose and ideal. The blood and brain of France that once led the civi- So passed to dust and ruin this little beginning on the lization of Europe has not perished from the earth. It Island of the Cross. So passed into broken lights the has entered into the on-going of human welfare, and the 10 11 vision, the prayer, the hope, that went so high and far, may find answer in visible forms of power even beyond the early dream. Consequences are not in one line alone, but in many lines. When a living thought is projected into the ideal, we cannot trace its course, nor forsee its end. God's ways are on mighty orbits, and their real tending is often lost to human sight; but the "times appointed" will arrive, and the end crown the work. One thing we may be sure of: all these vicissitudes of life, all these toils and struggles, these seeming defeats as well as seeming vic- tories, are overruled for some final good for nan-and for every man who has borne himself worthily in them. So we greet in spirit today him who three centuries ago saw in visions of his soul what for man could be wrought on these treasured shores. The work is going on-but by other hands; the dream is coming true-but to other eyes. The thought is his; and the fulfilment, though different, is of his beginning. As a Contemporary Saw It Marc Lescarbot, who came out in May, 1606, to visit de Monts' settlement with Jean de Biencourt, Seigneur de Poutrincourt, and who afterward wrote the History of New France, the best account next to Champlain's we have of de Monts' undertaking and of Acadia at that time, begins his History "I have to tell in this book of the most courageous undertaking, and the least aided and assisted, that we of France have made to occupy the new lands beyond the Ocean. The Sieur de Monts, called in his own name Pierre du Gua, a man of noble family in Saintonge, is its chief subject. He, having a heart moved to high enterprise, and seeing France in repose through the peace happily concluded at Vervins, proposed to the King. 12 Tereantenary of Dellonts Settlement at St. Croix Island MHS., Hand, ME. 1905. "You ask me my name ? o, so many times christened - Names vocal with history, sadness and joy, But in those old days as my anxious ears listened I caught the soft, musical sound of St. Croix. "I claim this for mine - from the country above me, The Waweig and bay flow from regions apart, And with my own stream whose waves fondle and love me, A cross is described on the water's warm heart. " So this is my name ! In cold history's pages We still read the deeds of de Monts and Champlain, Fleeting their lives, but adown through all ages Though men fail and kingdoms, the cross will remain. " So this is my name, and this is my story The pain and the pleasure, the gain and the loss I join earth's great nations, and this is my glory Two flags linked with me in the sign of the cross." Maj.-Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain was then intro- duced and spoke as follows : DE MONTS AND ACADIA. There are things done in the world which by a certain esti- mation are accounted failure, but which belong to an eternal process turning to its appointed ends the discontinuities of baffled endeavor. We have come to this little spot where broken beginnings were the signal of mighty adventure, and restless spirits lured by visions of empire forecast upon the morning clouds, pressed and passed like them. The great action of the times we commemorate was not the result of shrewd calculations of economic advantage; it was largely the impulse of bold imag- ination and adventurous spirit stirred by the foreshadowing of untested possibilities, and knowing no limit but each one's daring or dream. While the motive of pecuniary gain was not absent from even noble minds, yet this was secondary and subordinate. A deeper thought was moving them,- to turn to human good such opening store of rich material and marvellous opportunity; to signalize the valor of their race, the glory of their country and their religion to take a foremost step in the march of civiliza- tion,- the mastery of man over nature. It was akin to the chiv- GEN. JOSHUA L. CH alry which enjoys personal hazard for a sake beyond self. What Pp. 10 - 35. Complete essay in L'Acadie file 121/15 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Acadia National Park Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons Little is known about Pierre Dugua's earlier years. The French Huguenot (1560- 1628) distinguished himself fighting in the cause of King Henri IV during the religious wars in France. With that reputation, he developed good connections at court and was able to secure a monopoly to the fur trade in the Acadia territory, a huge area from the 40th to the 46th parallels. The fur trade was lucrative because beaver fur used for felt hats in Europe, was in great demand. In 1604, Dugua formed a company of merchants and led a group of French settlers, including Samuel Champlain, to North America. They settled on Saint Croix Island with the intention of claiming the area for France, locating the illusive trade route to China, searching for mineral wealth like copper, and profiting from trade in the area. They were also charged with converting the First Peoples to Christianity. Saint Croix Island, in the Saint Croix River on the present boundary between the United States and Canada, seemed like the perfect location to set up a trading settlement. Its location near the confluence of two rivers and a bay made for easy Park interpreter portraying Pierre Dugua NPS/Ginny Reams trade with the First Peoples and also made it easy to defend against attacks from competing European powers. The possibilities were great. However, the isolated island proved to be an unfortunate choice. Since Saint Croix Island and France are on about the same latitude, they assumed the weather would be comparable. The winter of 1604-1605, however, was one of the coldest on record, and the settlers were unprepared for its brutality. Dangerous ice floes prevented the men from reaching the mainland where fresh water and game were available. Thirty-five of the 79 settlers died, many from scurvy as well as malnutrition and exposure. In the summer of 1605 the colony was moved across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (near today's Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia). There were high hopes for the new colony as a trading post and center of settlement along the coast, but the desire of individual Europeans to trade for furs was great. Thus, support in France for Dugua's monopoly was dwindling. In addition, the rugged, forested inlets of the Nova Scotia peninsula, the heavy forests of the St. John River, and the many bays and beaches of Cape Breton and Prince Edward islands made it impossible to enforce the monopoly on the fur trade already entrenched in these locations. As soon as work was underway on the new settlement at Port Royal, Dugua-not giving up on his desire for colonization and exploration in New France-sailed back to France to seek ways to defend his monopoly and report his successes to the king. Samuel Champlain remained at Port Royal to do further exploration. For a short period (1607-1608), Dugua's monopoly was restored, allowing further development of the trading post in Tadoussac and the settlement of Quebec, which would serve as Champlain's trading post and base for further exploration toward the west. Pierre Dugua's commitment and willingness to sacrifice personal gain allowed continued exploration and settlement in New France. His energetic direction, support, and encouragement of exploration subsequently reported in the writings of Champlain and Marc Lescarbot represent large contributions on his part. Saint Croix Island International Historic Site in Calais, Maine, commemorates the original 1604 French settlement. Although short-lived, the Saint Croix settlement predated the British colony of Jamestown by three years. Both the U.S. National Park Service and Parks Canada each administer a site of that same name along the Saint Croix River and work together to interpret the first French settlement in northern North America-and the first in the French region known then as Acadie. 4/21/2015 Champlain I McGill-Queen's University Press M McGill-Queen's University Press Quantity 1 Champlain Price $89.00 CAD The Birth of French America Edited by Raymonde Litalien and Denis Vaugeois Champlain FRESCH AMERICA Quebec Studies, Biography/Autobiography/Life Writing, History: Canada: Quebec, History: Canada: Pre-confederation Canada, History: Canada: Atlantic Canada Overview Author Bio More by Author A lavishly illustrated book on life and adventures of the DETAILS father of New France. 412 Pages, 9.5 X 13 High gloss, colour illustrations throughout ISBN 9780773528505 November 2004 This book is the definitive reference on Champlain and the birth of Formats: Cloth, eBook French America. It discusses not only the beginnings of L'Acadie, its development, and the difficulties of colonization but also looks at France Recommend to Library during Champlain's time and analyses how he has been remembered. Ordering eBooks Lavishly illustrated, Champlain brings together the thirty-two maps Rights and Permissions attributed to him, reproduced for the first time in colour, as well as Course Adoption illustrations of numerous rare artifacts, documents, and a selection of Media Inquiries drawings by Champlain. Other Ordering Options A tenacious, multitalented individual, Samuel de Champlain was a Like Be the first of your friends to like cartographer, an explorer, and, ultimately, governor of the French this. colonies in the new world. His extensive writings, largely relating to his voyages, include the only known accounts of the Laurentian colony Tweet 0 during the first quarter of the seventeenth century. Contributors include Bernard Allaire, Pauline Arseneault, Bernard Barbiche, Maurice Basque, Alain Beaulieu, Pierre Berthiaume, Gervais Carpin, Jean-Pierre Chrestien, Edward H. Dahl, Dominique Deslandres, John Dickinson, Nathalie Fiquet, François-Marc Gagnon, Gaétan Gervais, Laura Giraudo, Jean Glénisson, Jean-Yves Grenon, Patrice Groulx, Conrad E. Heidenreich, Cornelius Jaenen, Robert Larocque, Frank Lestringant, Raymonde Litalien, Nancy Marcotte, Denis Martin, Paul-Louis Martin, Christian Morissonneau, François Moureau, Étienne Taillemite, Éric Thierry, Marcel Trudel, and Laurier Turgeon. Raymonde Litalien is an historian of New France and the author of Les Explorateurs de l'Amérique du Nord, 1492-1795. http://www.mqup.ca/champlain-products-9780773528505.php?page_id=73& 1/2 JOHN G. REID As jurors, Acadia, Maine, and we have unanimously selected the manuscript 'Acadia, Maine, and New Scotland: marginal colonies in the seventeenth century' as the winner of the 1976 Sainte-Marie Prize for its original contribution to the study of New Scotland seventeenth-century Canadian history. J JOHN MOIR University of Toronto MARGINAL COLONIES IN THE BRUCE TRIGGER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY McGill University Montreal 1981. MARCEL TRUDEL University of Ottawa Winner of the Sainte-Marie Prize for History, 1976 Huronia Historical Parks Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation Published in association with Huronia Historical Parks, Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation by University of Toronto Press Toronto Buffalo London 3/5/2015 Catalog Record: France and New England I Hathi Trust Digital Library Home About Collections Help Feedback FULL-TEXT CATALOG Search words about or within the items LOG IN Advanced full-text search Search tips Full view only Cite this Similar Items Export to Endnote National income and deficit financing, By: Cadman, Paul Fletcher, France and New England / by Allan Forbes and Paul F. Cadman. 1889-1946 Published: (1939) Le rôle social de Main Author: Forbes, Allan, 1874-1955 l'entrepreneur dans le Other Cadman, Paul Fletcher, 1889-1946. réorganisation de l'industrie Authors: en Amérique. Language(s): English By: Cadman, Paul Fletcher, Published: Boston State Street Trust Co., 1925-1929. 1889-1946 Subjects: Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, > comte de, > 1725-1807 Published: (1922) Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, > 1757-1834 Towns of New England and United States > History > Revolution, 1775-1783 > Participation, French. old England, Ireland and Note: Scotland connecting links "Issued by the State Street Trust Company in Boston, in commemoration of the one hundred and fiftieth between cities and towns of anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, and the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone New England and those of of Bunker Hill monument by Lafayette." the same name in England, Physical 3 in 1) ill., map 26 cm. Ireland and Scotland: Description: containing narratives. Locate a Find in a library descriptions, and many Print views, some done from old Version: prints; also much matter pertaining to the founders Viewability: and settlers of New England and to their Full viewV 1-8 1925-29 (original from University of Wisconsin) memorials on both sides of Full viewv 1 (original from University of Michigan) the Atlantic: By: State Street Trust Company (Boston, Mass.) Published: (1920) Towns of New England and old England, Ireland and Scotland connecting links Vol. 2 (1927) . between cities and towns in New England and those of the same name in England, Ireland and Scotland: Vol.3 (1929) containing narratives, descriptions, and many views, some done from old prints; also much matter pertaining to the founders and settlers of New "Champlains Three Voyages England and to their memorials on both sides of Along the New England Coast the Atlantic. By: State Street Trust Company (Boston, Mass.) c a Descuption of Published: (1921) Towns of New England and old England, Ireland and Scotland connecting links between cities and towns of The Sheps of Charplain, De blouts and their followers New England and those of the same name in England, Ireland and Scotland: Etc By: [State street trust company, Boston] Published: (1936) Taverns and stagecoaches of New England anecdotes and tales recalling the days of The De gregoires at Hull: Cove llt Desert 8245 stagecoach travel and the ancient hostelries where strangers tarried / By: Forbes, Allan, 1874-1955. Published: (1953) Town and city seals of Massachusetts presenting the official seals of some of the towns and cities of Massachusetts, together with brief historical sketches and local anecdotes By: Forbes, Allan, 1874-1955. Published: (1950) Whale ships and whaling http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000364533 1/3 COPY FOR Illustrations Notebook JUN 1025 StateStreet Trust 60.04 Boxton. Add another copy 1920. E " to BiG & foreward. 265 F65 guekin Onc CONTENTS Vol. 1. PAGE LAFAYETTE'S EIGHT VISITS TO BOSTON AND HIS JOURNEYINGS IN NEW ENGLAND I LAGRANGE AND CHAVANIAC, THE LAFAYETTE CHÂTEAUX 56 THE HOUSE IN WHICH LAFAYETTE DIED 85 THE CEMETERY OF PICPUS AND THE TOMB OF LAFAYETTE 89 THE PROPOSED MONUMENT AT POINTE DE GRAVE, FRANCE, TO COMMEMORATE THE SAILING OF LAFAYETTE AND THE ENTRANCE OF AMERICA INTO THE WORLD WAR 95 ARRIVAL OF ROCHAMBEAU AND THE FRENCH ARMY AT NEWPORT IOI GENERAL ROCHAMBEAU IN BOSTON 113 A VISIT TO ROCHAMBEAU'S BIRTHPLACE AND SOME NEW LIGHTS AND OLD ON THE GENERAL HIMSELF 117 THE MARCHES AND CAMP SITES OF THE FRENCH ARMY IN NEW ENGLAND. I3I 1925 /C Alber, vii Digitized by Google Original from UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN xiv FOREWORD in primeval sleep; river, lake, and glimmering pool; wilderness oceans mingling with the sky. Such was the domain which France conquered for Civilization. Plumed helmets gleamed in the shade of its forests, priestly vestments in its dens and fastnesses of ancient barbarism. Men steeped in antique learning, pale with the close breath of the cloister, here spent the noon and evening of their lives, ruled savage hordes with a mild, parental sway, and stood serene before the direst shapes of death. Men of courtly nurture, heirs to the polish of a far- reaching ancestry, here, with their dauntless hardihood, put to shame the boldest sons of toil." The illustrations in this book, as before, have been collected and reproduced with the greatest care, and some, we believe, are here presented for the first time. The State Street Trust Company desires to extend thanks to Frank C. Blaisdell and Pierce E. Buckley and other officials of the Boston Public Library who have searched inde- fatigably for material; to H. P. Biggar of Toronto and London, and to Jerome A. Johnson of Montreal, Canada, for very valuable assistance which both have rendered in regard to Champlain; to George B. Dorr for an interesting day examining the historic points on Mount Desert and for much other help as well; to W. O. Sawtelle, the owner and manager of the splendid museum at Islesford on Little Cranberry Isle, Maine, for valuable information and assistance connected with the history of the French at Mount Desert; to Senator Walter H. Crockett, historian of Vermont, and Max L. Powell of Burlington, for a delightful personally conducted tour along the shores of Lake Champlain, which produced much historical data and help from the former; and to Arthur H. Hill of Isle la Motte for valuable data about that island. W. D. Lighthall also rendered much assistance. We also wish to thank those who helped us on certain chapters: CHAMPLAIN'S THREE VOYAGES ALONG THE NEW ENGLAND COAST, INCLUDING HIS VISIT TO BOSTON HARBOUR-T late Dr. Robert Abbé; Mrs. Ernest W. Bowditch; John Carter Brown Library of Providence; John P. Crosby; J.L. Farnum of the Library of Congress in Washington; Worthington C. Ford of the Massachusetts Historical Society of Boston; Edward M. Graham of Bangor, Maine; the late E. M. Hartwell, Statistician of the City of Boston in 1921; Wilfred A. Hennessy, Secretary of the Bangor Chamber of Commerce, Bangor, Maine; Maggs Bros. of London; Mrs. Langdon P. Marvin; Mrs. D. A. de Menocal; Edward C. Wheeler; Frederick S. Whitwell. THE SHIPS OF CHAMPLAIN, DE MONTS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS-Hon. J. C. J. Flamand, Consul- General of France in Boston; George R. Flamand; Edward H. Redstone, State Librarian of Massachusetts. A JOURNEY TO BROUAGE, THE BIRTHPLACE OF CHAMPLAIN-Docteur Jules Sottas. LAKE CHAMPLAIN AND THE FRENCH-The Champlain Society; Byron N. Clark; H. W. Denio of the Vermont Historical Society; Dr. John H. Finley; Paul Fuller; Hon. Henry T. Kellogg; Kenneth D. Marlatt; Willard S. Martin; Mrs. C. D. Miller; W. R. Miller; Howland Pell; John Pell; Stephen H.P. Pell; William B. Rogers; Clinton Scollard; Mrs. F. S. Witherbee. THE FRENCH AT SAINT CROIX ISLAND-THE FIRST EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND- Daniel P. Gillmor; Kenneth D. Marlatt; Guy Murchie; Grenville H. Norcross; Julius H. Tuttle of the Massachusetts Historical Society; Rev. F. L. Whittemore. JEAN VINCENT, BARON DE SAINT CASTIN, AND HIS DESCENDANTS IN FRANCE AND AUSTRALIA- E. W. Adams; George Campbell; Colonel J. W. Castine; R. A. Gallagher; G. M. Gunther; Rev. John E. Kealy; W. A. Ricker; David H. Smith; Arthur F. Street; W. W. G. Tate; Miss Amy Witherle. THE FIRST FRENCH JESUIT MISSIONARY COLONY ON THE SHORES OF NEW ENGLAND-The late Mrs. Albert H. Gallatin; Herbert W. Gleason; E. B. Stanley; Miss Mary C. Wheelwright. THE NAMING OF AMERICA-Archiprêtre de la Cathédral St. Dié; Fernand Baldensperger; Joseph Digitized by Google Original from UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 11/3 6 CHAMPLAIN'S THREE VOYAGES This map includes Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wick, Cape Breton, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. Dr. Abbé's interesting col- lection of island relics is now installed at Sieur de Monts Spring. Before leaving the spring the visitor is apt to wander along the Jesup path, one of the "manicure" walks of Mount Desert, as some of the paths have been amusingly called, due to their being constantly cut and trimmed, in contrast to those more difficult to tread. Another path beginning at the spring is so beautiful that a Bar Harborite declares it is haunted by fairies, and indeed one might almost believe so. Champlain's description of the island of Mount Desert shows conclusively that he must have proceeded up Frenchman's Bay to Mount Desert Narrows, which unites this stretch of water with Blue Hill Bay, for he mentions that From a photograph Kindness of George R. Dorr "a hundred paces" separate the island from SIEUR DE MONTS SPRING, IN LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK, MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, the mainland, which he could not have observed MAINE had he not approached near the Narrows. So called for Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, Governor of Over this small strip of water mentioned by the town of Pons, in the Province of Saintonge, France, and organizer of many expeditions to New France. Champlain a new bridge was built in 1920 and Champlain acted as official cartographer, and was ordered by Sieur de Monts to explore the New England dedicated, very appropriately, to the "soldiers, coast to look for a more permanent settlement. It sailors and marines of Hancock County," who was on this voyage that Champlain gave to the island the name "Monts Déserts." fought on France's side in the World War. Champlain's journal continues: "The next day, the 6th of the month, we sailed two leagues, and perceived a smoke in a cave at the foot of the mountains above mentioned. We saw two canoes rowed by savages. This place must have been Hull's Cove, later to become the property and home of his com- patriots, the De Gregoire family. Here Champlain spent the night, and on the following day the natives returned and, after receiving presents, agreed to guide the adventurers to their river, Peimtegouet, now called Penobscot. "I think this river" [continues Champlain] "is that which several pilots and historians call Norumbegue, and which most have described as large and extensive. It is related also that there is a large, thickly settled town of savages, who are adroit and skilful, and who use cotton yarn." Penobscot Bay, according to Champlain, extended from Mount Desert to the promontory of Bedabedec, now called Owl's Head, near Rockland. "Almost midway between these" [explains the French cartographer and explorer] "out in the ocean there is another island very high and conspicuous, which for this reason I have named Isle Haute" [spelled Haulte on his 1612 map]. This island, for which the late Ernest W. Bowditch and his friends have done so much, still bears the same name, though spelled Isle au Haut, the only other permanent reminder along Digitized by Google Original from UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 8 CHAMPLAIN'S THREE VOYAGES but in this respect he was disappointed, as she seemed to have completely forgotten the language of her particular tribe. Panounias himself was slain by the Armouchiquois Indians during the following year. The French voyagers passed along the edge of Manan, thence past Mount Desert to Seguin Island near the mouth of the Kennebec, which they named Isle de la Tortue. After exploring this river carefully, the voyagers went past Wiscasset and thence sailed across the head of Casco Bay, omitting through lack of knowledge, however, the harbour of Portland. An anchorage was found near Ram Island. On July 9th they moored their tiny craft under the lee of Stratton Island, opposite Old Orchard. Near here, probably at Prout's Neck, an exchange of hostages was made with the Indians, while Sieur de Monts explored an island nearby which was named Bacchus on account of the abundance of grapes found there. Champlain mentions that they were the first seen since leaving Cape La Hève. This place is now known as Richmond's Island, between Casco and Saco Bays. The next anchorage was within the channel of the Saco River, then called Chouacoet. Champlain mentions that after he had cast anchor a large number of Indians of the Armouchiquois tribe approached the bank and treated the visitors to a dance, while their chief apparently showed much surprise and circled round and round the pinnace. An interesting and accurate descrip- tion is given by this French chronicler and explorer: "We sent some goods on shore to barter with them, but they possessed only their clothes, which they bartered. These Indians shave off their hair fairly high up on the head, and wear the remainder very long, combing and twisting it very neatly behind in several ways, with feathers which they fasten on their heads. They paint their faces black and red. They till and cultivate the soil, something which we have not hitherto observed. In the place of ploughs, they use an instrument of very hard wood, shaped like a spade. The next day Sieur de Monts and I landed to observe their tillage on the bank of the river. We saw their Indian corn, which they raise in gardens. Planting three or four kernels in one place, they then heap up about it a quantity of earth with shells of the signoc (a horseshoe crab) before mentioned. Then three feet distant they plant as much more, and thus in succession. With this corn they put in each hill three or four Brazilian beans, which are of different colors. When they grow up, they interlace with the corn, which reaches to the height of from five to six feet; and they keep the ground very free from weeds. We saw there many squashes, pumpkins, and tobacco, which they likewise cultivate." Thus it will be seen that the methods employed by these savages of three centuries ago showed a knowledge comparable with that of the present day. These Indians, according to Champlain, had large wigwams surrounded by palisades made of large trees, and the exact Kindness of George B. Dorr location has been learned from the number of ACADIA MOUNTAIN IN LAFAYETTE NATIONAL relics found there. PARK, MOUNT DESERT, MAINE The origin of the name "Acadia" is uncertain. It is first After spending two days at Saco, the ex- mentioned as La Cadie in Henry IV's grant to plorers set sail on the twelfth of the month De Monts in 1603. It was afterwards written Acadie, or, by the English, Acadia. and moored their tiny craft near Wells Neck. Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN THE DE GREGOIRES AT HULL'S COVE, MOUNT DESERT 85 substantial memorial should be erected to this family than the little, inconspicuous stone in the obscure burial ground. As for the Hull's Cove settlement itself, Mr. George B. Dorr well describes its particular interest to the antiquarian: "The successive periods of the history of Hull's Cove-the Indian encampment which Champlain found there and which judging from its considerable shell mounds and remains was evidently of long duration-the settlement, death and burial there of Cadillac's granddaughter and her husband a century later-its fame for garden fruits after another century, and its present occupation as a site for summer homes- all are dramatically interesting." K indness of Mme. de la Bassetière, a relative of de Ternay CHÂTEAU DE TERNAY, AT VIENNE, FRANCE, the home of Admiral de Ternay, who died and was buried in the churchyard of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island, during the Revolution. He brought the first French troops to our aid. The Marquis de Ternay now owns the property and resides there. A chapter on his burial appeared in Volume II of this series. Digitized by Google Original from UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Catalog Record: France and New England I Hathi Trust Digital Library Page 1 of 1 Home About Collections Help Feedback Advanced full-text search Search tips FL State Similar time EXAM one hundred were site et VIEW media term NEW rainte and France and New England ... by Allan Forbes an subscription sobe showing the shanges which have occurreding AVAN during Evites Alien. the see hundred office Paul Flashes 1000 our exizence * . vits AN English Publistanch Avan State street - was or State Street I Late Ments Avench Fast Yes Roob EMAIL bless) Rechamberu Jean. Published United State A Revolution 127 Whate fahars of New England with Nature Edition designed and printed b director No more published illustrations and asme instation not musing Payment Unready SK thent, due inet pore. MADIA 200 of the rise and Original Permate And to at pinductor which has Quigint Chamilantine Number E265 R media New England tensous Laseta a Paint to colom Finding . livers throughout the MAKE BY san Street Trust COMPANY Weenbility (211) But would be 191000 (enigina) from - Masser NEVANA ID with Item (state of Michigant Mustrant enteres abute the and what thembers chas the State Street Trust wass) Published (1914) Bonesett showing Illustrations and giving at total benefits netwhere NATAR wast entite them AN nisha in Borken halt: at types or see street - DARA Published: (19th) The AMERICA tries treasure of how assess industry Riddet together with showing how Exposed whole chestings N made or PROPERS Manufacturing Company (1984) http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000364533 9/25/2013 William Otis Sawtalle Sprague's Journal of Maine History Vol. XIII July-August-September 1925 No. B MOUNT DESERT: CHAMPLAIN TO BERNARD BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION Centuries ago, visited during the hunting and fishing sea sons by great concourses of Indians claiming remarkable curative properties of the sea air and evergreen forests today, given over during the heated summer months to the palefaces of the cities who do not dispute the contention oj the first inhabitants that this is the place to wax healthy anc strong, Mount Desert Island, with the region round about occupies a unique place, not only among our American coas resorts, but in the Colonial history of the Nation as well. The birchbark canoe of the Abenaki has given way to the canvas-covered craft of modern Old Town; and the youth propelling it, stalwart of arm and sunburnt of visage, com. pares favorably with those subjects of Asticou who, over three hundred years ago, paddled from Bar Harbor to North east Harbor with Father Biard and Simon the interpreter while the maid in the bow would put to blush the comely daughter of Madocowando who captivated the heart of Baron de Castin. Upon lands once occupied by humble huts of adventurous fishermen now stand summer dwellings; and little fishing communities of a few generations ago have become famous frequented year after year by visitors from near and far. Waterways navigated by Fleury who brought the Jesuits in Fornald's Point; Argall who removed them and their colony; Charnisay and La Tour pursuing each other with deadly intent; Aernouts in the Flying Horse, a reminder of the Dutch conquest of Acadia; d'Iberville with his squadron FROM CHAMPLAIN MOUNTAIN LOOKING SOUTH on way to reduce Pemaquid; and Phips en route to Port Royal, are now traversed by speed boats, pert little knock- abouts racing hither and thither, with here and there a stately nacht adding grace and beauty to the animated scene. At Mount Desert writers of fiction have laid their plots; poets permitted their fancy to roam at will among the hills and valleys and along the rocky shores; journalistic rusti- cators have contributed delightful letters, both descriptive Pp. 131-186 Samuel de Champlain FATHER OF NEW FRANCE SAMUEL ELIOT MORISON With illustrations SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN The only authentic portrait, by himself. Enlarged from his drawing of the 1609 fight on Lake Cham- plain, in Les Voyages (1613). Courtesy Harvard College Library. An Atlantic Monthly Press Book 111111, BROWN AND COMPANY . BOSTON . TORONTO 1971 LIBRARY Borgotten Books THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE CHAMPLAIN The History of New France SOCIETY LESCARBOT: HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE By VOLUME I Marc Lescarbot Published by Forgotten Books 2012 Originally Published 1907 PIBN 1000215374 Copyright © 2012 Forgotten Books TORONTO www.forgottenbooks.org THE CHAMPLAIN SOCIETY ALSO BY DAVID HACKETT FISCHER CHAMPLAIN Liberty and Freedom Washington's Crossing Bound Away DREAM The Great Wave Paul Revere's Ride Albion's Seed Growing Old in America Historians' Fallacies The Revolution of American Conservatism David Hackett Fisch David Hackett Fischer is University Professor and Warren Professor of History at Brandeis University in Massachusetts. He has also taught at the University of Washington, Harvard University, and Oxford Uni- versity where he was Harmsworth Professor of American History, and Fellow of Queen's College. The recipient of many prizes for his teach- ing and writing, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for History for Washington's Crossing. 2009. Vintage Canada CONTENTS Fischer- 2 Contents INTRODUCTION 1 MEMORIES OF CHAMPLAIN In Search of Champlain Images and Interpretations, 1608-2008 533 A LEADER IN THE MAKING 15 APPENDIXES A Child of Brouage 30 A. Champlain's Birth Date Two Men of Saintonge 569 42 Henri IV and Champlain B. Champlain's Voyages: A Chronology 574 61 A Soldier in Brittany, 1594-98 C. Champlain's Brief Discours: Problems of Accuracy and Authenticity 586 74 A Spy in New Spain, 1599-1601 D. Champlain's Published Writings: A Question of Authorship 593 E. Champlain's Traitté de la Marine: An Essay on Leadership 595 EXPLORER OF ACADIA F. Another Self-Portrait? 105 600 Geographer in the Louvre, 1602 124 G. Champlain's Superiors: Viceroys and Generals of New France 601 Tadoussac, 1603 148 H. Trading Companies and Monopolies in New France, Sainte-Croix, 1604-05 1588-1635 74 604 Norumbega, 1604-06 201 I. Indian Nations in Champlain's World, 1603-35 608 Port-Royal, 1605-07 J. The Battle with the Mohawk in 1609: Where Did it Happen? 614 FOUNDER OF QUEBEC K. The Attack on the Iroquois Fort in 1615: Which Fort? What Nation? 615 227 L. Champlain's Favored Firearm: The Arquebuse à Rouet Quebec, 1608-09 616 254 M. Champlain's Ships and Boats Iroquoia, 1609-10 619 281 N. Champlain's Weights and Measures Marie de Medici, 1610-11 627 292 O. Champlain's Money Transatlantic Trials, 1611-15 632 317 P. Champlain's Calendars Huronia, 1615-16 633 BUILDER OF NEW FRANCE Notes 345 635 The Court of Louis XIII, 1616-19 Bibliography 366 745 A Framework for New France, 1620-24 Map Sources 388 787 The Cardinal's Ring, 1625-27 Art Credits 406 791 New France Lost, 1628-29 Acknowledgments 427 797 New France Regained, 1629-32 Index 801 FATHER OF FRENCH CANADA 445 Realizing the Dream, 1632-35 465 The Peopling of Quebec, 1632-35 479 The Cradle of Acadia, 1632-35 495 Trois-Rivières, 1634-35 512 Champlain's Last Labor, 1635 CONCLUSION 525 A Leader's Long Reach ix RG79, CC71907-39. Acadic 3/2/19 65th CONGRESS, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES REPORT 3d Session. No. 932. LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK. JANUARY 15, 1919. - Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union and ordered to be printed. Mr. TILLMAN, from the Committee on the Public Lands, submitted the following REPORT. [To accompany S. 4957.] The Committee on the Public Lands, to which was referred the bili (S. 4957) to establish the Lafayette National Park in the State of Maine, having had the same under consideration, begs leave to report it back to the House without amendment, with the unanimous recommendation that the bill do pass. The Sieur de Monts National Monument, which it is proposed in the accompanying bill to make a national park under the name of the Lafayette National Park, owes its origin to the gift of citizens desirous of securing to the public for its use and enjoyment forever a uniquely beautiful tract of land upon our eastern seacoast, where its grand rock scenery culminates in a deeply divided range of granite mountains visible from 50 miles to séa and an historic landmark. Discovered by Champlain in 1604, the island which these moun- tains dominate and largely constitute, was the first land named and touched on by him in his exploration of our coast, and for more than a century remained the property of France as a portion of her ancient Province of Acadia. The site, in 1613, of the earliest French missionary settlement upon the continent and granted in 1688 by Louis XIV, King of France, to Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, the founder of Detroit and early governor of Louisiana, it passed on the English conquest of Acadia into the possession of Massachusetts, by whom it was given-in reward for service rendered-to her last colonial governor, Sir Francis Bernard, who visited it in 1762 and kept a journal of his trip there, which is still extant. The National Monument, named after the founder of Acadia the Sieur de Monts, occupied when first established the eastern and loftier portion of the island range, with from 5,00G to 6,000 acres of land in a continuous tract. Further gifts have since extended 2 LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK. LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK. 3 it over the western mountains and brought it down to meet the sea. tive period the form of our democracy: without our democracy, nearly doubling its aren, now in the neighborhood of 10,000 acres. hers might have been long delayed, or might not have endured. Descending directly to the ocean front and extraordinarily bold In this relation, as in the aid she rendered us in our time of early in character. the mountains of the monument are unique in the need, one name stands out preeminently, that of Lafayette, which broad ocean views they offer and in the supreme beauty of the has become not SO much historical in a personal sense as a symbol mingled land and water scenery which they look down upon. Gorges. of the tie between the nations. deeper in places than the ocean level, divide them, forming, together It is with this in mind, and for the purpose of commemorating with ice-excavated basins to their north, a series of fresh-water lakes in H splendid nature monument, discovered and once held by France, and one magnificent ocean fiord, the sole one on our coast outside the generous devotion of our soldiers in the present war, that the Alaska. Secretary of the Interior now recommends the establishment, under This tract, with its extraordinarily varied physical configuration that name, of the Lafayette National Park. and ocean-tempered climate, is rich in native flora. offering a con- The following is an extract from a letter of the Hon. Franklin genial habitat to plants of many species; it contains the best examples K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to the Hon. Swagar Sherley, of the native forest left along our northern shore; it is rich in bird March, 1918, with refe. ence to the Sieur de Monts National Monu- life, lying directly in the course of the Atlantic coast migration route ment, the subject of the present bill: to the great summer breeding regions of the north: and it was formerly a favorite haunt of deer and moose and beaver, who need It is a true park area in the highest sense, totally different from any other that we have and capable of giving untold refreshment to the great town and city popula- protection only to become again abundant in it. Trout thrive there tions of our country to the eastward of the Mississippi. It is the only national park- plentifully in the lakes and streams, and it is alone among our na- using the word in its descriptive fronts upon the sea, and it represents tional park lands in the admirable opportunities it offers for deep- at its culminating point one of the oldest and most important recreation areas upon the continent--the New England coast. sea fishing. While faced by the open ocean on its southern front, It is a tract of extraordinary variety and interest, a bold mountain chain com- moreover island-sheltered waters surround it on all other sides and pressed within the limits of an island 15 miles across-though 70 or 80 in its ocean link it unbrokenly with Penobscot Bay, some 40 miles away, offering frontage. A dozen or more separate peaks, deeply divided by lakes and gorges and a unique opportunity for life upon the water. an ocean inlet, make up this chain. The most beautiful woods remaining on that coast-once famous for its timber--lie around the mountain bases. The island is divided from the mainland only by a narrow arm of The lands constituting the monument have been for over 60 years the object of sea, crossed by a modern steel and concrete bridge, which links its resort from all the great eastern cities, from southern ones extending to New Orleans, roads with those of the State and Federal system on the mainland. and central ones to St. Louis. Now, over 50,000 people visit the monument each It lies but a day and a half's motor ride along the coast from Boston, summer. making it third among the national park areas in the number of its visitors. and but a day from Portland. During the season following the Placed as it is in relation to the great eastern population centers, and equally accessible by boat and motor as by train, this number may readily be doubled within a few monument's establishment, 7,000 motors entered it, by record, coming years' time by right development. from many States; and not less than 50,000 people visited it during The creation of this monument was not the result of chance, but of carefully thought that and the following summer each, coming by motor, train, and boat. out intention. No better way of extending into the crowded eastern regions of the In point of numbers and of the wide range of States from which these country the immediate benefits of our national park system could have been devised than that presented by it. visitors are drawn, it ranks among the first half dozen nation park areas of the country, as it does in the refreshment and inspiration The following is an extract from a letter of the Hon. Theodore that it gives to those who come, thanks to the ocean that surrounds Roosevelt to the Hon. Swagar Sherley, April, 1918, with reference it and its own scenic character. The crowning point of beauty on to the Sieur de Monts National Monument: our eastern shore and the only extensive tract upon it that will be It is our one eastern national park and gives for the first time to the crowded eastern freely open to the public in a few years' time, it will be always widely portion of the country the opportunity to share directly and immediately in the benefits. visited, drawing its visitors from an area possessing two-thirds of of our national park system. Its striking ocean frontage makes it unlike every other park. the population of the United States and giving them alone among I have watched with keen interest the work that has led to the creation of this our national parks or monuments the cool refreshment of the ocean park. Under right development it will give a healthy playground to multitudes on a coast accessible to multitudes, supremely beautiful in its own of hard-working men and women who need such a playground. Moreover, it con- stitutes a wild life sanctuary under national guardianship at a spot where such a scenic field, and rich in old historical associations. sanctuary is greatly needed. These old associations lend themselves, moreover, to a noble em- ployment of the mountains, looking SO broadly out across the sea, The following is an extract from a letter of the Hon. Carl E. Milli- to commemorate, as the Secretary of the Interior has planned, the ken, Governor of Maine, to the Hon. Swager Sherley, April, 1918, with reference to the Sieur de Monts National Monument: part alike that France has had in the early settlement of America and the winning of our national independence, and that which we The State of Maine is warmly interested in the development of the national park ourselves have taken recently in rescuing France from an impending upon its coast entitled the Sieur de Monts National Monument. disaster that would have carried down with her in ruin the democracy This park which has been the gift of citizens to the National Government. occupies the most beautiful tract of land on the Atlantic coast and has exceptional historic and freedom of the world. interest. Readily accessible from every eastern section of the country, unique in The relations between America and France have been close from landscape character. and bordering on the sea. the resort to it and its value to the pub- the beginning. Her idealism profoundly influenced in its construc- lic as a recreative area could readily be doubled in a few years time by right development. 4 LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK. LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK. This is the one eastern representative of the national park system. and stands Still another distinction is Mount Desert's wealth of bird life. All of the condition already third among the national park areas of the country in the number of its for a bird sanctuary in the East seem to be here fulfilled. Once Mount Desert was the visitors. home of many deer, some of which are now returning from the mainland. Moose The following is all extract from it statement on national park haunt it still occasionally. Once its streams abounded in beaver, and will again afte a few of these animals are planted in its protected valleys. policy addressed by the Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Fourth: From a recreational standpoint, the Mount Desert Park would be capable Interior, to the Hon. Stephen T. Mather, director. National Park of giving pleasure in the summer months to hundreds of thousands of people living Service, May 13, 1918, in which specific reference is made to the ter- east of the Mississippi River. Last year it was visited by more than 50,000 individuals ritory of the proposed La Favette National Park upon Mount Desert The island is accessible by automobile, railroad, and boat, and is only a relativel few hours distant from many large eastern cities. Developed as a national park ii Island as an example of what should be sought in the formation of the interests of all the people, this reservation will become one of the greatest of ou new national parks: public assets. The Sieur de Monts National Monument was established by proclamation of the In studying new park projects. vou should seek to find scenery of supreme and President, July 8, 1916, under the act of June 8, 1906, 'An act for the preservation of distinctive quality or some natural feature so extraordinary or unique as to be of national interest and importance. You should seek distinguished examples of typical American antiquities.' (34 Stat., 225). A copy of this proclamation is inclosed. The area of the monument is approximately 5,000 acres. All of this land was secured forms of world architecture such for instance as the Grand Canyon as exemplifying the highest accomplishment of stream erosion and the high. rugged portion of Mount by purchase, or through donation, by the Hancock County trustees of public reserva- Desert Island as exemplifying the oldest rock forms in America and the luxuriance tions, was conveyed by this corporation to the United States and accepted by me under the authority of the monuments act. Since the establishment of the reservation, addi- of deciduous forests. tional tracts of land to the extent of 5,000 acres have been secured and tendered to the It is not necessary that a national park should have a large area. The element of Government. I have indicated that I will accept these lands as soon as the deeds and size is O no importance as long as the park is susceptible of effective administration other instruments of title have been examined and found satisfactory in all respects. and control. The reservation, therefore, may be regarded as having a total area of approximately Letter of the Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, to the 10.000 acres. Ultimately this will be extended to 20,000 acres through the continued Hon. Scott Ferris, chairman Committee on the Public Lands, House efforts of the public-spirited gentlemen who are devoting their time and personal funds to the development of this park enterprise. of Representatives, on H. R. 11935, "A bill to establish the Mount I have no criticism to make of the form of the pending bill, and I hope that the com- Desert National Park in the State of Maine." mittee may give it early and favorable consideration. Tire SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Cordially, yours, FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary. Washington, May 15. 1918. Hon. SCOTT FERRIS, My DEAR MR. FERRIS: I have your request of May 6, 1918. for a report on H. R. Chairman Committee on the Public Lands, 11935. ..A bill to establish the Mount Desert National Park in the State of Maine." House of Representatives. While this measure proposes to create a new member of the national park system, its effect. if enacted into law, would be to merely change the name of the Sieur de Attached is a copy of the report of the Secretary of the Interior Moats National Monument and promote this area to the national park status. at the to the Senate Committee on Public Lands on this measure. It is same time adequately providing for its extension and development along well-defined as follows: lines. is this monument is already under the jurisdiction of this department. and DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, immediately under the control of the National Park Service, by virtue of the act of Washington, October 2, 1918. August 26. 1916, the National Park Service act (39 Stat., 535). the only important question involved in this legislation is whether the monument lands are worthy of My DEAR SENATOR: I have your request of September 26 for report upon Senate advancement to the national park class. I believe that the national park should be bill 4957. the purpose of which is to establish the Lafayette National Park in the State of Maine. This bill is in all respects except that of name, identical with a established for the following reasons: First: Mount Desert Island has important historic value. It is the place where bill which has heretofore passed the Senate, during the present session, and I attach Champlain first landed on this coast, and the French had a station here years before a copy of my report upon that bill. The name of Lafayette is substituted for that of Mount Desert, the name proposed the landing oi the Pilgrim Fathers. Second: Scenically its impressive headlands give Mount Desert the distinction of by the former bill, and I consider it singularly appropriate that the name of Lafayette combining sea and mountain. These headlands are by far the loftiest of our Atlantic should be commemorated by these splendid mountains facing on the sea on what coast. Their high, rounded summits, often craggy, and their splendid granite shelves was once a corner of old France, and with it the early friendship of the two nations form a background for a rugged shore line and an island-dotted harbor which is one which are so closely allied in the present war. Already, this land, as- a portion of of the finest that even the Maine coast can present Back of the shore is a mountain old French Acadia, is associated with some of the most famous names of France: and lake wilderness which is typical in a remarkable degree of the range of Appalachian Henry of Navarre, De Monts, Champlain, Cadillac, and others. Lafayette's name is dear to the American people, and it will be a gracious act toward scenery. Third From the point of view of conservation the value of the proposed park can France to commemorate his name by giving it to this new national park. hardly be overestimated. The forests are largely primeval. Oaks, beeches, birches. Cordially, yours, FRANKLIN K. LANE. maples, ashes, poplars, and many other deciduous trees of our eastern ranges. here found in full luxuriance, mingle with groves of pine and giant hemlock. The typical Hon. HENRY L. MYERS, shrubs of northeastern America are in equal abundance. Wild flowers abound. Chairman Committee on Public Lands, United States Senate. There are few spots. if any, which can combine the variety and luxuriance of the eastern forests in such small compass. The rocks also have their distinction. This was the first part of the continent to emerge from the prehistoric sea. Archean granites in original exposure such as these, though common in eastern Canada, are rare in the United States. Worn by the ice sheets of the glacial period, eroded by the frosts and rains of the ages, their bases carved by the sea. theirsurfaces painted by the mosses and lichens of to-day, they are exhibits of scientific interest as well as beauty, [PUBLIC-No. 278-65TH CONGRESS.] [S. 4957.] [PUBLIC-No. 278-65TH CONGRESS.] An Act To establish the Lafayette National Park in the State of [S. 4957.] Maine. An Act To establish the Lafayette National Park in the State of Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Maine. States of America in Congress assembled, That the tracts of land, ease- ments, and other real estate heretofore known as the Sieur de Monts Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United National Monument, situated on Mount Desert Island, in the county States of America in Congress assembled, That the tracts of land, ease- of Hancock and State of Maine, established and designated as a ments, and other real estate heretofore known as the Sieur de Monts national monument under the Act of June eighth, nineteen hundred National Monument, situated on Mount Desert Island, in the county and six, entitled "An Act for the preservation of American antiqui- of Hancock and State of Maine, established and designated as a ties," by presidential proclamation of July eighth, nineteen hundred national monument under the Act of June eighth, nineteen hundred and sixteen, is hereby declared to be a national park and dedicated and six, entitled "An Act for the preservation of American antiqui- as a public park for the benefit and enjoyment of the people under ties," by presidential proclamation of July eighth, nineteen hundred the name of the Lafayette National Park, under which name the and sixteen, is hereby declared to be a national park and dedicated aforesaid national park shall be entitled to receive and to use all as a public park for the benefit and enjoyment of the people under moneys heretofore or hereafter appropriated for Sieur de Monts the name of the Lafayette National Park, under which name the National Monument. aforesaid national park shall be entitled to receive and to use all SEC. 2. That the administration, protection, and promotion of said moneys heretofore or hereafter appropriated for Sieur de Monts Lafayette National Park shall be exercised under the direction of the National Monument. Secretary of the Interior by the National Park Service, subject to SEC. 2. That the administration, protection, and promotion of said the provision of the Act of August twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred Lafayette National Park shall be exercised under the direction of the and sixteen, entitled "An Act to establish a National Park Service, Secretary of the Interior by the National Park Service, subject to and for other purposes," and Acts additional thereto or amendatory the provision of the Act of August twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred thereof. and sixteen, entitled "An Act to establish a National Park Service, SEC. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in and for other purposes," and Acts additional thereto or amendatory his discretion, to accept in behalf of the United States such other thereof. property on said Mount Desert Island, including lands, easements, SEC. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized, in buildings, and moneys, as may be donated for the extension or his discretion, to accept in behalf of the United States such other improvement of said park. property on said Mount Desert Island, including lands, easements, Approved, February 26, 1919. buildings, and moneys, as may be donated for the extension or improvement of said park. F: R, Approved, February 26, 1919. March 7, Jayers i 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog Micheline's Blog ~ Art, music, books, history & current events Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada 05 Saturday May 2012 POSTED BY MICHELINEWALKER IN CANADA, HISTORY 22 7 COMMENTS Tags Canada, Champlain, François Gravé Du Pont, France, Henry IV of France, New France, Nicolas Aubry, Relations des Jésuites de la Nouvelle-France Pierre Du Gua de Monts Pierre Du Gua de Monts was a French merchant, explorer and colonizer. A Protestant, he was born in C. 1558 in Saintonge, (or more precisely Le Gua) France and played a major role as colonizer in the early decades of the 17th century. He is, 7 https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada 1/9 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog with Champlain's assistance, the father of Acadie. He died in France in the Ardennes in 1627. Tadoussac Du Gua had sailed to New France on numerous occasions in the 16th century. In fact, Du Gua de Monts, or Mons, was a member of Chauvin de Tonnetuit's and François Gravé Du Pont's expedition to Tadoussac in 1600, a settlement located on the north shore of the St Lawrence River, at the mouth of the Saguenay River. Du Gua was not mentioned in the history of Canada courses I took as a child. Nor were they mentioned when I was assigned a course on French-Canadian literature and read the Relations des Jésuites. Pierre Du Gua de Monts in Acadie We are not dealing with an adventurer but with a man of vision who could tell that the land he had visited before the seventeenth century held promise. It could be settled and it could be exploited. The word "exploited" is unsavoury to me, but facts are facts. Monopolies During his reign (1589-1610), Henri IV of France could not afford to colonize France's North-American lands. "Because of the depleted state of the country's treasury, this work was being left to individual under an arrangement whereby they would establish settlement in New France in exchange for the exclusive right to trade with the Indians [Amerindians].[i]" However, he could grant monopolies, but merchants had to sponsor the expeditions. Such merchants were found in Rouen, Saint-Malo, La Rochelle and Saint-Jean de Luz. At the time, La Rochelle, was an officially "safe town" or lieu de sûreté for Huguenots.[ii In 1603, Henri IV of France, granted an unusually broad monopoly to Pierre du Gua de Mons, a friend of Champlain. In 1604, Du Gua and Champlain travelled to what would become the eastern half of the Colony of New France: Acadie. https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada 2/9 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog Members of the expedition were: "74 settlers including Royal cartographer Samuel de Champlain, the Baron de Poutrincourt, a priest Nicolas Aubry, Louis Hébert, Mathieu de Costa: a legendary multilingualist and the first registered black man to set foot in North America, and a Protestant member of the clergy."[iii] The expedition was also composed of "men of varying skills such as artisans, architects, and carpenters, masons and stone cutters, soldiers and vagabonds, several noblemen...' Greed, Disease & Piracy Investors were found. The main investor was Dutchman Cornelis de Bellois, a merchant in Rouen, Normandy. The Company had a capital of 90,000 livres to go into operation and the goals of the expedition, or the Company, were twofold: colonization and exploitation. As is usually the case, greed was greater than creed. Members of the expedition had barely set foot on North-American soil than Du Gua caught at least one man, Rossignol, engaged in illegal trading. But the men of Rouen, Rossignol, had a licence to fish off the coast of Florida. So Du Gua was sued and lost. In 1608 he had to compensate Rossignol. Moreover, in 1606, Hendrick Lonck, the Dutch West India Company sea-captain, boarded two of Du Gua's boats and pillaged them for furs and munitions. But let's return to the summer of 1604. Du Gua and Champlain nevertheless continued to search for an appropriate place to settle. île-Sainte- Croix (Dochet) Island was chosen. However, the expedition had arrived too late for wheat to be grown. Also, winter came prematurely and proved long and harsh. It snowed on October 6, 1604. Scurvy developed and it killed half the men. Only Amerindians could have saved the life of the men who, unfortunately, were on Íle-Saint-Croix. Amerindians had saved the life of many of Cartier's men in 1735, by giving them annedda: an infusion of white cedar or thuja occidentalis. But, as I wrote above, Du Gua's men were on an island and Amerindians were to be feared. ooo- https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada/ 3/9 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog When spring came, the colonists moved to Port-Royal, the warmest area of the current Nova Scotia, where it was possible to grow wheat, but, during that same summer, the summer of 1605, a few men travelled to France where Du Gua learned that fur-trading merchants (in Rouen first and then Saint-Malo), who were not associated with the Company, were attempting to have Du Gua's monopoly revoked.[iv] As for the men who had remained in Acadie, during the summer of 1605, reinforcements had arrived and later, in 1606, funds were raised SO another expedition could be sent across the Atlantic. It left from La Rochelle, under the command of Jean de Poutrincourt. Winter came and twelve men died of scurvy. This time, a surgeon, Guillaume des Champs, was part of the expedition to North America. After performing autopsies he failed to find the cause of scurvy, a lack of vitamin C. In 1807, Du Gua lost his monopoly but ended up being given a one-year reprieve (1607-1608) during which he explored the St Lawrence and determined, with Champlain, that both colonization and exploitation could be successful in Canada. Quebec City was founded in 1608. -000- In 1612, after Henri IV's death, Champlain and de Monts organized an expedition to New France but Du Gua sent Champlain in his place. Before his untimely death, Henry IV had appointed Du Gua, who had served him well, Governor of the Protestant city of Pons, Charente-Maritime. He was in Pons from 1610 to 1617 and then retired. Du Gua died in 1628, in his castle in Fleac-Sur-Seugne in the Ardennes. Du Gua continued to be a shareholder in future companies as late as 1622, when he and the above-named Dutchman Cornellis de Bellois became a member of [the company] of Montmorency. He and Champlain never ceased to see a future for France on the North-American continent. As for Du Gua's monopoly on the fur trade, it was given to the Marquise de Guercheville (FR), a close friend of the Jesuits (see Pierre Biard [1576-1622]). Henri IV of France had been a Huguenot and was assassinated by François Ravaillac in 1610. https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada/ 4/9 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog Du Gua's Monopoly Yes, Du Gua was given extraordinary privileges by the King of France, Henri IV, but he did perform the duties he was assigned in exchange for these privileges. He honoured what could be called a contract. Coureurs des bois did not have duties.[v] The money they obtained for their pelts was clear profit. In modern terms, it would be as though they received an income on which no taxes were levied. There came a time when their furs were confiscated, but in Du Gua's days, the earliest days of New France, there was no law enforcement agency. In fact, there were no laws. We know that Du Gua was the victim of greedy merchants, but also the victim of pirates. Moreover, the privileges he had received generated jealousy. Why him and not others? Colonization and Exploitation Colonization might have been a more successful endeavour had there been better stewardship of the colony, which, at the time Du Gua was active but less SO. France could not afford to govern its North- American colonies. It therefore granted monopolies in exchange for a form of government. In Du Gua, Henri IV, King of France, had found a person he could trust with a monopoly. But King Henri IV could not enforce Du Gua's monopoly. Henri IV was a good king, SO I believe he would have protected Du Gua. However, Du Gua had been a Huguenot, and Champlain was, There was a Huguenot temple in Port-Royal, the main town in Acadie, and Henri IV had been a Huguenot. In the Relations des Jésuites, Pierre Biard, S. J. Du Gua de Monts wrote that, between a Huguenot and an Amerindian, the Huguenot was the greater devil. Therefore, let my final words be first that Du Gua de Monts is, with Champlain, his cartographer, the founder of Acadie. There is still an Acadie. Second, what of monopolies? Du Gua was an honest man and, as I mentioned above, a man of bs://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-can 5/9 8/23/2021 A famously open mind - The Boston Globe © 20 The New York Times Company archive.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/12/24/a_famously_open_mind 3/3 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog Vision, But such individuals are difficult to find and others get jealous. Third, beginnings have a way of repeating themselves As of 1627, New France would be governed by the Company of One Hundred Associates and the first shareholder was Cardinal Richelieu. But the time has come to pause and reflect. Related Posts The Treaty of Paris (1763) & the Fate of the Canadiens Richelieu & la Nouvelle-France [i] "Du Gua de Monts," Dictionary of Canadian Biography online, http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id _nbr=198 [ii] See: William Shergold Browning The History of the Huguenots during the Sixteenth Century, Volume 2. (online, please click on the title to read) [iii] "Pierre du Gua de Mons," Wikipedia, http:/len.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons [iv] Here is the text of a letter Du Gua wrote to Jean Ralluau, his secretary, in 1607, quoted from George MacBeath, "Du Gua de Monts," the Dictionary of Canadian Biography online (University of Toronto and Université Laval): https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canada 6/9 8/25/2021 Pierre Du Gua de Monts: a Mostly Forgotten Founder of Canada I Micheline's Blog De Monts reported in a letter sent out with Jean Ralluau in 1607 that the opposition of the merchants of Saint-Malo not included in the monopoly and of the Duc de Sully, and the intrigues of the Paris hatters' corporation had caused the king to revoke his privileges. Champlain, Poutrincourt, and the others were to return to France. That fall, the affairs of de Monts's company were wound up. The final accounting showed that during its three years of activity revenues had been high but costs even higher. De Monts's loss alone was said to be 10,000 livres. The chief reason for the failure was the volume of the illicit trade in furs. In 1604 alone, for example, at least eight vessels had been seized for trading with the Indians without licence, and many times that number had not been apprehended. It must be remembered that those who traded illegally did not bear the burden imposed on the de Monts company to supply colonists and their necessities. [v] A coureur de(s) bois had no licence to buy and sell pelts. If he got caught, his pelts were confiscated and there were reprimands. A voyageur was employed: un homme engagé. He had a boss (un bourgeois) or he worked for a fur-trading company: The Hudson's Bay Company, the Northwest Company, or the American Fur Company (John Jacob Astor). Nouvelle-France grew into an agrarian society, but, at first, its "gold" were beaver and other precious pelts. "The Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and one of the oldest in the world." (Wikipedia) I also used information on Du Gua from: John G. Reid, "Pierre Du Gua de Monts," The Canadian Encyclopedia. Schubert Piano Trio n.2 in E Flat (Fournier, Grumiaux, Magaloff) (Please on the title to hear the music.) https://michelinewalker.com/2012/05/05/pierre-du-gua-de-monts-a-mostly-forgotten-founder-of-canad 7/9 12/28/14 See D H. Fischer. Publications Notes Charplains Dream Renew re GBD's famulant E t supporter subjective IMPub # IX Dec. 1603 Commission for Heny IV to Peove du Tuast Counderable broperflical detail therething my 1610 who a a fanated assass inated Henry which led to "a common ruch [of Jde Monts and the best interests of Forever ((p.4) Josents tooh up work lift y be coloy on MD I. CBN offers a histrual jodget that "had Funce red some present sacrifice t consoledate what their & other at lody enterprises had cross inslead of playing again into foref factional polities and religious stufs, she probably and nea Angle Soxon nations would have controlled the layer Testinee ad development of the contract 11 (GS) The extracts fm 7 Parkna, W.7. Garing CBD add editorial nates X Typescupt of ch. 49 of From Partners nontalmed Wolfe Darr crosses out Montzalm of wolfe * t in-serts (1884) in his onn hand acade "The Closing Scene". Light edits of GBD Balter of Loes bring 14 pp Chip 19 of of pt 7 of Fionce - Englad 111 North America Boston letter form, Co (910 ? -2- XI. "seem dc Month Commission De mosts ad Acade c An appreculion Pub by WGA for Samuel Purchas (1577 1626) his toy title Hakleytons posthumus (1625) on the vagager of imploubes of S. de Charles * Purchas his Pelgrimes pp also includes 2 a postion of an address deliverelly force L. Changerlain at the Ter Centernamed se labial of th fudy A Acade (1904) In A 2, "We come here to recogage the Seein de Monts- to commerciate ma worth of a remerbable man Pierie de guast, material structure more lasting there any of has onn the value of has work of the gustness of has ideas Charter green 11/8/1603 to de lleute for Ferrity beton 40ant 46th letitude II Acodia CBBD adds ed note of more to care from Champleies own account. -3- XVII "sdell Nat. Moment its Historical Associations" 34 = page article The longest in the seves ? Actner by Hubert A Smith, Forest Sericu Editor, on The White let. Natur Forest 3 pp. Influential expect in faresty practices, esp. Eay Fousty movent in KUS (1938) articles Timothy I wight (Yale College Pus) "Noteh of the white moutain Visited in 1797. Vol.17 is longest Pub volume See below I nam t The wild Garden of Acadee falled account of hestry of Acades Seve pais W.G.A. by history lend into weldlife conserection Extensive discussin of flousand giology, Extract for the Berhard paper in th Around Coller Fibray. (2pp) addreised districal statement perred S GBD on De monts with more information or his personal life the found in XXII The has feel of places in have that GBD villted. more debast, historial of late 16th c. 4- XXIII. Seed de that N.M. or in Haguest Mamorial Slim 2 page article GBD. States explecets that the SMNM "commements as well the Impt great movement for religious freedom of the 16th ad 17th culture in heree." "Freedy of Reader took place day one brief perred of religions toleration Zune know in centuries." afternate can intolerance & frutal persocation that drove fun Fruits handreds f thousands of Higarents. Fabedde to leave th country they feed to England + treeke and Lowlands. CBD-M second last It, refers to his contexporates "new religious conniction." For "all that stanls set us marking progress and the high attainments of national character hap been associated with individual fredom and reley z the people. At is for their above all that the Haguent immigration to America stands," The uligure truets do not retain them old importance but the quest pemple of forman freedom is a living issue - and on it hays the feeter of humanity