Biological Themes explore Bar Old Farm, Garbor, Maine. long Merbarium Cambridge Mals Dear his Can you identify for My I Ifours it flowing i my plant Murlines here, a Single, plant of it The Color of H. flower in a bright ries blue quits beautiful at John it part is him not a nature plant but Our obtained for the Mursines to by, whom have be got lost The lucloud price is Mlfull hugst of rh plant Itwa in flower 18 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston July 1st, 1902. Curator Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. For study Written be obtei Dear Sir, In reply to the circular sent me this spring and which I now seem to have mislaid I enclose you my check for $10. towards the maintenance of the Herbarium, I also wish to ask you whether there is any book or pub- lication which I can obtain which would aid me in studying the flora and forest growth of Arizona and Utah, and similarly of Oregon, Washington and the Canadian Rockies. I am just starting West for Colorado, to most Professor Davis in southern Utah. and join him in an expedition down the western side of the Grand Cañon where I shall be for some weeks. And later I shall probably go un by way of Oregon and Washington and spend a few weeks camping out either there or among the Cana- dian Rockies, and any book, not too bulky to carry, which would help me to identify the plant life in either of those regions I should be glad to know of. What is the best way, also, of preserving the flowers and leaves of plants for later study and identification when one is on a camping trip where weight is of importance and space valuable. As I leave for the West in the middle of the day tomorrow 3 page 1 2 I should be glad if you could let me have some word in reply, if you can conveniently do so, by this evening's mail 80 that I might receive it in the morning. If not,will you kindly write to me to await me at the post office at Provo City, Utah, where I shall be about the 10th of this month, and oblige greatly Yours truly, GRAY HEREARIUM ARCH V.E.S For study Written author casion must be 18 Commonwealth Avenue. obtai ed for cil other uses April 24th, 1905. Dear Mr Robinson, Please excuse an invitation by typewriter, but I have got to go down to Bar Harbor tonight to look after the spring planting at my Nurseries. I am going to have some colored lantern slides of the Canadian Rocky wild-flowers, shown at the Tavern Club on Monday evening, May first, after its annual meeting. And I am allowed to ask in a few guests of my own to see them. If you will be one of these and will come at quarter past nine to the Club house in Boylston Place, it will give me great pleasure to welcome you there. The coloring of the flowers has been unusually well done, from notes taken when the flowers them- selves were photographed, and the slides, which are not my own, of course, give one a really good idea, I think, of the flowers and plants themselves as one sees them growing in the mountains. Hoping you may come, I am Dea the Robinson Sincerely yours, The Slide an the Cleaner's for have diew intent Ging. B. wass my Sum you And if their should he any The item the will Department If that I think they would in when you think Height also like Where y not Benjamin L. Robinson, Esq. please efficial my auritation him also this him wilt yr GBW- Z 18 Commonwealth Avenue. Boston, June 9th, 1905. Gray Herbarian, Harvard University, Cambridge. Dear Sir, will you kindly write me on the enclosed postal the name of this flower which I came upon growing freely upon the banks of the Charles river out at Wellesley yester- day ? It is one familiar to me but I cannot recall its name. Yours truly, George B. Dorr. Per M.Z.H. 18 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, June 16th, 1905. Gray Herbarian, Harvard University, Cambridge. Mass. Dear Sir, Can you tell me what the enclosed plant is which I found at day or two ago growing on a shady bank in Lenox ? It covered the ground where it was growing with its leaves but it was not in flower. I enclose addressed postal for reply, and am Yours very truly, George 3. Doer. Per M.E.H. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK BAR HARBOR, MAINE OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT May 18, 1926. Professor II. L. Fernald, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Dear Professor Fernald: I have just returned to Bar Harbor and found your kind enclosure of two publications telling of the Gray Herbarium Expedition to Nova Scotia and of the persistence of plants in un- glaciated areas. Accept my most cordial thanks and believe me Yours sincerely, EL-O George R. Wor BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS VOLUME III. VEGETATION OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, MAINE, AND ITS ENVIRONMENT By BARRINGTON MOORE and NORMAN TAYLOR ISSUED JUNE 10, 1927 BROOKLYN, N. Y., U. S. A. Maine Prettymar Harbor Pretty marsh Harbor Great Head offer Creek Point Seal SEal Harbo KEY Southwest Harbor SPRUCE CEDAR MIXED CONIFER BURNS FIR MARSH PITCH PINE BOG HARDWOODS ROCK Base Harbor NORTHERN Bennet Cove o 2 HARDWOODS- WHITE PINE 4 SPRUCE SCALE OF MILES PLATE I. Vegetation map of Mt. Desert Island, showing the forest types, bare rock, marshes and bogs. The larger open fields are shown in white. The selected for study of environmental factors are shown as follows: 1=Pitch Pine on Huguenot Head; 2=White Pine at Bear Brook Hill; 3=Red Oak sites and 4=Spruce at Otter Creek Point. at Meadow Brook; 0 CONTENTS Page Location I Land Forms 3 Geology 5 Soil 12 Post-Glacial Migration of Vegetation 14 History 17 General Character of the Present Vegetation 25 Distributional Relations 25 Forest Types 28 The Environment 32 General Climate of Mount Desert Island 32 Precipitation 33 Temperature 34 Growing Season 35 Environmental Factors in Representative Forest Types 35 Selection of Stations in Four Representative Forest Types 36 The Forests 37 Pitch Pine 37 White Pine 40 Red Oak 43 Spruce 45 The Soils 47 Instrumental Records of Climatic Factors 58 Factors Measured 58 Results 62 General 62 Evaporation 62 Solar Radiation 70 Soil Temperature 73 Interpretation 78 Developmental Trends of Vegetation 85 Rock Ledges and Talus Slopes 88 The Advent of Higher Woody Vegetation 94 Pioneer Plant Associations on Soil 97 The Pitch Pine 100 Scrub Oak on Acadia (Robinson) Mountain 104 Summary of Pitch Pine III White Pine III Mixed Conifer 114 Fire and What Follows 118 The Hardwoods 122 Spruce Climax Forest 124 Northern Hardwoods-Spruce Climax Forest 127 The Rôle of Certain Mt. Desert Plants in the Development of the Vegetation. 128 Stages Originating in Water 131 Poor Drainage-Bogs 132 Good Drainage-Cedar Swamps 137 Practical Considerations in Forestry 140 Summary 143 Literature Cited 149 iii HISTORY Because the actions of man, red and white. since the occupation of the island, have materially affected its vegetation, we could wish that the record were more complete. How long the Indians lived on the island before the white man came, we have no means of knowing. But it is evident that with their crude culture and stone implements they would be able to effect less change in a thousand years than the white man could in ten. The Indians had, nevertheless, one means of destruction in common with the white man- fire. We know that in hunting they sometimes set fires in order to drive out the game (Street, 1905, p. 60). This seems to have been a common practice among all Indians who depended largely or wholly on hunting. Yet there were still vast stretches of magnificent timber when the white man came. Possibly the fires were comparatively small. It is also more than probable that the fires burned with less fierceness before the forests were cut. The destructive fires of today which SO frequently follow logging operations often start in the fallen tops and other debris. Furthermore, an untouched forest along the Maine Coast, with its deep carpet of moss, is much less inflammable than the same forest would be after some of the trees had been cut and the light which is thus let in had partly dried out the forest floor. The earliest record was. fortunately. made by Champlain (1613) in his account of the voyage on which he discovered the island. He writes under date of September 5, 1604: The same day we passed near to an island some four or five leagues long, in the neighborhood of which we just escaped being lost on a rock that was just awash and which made a hole in the bottom of our boat. From this island to the mainland on the north the distance is not more than a hundred paces. The island is high and notched in places SO that from the sea it gives the appearance of a range of seven or eight mountains. The summits are all bare and rocky. The slopes are covered with pines, firs. and birches. I named it Isle des Monts Desert." It thus appears that the island was covered almost completely with forest, except for the bare granite summits. From what we know of the virgin forest of the region we can picture to ourselves what Champlain probably saw. The 'firs which he speaks of must have been balsam fir and spruce, both red and white. which probably formed a more or less uniform canopy 17 18 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS above which towered here and there giant white pines. The birches indi- cate past fires, since in very old forests they are crowded out, or reduced to inconspicuous scattered individuals, by the conifers. The bare rock of the summits, though conspicuous, was less in evidence than it is today. The white man has extended the area of the barren places by fire and cutting. Fortunately, we possess a second account of the island written by a French friar only nine years after Champlain's visit. The expedition under de la Saussaye, sent out by Mme. de Guercheville, was caught in a fog on its way from the new settlement at Port Royal (in what is now Nova Scotia) to its intended destination up the Penobscot River to the present site of Bangor. When the fog lifted they found themselves off Mt. Desert Island at a point which is supposed to be the present site of Bar Harbor, or Hull's Cove, and which they called St. Sauveur, a name which they later transferred to their short-lived settlement at the mouth of Somes Sound. Father Biard (Saw- telle, 1921) thus describes what he saw : 'There in all the glory that spring imparts to hillside and valley lay the island of the Desert Mountains, its tall pines and pointed firs, mingling with birches, whose lighter shades made marked contrast with the darker ever- green; while barren summits, catching the rays of the hidden sun, gleamed like hammered brass." The italics are ours. The picture agrees with that described by Champlain. There were also other types of forest which, since they were not on the slopes, were not visible from the sea. In the valleys and lower slopes on both sides of Pemetic there must have been bodies of beech, yellow birch and sugar maple with an admix- ture of red spruce, and probably also an occasional giant white pine. A remnant of this forest, without the pine. may be seen today just south of Eagle Lake along the carry trail to Jordan Pond. In certain of the swamps there were stands of nearly pure white cedar or arbor vitae, some of the trees of large size. Probably cedar also grew scattered throughout the rest of the forest as it does today. There must also have been groups of pitch pine, though probably less than now, and scattered red or Norway pine. There may also have been stands with considerable quantities of red oak. if the names such as Oak Hill, and some of the present forests, are reliable indications. From 1613. when the English under Captain Argall destroyed the pre- carious French foothold at Somes Sound. the island appears to have been practically uninhabited by white men for about a hundred and fifty years. In 1689 the island was granted to Sieur de la Mothe Cadillac by Louis XIV. E. IRENE GRAVES VEGETATION OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, MAINE 19 and from the Andros census (Hutchinson Papers) we are led to assume that Cadillac and his wife were living on the island in 1688, though his stay must have been brief since he was in France in 1689. In his account of the island, Cadillac says Good masts may be got here and the English formerly used to come here for them." Therefore, although the island was not in- habited by white men, it was occasionally visited, and some of its trees were cut. These were probably only a comparatively small number of selected spruces and white pines, the removal of which had practically no effect on the forest. The annals of the first permanent settlers begin after 1762, which may be taken as the starting point for the white man's influence on the vegetation. Probably white men started living on the island some years before this, but we have no records showing when or how many there were. The early settlers appear to have depended to a large extent on the wild grass of the marshes for hay to feed their stock. This wild hay seems to have been useful not only to the dwellers on the island itself but to those of the adjacent mainland. if we may judge by a petition sent by the islanders to Governor Bernard in 1768 complaining against these raids or "In Crossins" of the mainland settlers which threatened the stock on the island with starvation. The value of the forests was recognized from the beginning. The same petition seeks protection from mainland trespassers who cut timber as well as from those seeking hay. It is stated that this cutting of the timber, which includes staves, shingles. clapboards and other lumber," will "discourage future settlers." It is evident that the earliest comers depended largely on the plant resources which nature had grown on the island through the long period of years when it was unoccupied, and then used only by the Indians for hunting. The wild hay gave food for the stock. and thus indirectly to its owners. But no doubt the main reliance was the crops raised on the more level and promising bits of land which had to be cleared. The proportion of level land on the island is not great. and that which is fertile is smaller still. Thus the food which can be produced will support only a comparatively small popula- tion. The fisheries comprised an important means of livelihood, and largely supported the small villages along the shore. But the main wealth of the island lay in its forests, as it still does. if we except that brought in by summer visitors. It is not difficult to picture to ourselves the kind of cuttings which took place from the early settlements to the present time. There were none of the usual large operations by which extensive areas are stripped to feed a big mill which cuts and ships vast quantities of lumber and is then abandoned 20 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS when the surrounding territory is 'cut out." Fortunately, the coast of Maine, as well as the rest of the state, largely escaped the "boom" type of development which makes flourishing lumbering towns for a decade or two and passes on leaving a virtual desert behind, as in Pennsylvania, the Lake States and now the Southern pineries. On Mt. Desert Island the lumbering was never, happily for the island, on a scale comparable with that in Pennsylvania, or even in other parts of Maine. At first it was probably largely for local consumption, and the logs were cut at small mills run by water power. Later, the operations seem to have in- creased in size, and much or most of the lumber was doubtless shipped out of the island. By 1870 there were two steam sawmills, one at Salisbury Cove and the other at Pretty Marsh, and ten water sawmills (Street, 1905, p. 309) This may not represent the maximum of the island's lumber pro- duction, which perhaps came some time earlier. Whatever the amounts cut from year to year, it is certain that the island has been steadily producing more or less lumber from the time it was first settled to the present day. Although there has been no attempt to exercise forethought, the size of the cuttings has been small enough not to take all the mature growth before the second growth was ready to use. The greatest destruction has been from fire, which has swept over a large part of the island thus materially reducing the available stock of growing timber. The effect of these fires on the vege- tation will be dealt with more fully in another place. In the earlier cuttings. in fact until rather recently, the forests were not cut clean because the demand for the products was limited. At first they were skimmed of the very large white pine which commanded a ready and profitable market both in this country and over seas. These trees were found as scattered individuals throughout the forest, or in small groups. There may also have been here and there nearly pure stands of white pine, or at least stands in which a large proportion of the volume was white pine. A remnant of such a stand has been fortunately preserved around Fawn Pond. Here the bulk of the forest is made up of very large old white pine trees such as must have been common over the island when Champlain sailed past. The removal of the scattered pines made only rather small holes in the forest canopy, which soon closed up leaving a uniform cover of spruce and fir. Under this cover there could be little reproduction of white pine because of the shade. It could seed in only where the cuttings made openings large enough to let in the sunlight. or where several large spruces happened to be blown down by the wind or died from other causes. The cutting of these large trees must have begun soon after the island was settled. The more accessible ones were of course taken first. Just how long VEGETATION OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND. MAINE 21 st of it continued we do not know, but probably before the middle of the nineteenth ype of century only those large pines on the steeper and more difficult slopes were r two left. The remnants we have today happen to be on property from which the Lake owners for some reason or other did not sell the timber. The next phase consisted of going through the same forests in order to nd, on take out the larger and finer spruces for sawing into lumber of various kinds. Maine. Some of the larger spruce trees were doubtless cut under the earlier opera- re cut tions on which the main objective was the pine, but spruce lumbering does ve in- not appear to have been general until the large pine was about exhausted. ed out We do not know just when the second phase began, but probably around the isbury middle of the nineteenth century. 1905, The effect of the removal of these larger spruce trees was to open the r pro- crown canopy considerably more than when the old pines were cut. This nts cut gave an opportunity for spruce and fir seedlings to spring up in the openings. ducing and, in the larger ones, no doubt a certain amount of pine seeded in. In the t day. moister places young hemlock became established. The danger of fires was and of the materially increased by the dead tops lying on the ground and the drier con- re the ditions in the openings. Although the conditions favoring fire were not SO from bad as those following the heavier cuttings of later days, yet some of the ducing severest fires known on the island came during this period. In 1848 a fire, vege- started by a small boy, swept over the mountains of the northeastern part of the island. In 1864 a conflagration utterly destroyed the lumber business of re not the Jordan brothers on Jordan Pond, and burned the slopes of Penobscot t they (Jordan) and Pemetic Mountains, as well as much neighboring forest. V and These and other fires seem to have killed most of the remaining virgin white found pine. In places the accumulated humus on which the trees were growing There was burned out, leaving only the bare rock. The slow process by which this or at bare rock is re-clothed will be described in another section. e. A As the prices for lumber advanced, and the amount of large timber di- Pond. minished, more and more of the smaller spruces were cut, and even the fir. trees The transition appears to have been gradual, and by about the nineties the past. smaller as well as the larger spruces were being taken, though the forest was forest by no means cut clean. Thus the third phase grew gradually out of the d fir. second. ise of The third phase corresponds with an increased fire danger, since a great large deal more slash was left. and the more open condition of the forest permitted to be more rapid drying. There appear to have been many bad fires at the time this type of operation was carried on. perhaps the worst of which was the d was Cadillac (Green) Mountain fire about 1889. though whether or not this was long directly attributable to logging we do not know. 22 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS Those areas which had the good fortune to escape fire became restocked with spruce, fir and white pine, and, in the moister places, hemlock. Owing to the greater amount of light, the proportion of deciduous trees was greater than after previous cuttings. The new forests contained, mixed with the conifers, a considerable proportion of red oak, red maple, white birch, and, in the more sheltered spots, yellow birch. Beech and sugar maple were abun- dant in the moister protected spots; not that their restocking was favored by the larger openings since they are shade-enduring trees, but they were given more opportunity to develop. The fourth phase grew up recently with the development of the market for pulpwood, which takes the small spruce and fir, and with the demand for lower grade lumber. The spruce and fir are cut, sometimes peeled, sometimes not. and hauled out to the road. For lumber, small portable sawmills move from place to place wherever a tract of sufficient size to justify setting up can be found. Everything down to even three inches at the small end is sawed up. This is because of the practice of sawing in the round" or sawing alive," that is, without previously taking off a slab to square up the log. Obviously this results in utilizing much material which under the older methods was left in the tops to rot in the woods. Furthermore, it increases the amount which can be cut out of the logs by saving much of the part that formerly was thrown away as slabs. The deciduous trees, birches, maples, etc., are cut up into cordwood or sometimes left standing. This modern method of logging makes a practically clean cutting, nothing being left except the defective and very crooked trees, and sometimes the hardwoods. It results in considerable quantities of slash, which in the town- ship of Bar Harbor must be disposed of, generally by piling and burning, but in the two other towns can be left as a fire trap. Although the result, even when the slash is eliminated, is unsightly and appears like ruthless devasta- tion, the forest does not suffer as much as would appear-provided fire is kept out. There generally follows an abundant restocking of white pine, spruce, and fir, with red pine on the drier sites, and hemlock on the moister. Fortunately, the sentiment in favor of fire protection has become so much stronger, and the methods of protection SO much more efficient, that the danger of fire, though by no means negligible, is comparatively small. For the improvement with regard to fires a great deal is to be attributed to the influence of the Lafayette National Park rangers, who, in the course of their regular duties, are able to detect fires anywhere on the island as well as in the Park itself. The example of the Park officials in extinguishing fires is fol- lowed by private owners. The cutting and burning of the forests, briefly outlined above, has been to VEGETATION OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, MAINE 23 tocked a certain extent responsible for the kinds of trees which grow on various parts Owing of the island today. The natural course of development which had been reater going on from the time the land was bare after the retreat of the ice, until it h the supported the highest type of forest of which the climate is capable, was ar- . and, rested and thrown back. This will be considered more fully below. Suffice abun- it here to say that the stretches of birch and aspen forests which cover such a ed by large proportion of the island with growth of little value are to be attributed given to past fires. The cuttings alone, without the fires, would have given young forests of the more valuable species instead of the nearly worthless birch and et for aspen, much of it gray birch which is hardly fit even for firewood. lower Pitch pine, a picturesque tree, but of no value here since it seldom reaches s not. from sufficient size to be worth sawing into even low grade lumber, has most prob- ably increased in area since the arrival of the white man. This is because an be the barren rocky places on which it will grow, but where other trees are un- ed up. alive," able to survive, have been considerably increased by human interference, chiefly by fires. The tree was no doubt fairly abundant before the white man iously S was came, since the barren summits which Champlain mentions indicate the pres- mount ence of sites suitable for it, but it has been given a greater opportunity to spread than it had before. merly ., are With the spread of pitch pine there has been an extension of the plants over and among which it grows-its associates. Many of these are coastal thing plain species common in the sand plains of New Jersey and Long Island. es the Among these might be mentioned the huckleberry, Gaylussacia baccata, very town- abundant under the pitch pine and elsewhere on the island, the bearberry, g, but Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, which extends even to California under moderately dry pine forests, the yellow flowered heather-like Hudsonia ericoides, and even vasta- others. Man's interference has thus caused an increase in many coastal plain ire is plants which thrive on the drier sites. The scrub oak, Quercus ilicifolia, pine, seems to be an exception in that it is confined to a single mountain. Acadia ister. (Robinson). But it may be that even this plant was more restricted in the past than it is today. much t the Man's influence on the vegetation has not been confined to the effects of For cutting and burning the forests, though the greatest change resulted from to the these two agencies. On Mt. Desert Island. as on many other islands along their the Maine Coast, there used to be a good deal of sheep raising. Sheep seem in the to have been introduced by the earliest settlers. and were not given up until S fol- recently, when it appears that certain restrictive laws made the industry un- profitable. Since these forests, unlike the more open forests of the west, een to are unsuited to grazing, the sheep must have been largely confined to lands cleared for pastures. and to old farms which had been abandoned. They may, 24 BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN MEMOIRS however, have had some effect in furthering the spread of certain plants, particularly those which do best in the more open places. Clearing of land for cultivation must be considered an important factor in changing the vegetation, but the extent of its effect depends upon the extent of the land suitable for farming. In some parts of the country, as in the middle west and the eastern edge of the plains, where most of the land is valuable for crops, the native vegetation has been almost totally destroyed. Scientists endeavoring to find what the soil and climate will produce under natural conditions are constrained to study strips along the railroads as the nearest approach to remnants of the native plants. On Mt. Desert Island the area which was cleared and devoted to crops and pastures was larger in the past, before the opening of the west, than it is today. As with the rest of New England, a considerable proportion of the farm-lands has been aban- doned and allowed to revert to forest. Prof. R. T. Fisher, director of the Harvard Forest, has stated that the 200,000,000 board feet of white pine which is yearly cut for box boards in Massachusetts comes practically all from land which was in farms at the time of the Civil War. The amount of coniferous forest on Mt. Desert Island abandoned farms. while much smaller in proportion to the total area than on similar land in Massachusetts, is consid- erable. In many cases the re-establishment of the forest has gone SO far that it is practically impossible to tell from present appearances whether or not the land was once cleared. Since the forest on such lands does not appear to differ markedly from that on other parts of the island, no attempt has been made to map or study it separately. SUMMARY Mt. Desert Island, Maine, is of exceptional scientific interest as a meeting ground of northern and southern forms of both plants and animals. We are here concerned only. with the plants and their environment. The chief rock formation of the island is granite, which has been left after ages of erosion as a relatively high range extending in a southwesterly-north- easterly direction across the island, and attains an elevation of 1532 feet at its highest point. Glaciation has cut the range into a number of more or less isolated peaks with their long axes running approximately north and south. But the mountains still act as a barrier_across the island sufficient to create noticeably different conditions on the northern as compared with the southern parts of the island. After the last ice retreat the island was submerged to approximately 210 feet below its present level. The soils are of glacial origin except for marine clays and silts deposited during submergence. The chief soil is a reddish brown glacial till, more or less stony, which on certain slopes below 210 feet has been somewhat re- worked by wave action. Deposits of sand and gravel occupy a relatively small proportion of the island. Pockets of blue marl and of a fine grey silt cover considerable areas below the 200 foot contour. The hills are largely without soil, and characterized by large expanses of bare granite, varying from perpendicular cliffs to rounded domes. A distinct layer of raw humus or " duff," unmixed with the mineral soil, overlies most of the surface except for certain moist and sheltered valleys where decomposition keeps pace with formation SO that the humus goes into the soil. In places this humus blanket has been burned off by past fires, ex- posing the bare rock and soil. The coastal plain plants which form such an unusual and interesting com- ponent of the vegetation probably reached the island by way of a land bridge formed by an extension of the coastal plain above the sea from New Jersey to Newfoundland. Previous to its settlement by white men, the island had been repeatedly subjected to fire by the Indians to drive out the game. When discovered by Champlain in 1604 the summits were bare rock, and the forest contained tall pines standing above the main canopy of spruce and fir, with white birch in mixture. Even before its permanent settlement, the annals of which begin 143 LITTORAL VEGETATION ON A HEADLAND OF MT. DESERT ISLAND, MAINE. I. SUBMERSIBLE OR STRICTLY LITTORAL VEGETATION 1 DUNCAN S. JOHNSON AND ALEXANDER F. SKUTCH Purpose In the present investigation we have undertaken to determine the precise limits of distribution, vertically and horizontally, of each littoral plant and plant association found on a high, rocky point of Mt. Desert Island, Maine, known as Otter Cliffs. Our object was the discovery of the external con- ditions limiting this distribution. Most of the observations to be recorded were made during July, August and early September of the years 1923 to 1925. In March 1927 the junior author spent three days studying the late winter flora of our area, and the senior author followed the seasonal development of the vegetation from June to September of the exceptionally cool and backward summer of 1927. Area and Methods Otter Cliffs are on the south side of the island, close by the Ogden Station of the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory, and are completely exposed to the heavy surf of the open Atlantic. They lie near 44° 19' N. latitude and 68° II' W. longitude. Our work was carried on from the Weir Mitchell Station of this laboratory as a base. The area most carefully studied extends I50 feet north and south, and 300 feet east and west, and includes elevations from - 8 to + 50 feet (Chart I). It was selected because of the widely varied habitats provided by the rock surfaces of many different slopes and exposures, and by tide-pools of very different sizes at many different levels. It embraces some bottom at 4 to 8 feet below mean low water, of rocky or gravelly character, and a bit of coarse shingle and boulders between 7 and 13 feet above low water, while the rest of the littoral zone is of granite or schist cliffs and ledges, with some trap dikes. Not until the 20-foot level, IO feet above mean high tide, is reached do we find even minute pockets of soil in 1 Botanical Contribution No. 87 from the Johns Hopkins University. The authors gratefully acknowledge here the courtesy of the Trustees and of Director Ulric Dahl- gren of the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory in affording them the facilities of the Laboratory for carrying on this work. They also here express their thanks to GPD Superintendent George B. Dorr of Lafayette National Park. for help in fastening our tide-stake to the ledges, and for transportation to the area in March 1927. They are indebted also to Doctor A. S. Hitchcock for naming the grasses and to Doctors M. A. Howe, Albert Mann, and W. R. Taylor and J. E. Tilden for identifying various algae collected in the area studied. 188 Ecology 9 (1928): 188-215 WILLIAM H. PROCTER (1872-1951) Relatively unknown today by Mount Desert Island residents and visitors, William Procter played a very significant role in contributing to the scientific knowledge about what is today Acadia National Park. An heir of one of the founders of the Procter and Gamble Company, he dedicated the later part of his life to the study of insects on Mount Desert Island. Over the course of 27 years, starting in 1918, Dr. Procter spent a majority of his time combing the island for insects. He ultimately published 7 scientific volumes summarizing his collecting efforts; no fewer than 439 families, 2,660 genera, and 6,578 species and subspecies were documented! His field notes and ~ 20,000 pinned and wet specimens are now permanent- ly preserved at the William Otis Sawtelle Collections and Research Center at Acadia National Park. Since its arrival in 2000, scientists from as far away as Russia have come to use the collection for research purposes (it was previously housed at the University of Massachusetts). Dr. Procter's collection represents an incredibly rich and unique information base that is unequaled at most other national parks. Because of his dedicated studies, scientists today can now make comparisons about the past and present species diversity and distribution in order to learn about how changes in climate, land use, and the 1947 Mount Desert Island fire affected the island's fauna. Dr. Procter played a role in helping to establish the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory (MDIBL), served on an advisory board at the Columbia University Zoology Department, was a board member of the Wistar Institute and a Trustee of the American Museum of Natural History. He contributed financially to many scientific organizations, including the Entomology Society of America, Society of Sigma Xi, and the Research Society of America. In 1950, Sigma Xi established the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement; Stephen Jay Gould, Jane Goodall, and E.O. Wilson are several of the recent winners. There are many people who contributed time, money, and energy to help protect Acadia National Park. Dr. William Procter was a distinguished natural scientist who worked tirelessly to catalog some of the Park's fauna well before the National Park Service took an interest in natural resource management. Now thanks to his efforts, park managers and the scientific community have vital information to help characterize and assess the health and condition of Acadia National Park's ecosystems. David Manski Chief, Division of Resource Management Acadia National Park 53 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 2 of 2 See Sieurde thants Publ. NATURE White pine VOL.3-NO.1 NOTES JANUARY- FEBRUARY, 1934 Arthor wike Hemlock (Red) spruce Black Confers of MOUNT DESERT Readia ISLAND area approve 300 37 mr. ACADIA NATIONAL PARK BAR HARBOR, MAINE Department of the Interior: Office of National Parks, Buildings. & Reservations. > Cover Next >>> nature_notes/acad/vol3-1.htm 18-Mar-2016 http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 1 of 6 Acadia National Park Nature Notes NATURE NOTES FROM ACADIA Volume 3 January-February, 1934 Number 1 THE TREES OF ACADIA NATIONAL PARK By Arthur Stupka, Park Naturalist, Acadia National Park The trees of Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine, are essentially northern in character, as the region belongs to the so-called Spruce and Northern Hardwoods division. Spruces are dominant, the red spruce making up a considerable portion of the coniferous stand over much of the island and the white spruce replacing it as the most abundant species along a large portion of the ocean front. Other trees which make up an appreciable amount of the total stand include white pine, red pine, white birch, gray birch, arbor vitae, balsam fir, red maple, red oak, hemlock, and aspen. Thoreau, with characteristic fitting and poetic phraseology, called this the "arrowy Maine forest." SECTION I. THE CONIFERS Key to the Conifers of Acadia National Park 1. Trees with needle-like leaves 2 1. Trees with small, scale-like leaves Arbor vitae 2. Needles evergreen, remaining on tree in winter; 3 needles borne directly on branches 2. Needles deciduous, dropping off tree in fall; Larch needles borne on short spur-like side branches 3. Needles borne in clusters of 2, 3, or 5 4 3. Needles borne singly on branches 6 http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 2 of 6 4. Needles 5 in a cluster, 2 to 5 inches long White pine 4. Needles 3 in a cluster, It to 4 inches long Pitch pine 4. Needles 2 in a cluster 5 5. Needles 4 to 6 inches long; cones symmetrical, Red pine even-shaped 5. Needles 4 to 1 inch long; cones asymmetrical, Gray pine incurved 6. Needles on all sides of branch, pointing outward 7 in all directions; branches with needles, round in appearance; needles not lighter colored on under side 6. Needles seemingly on only two sides of branch; 9 branches with needles, usually flattened in appearance; needles pale green or whitish on under side 7. Needles bluish-green or bluish, dull and blunt 8 7. Needles yellowish-green, shiny and sharp-pointed Red spruce 8. Scales on ripe cones stiff and rigid, ragged- Black spruce toothed 8. Scales on ripe cones flexible, not toothed White spruce 9. Needles pale green on under side with white line on Hemlock each side of midrib; trunk of tree free from blisters; cones 3/4 inch long and pendant 9. Needles pale green on under side with light dots; Balsam fir trunk of tree with resin blisters; cones 2-4 inches long erect Four species of pines are native to the region and of these the white pine (Pinus strobus), emblem of Maine, the Pine Tree State, is most abundant. This, the noblest of our trees, has been known to Gray Pine exceed 4 feet in diameter and 150 feet in height, and has long been regarded as the most valuable timber tree in northeastern America. Its soft bluish-green needles are arranged in clusters of 5, the lateral branches are whorled, and the cones, usually measuring from 5 to 8 inches in length, are larger than those of any other native coniferous tree in the northeastern states. The red pine Pinus resinosa, whose needles 4 to 6 inches in length, are longer than those of any other of our needle-bearing trees, is tall http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 3 of 6 and straight, with a pyramidal crown, dark green foliage, and reddish- brown bark. This bark, like the bark of the yellow pine of the west, tends to break up into broad reddish plates. The needles are arranged in bundles of 2. The symmetrical cones are somewhat spherical and about 2 inches long. It is valued highly as a timber tree and often goes by the name of "Norway pine." The pitch pine (Pinus rigida), very picturesque in its exposed rocky habitats, is usually low- growing and has an irregular scraggly crown. Its ovate cones may persist on the gnarled branches for many years. This is the only native Pitch pine of Mount Desert Island pine whose needles are arranged in x1/2018 clusters of 3. A boreal species, the gray, jack, or Labrador pine (Pinus banksiana), finds its southern coastal limit on Mount Desert Island. It is rare here, being represented by a small stand of trees to the south of Cadillac Mountain. On a portion of the Acadia National Park area which is located just across the by on Schoodic Peninsula, this pine is an abundant species. For the most part it grows considerably dwarfed and shrubby, and its small, tough, asymmetrical cones persist on the tree for many years. Its very short gray-green needles are arranged in clusters of 2. White pine The larch, also known as tamarack and hackmatack (Larix laricina), is a common tree of the sphagnum bogs of the island. Unlike all other of our coniferous species, it sheds all its needles every fall, putting on new twig ones the following spring. These in winter needles are borne on dwarf spur-like side branches. As it resembles a http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 4 of 6 Larch x1 symmetrical pine in general form, the tree has a striking resemblance to a dead conifer in winter. It is a medium-sized, light-loving tree with a straight trunk, very small ovoid cones, and short clustered needles. The range of the larch extends across the continent, and it is found in the north within the Arctic Circle. Three spruces are native to Acadia National Park. The black spruce, also known as swamp spruce (Picea mariana), is a tree characteristic of our sphagnum bogs, although it is not infrequently found in a more or less stunted condition on dry mountain slopes where it may appear ragged and uneven in its habit of growth. Usually it is smaller than the other native spruces and the scales on its ripened cones tend to be stiff, rigid, and ragged-toothed. It bears needles which are dull and blunt. The red Red spruce (Picea rubra) is one of the most spruce abundant of our trees. It has narrow x1 conical crown and a straight slightly tapering trunk which usually attains a height of 60-80 feet. The branches are slender, the cones ovoid, and the needles a shining dark green or yellowish-green about one-half inch long. Whereas the other spruces have needles which are blunt at the ends, the needles of the red spruce are sharp-pointed. Next to the white pine, this is the most valuable timber tree in Maine. The white spruce (Picea glauca), a tall handsome tree especially valuable for paper pulp, grows best right along the ocean front of Mount Desert Island. Its branches, long and stout, bear dense attractive grayish or bluish-green needles which sometimes are characterized by an odor which accounts for the local name of "skunk spruce" or "cat spruce." As in all spruces, the oblong cones are pendant, and when ripe, the cone scales are flexible and not toothed. Although in cool moist ravines the hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) grows as far south as Alabama, it attains its greatest size and beauty in the Acadian White spruce http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 5 of 6 region. In its preferred habitat it is a fairly common tree on Mount Desert Island where old specimens up to four feet in diameter are to be found. Its short flat needles are glossy dark green above and pale green beneath, there being a white line an either side of the midrib on the under surface. Although appearing two-ranked, the needles are spirally Hemlock x1 arranged around the twigs. The cones, oblong in shape, are about three-fourths of an inch in length - considerably smaller than the fruits of other conifers with which the hemlock is sometimes confused. Where goodly stands of this graceful and symmetrical tree grow, the summer visitor finds himself in the haunt of the winter wren, one of the finest of our feathered songsters and the veritable spirit of the cool hemlock forest. The balsam fir (Abies balsamea), the only fir native to Maine and the other New England states, is a common conifer in Acadia National Park. It is a tree of medium size, usually under 40 feet in height, and the trunk rarely exceeds 18 inches in diameter. Its bark, smooth and grayish-brown in color, is covered with projecting blisters which yield the pungently aromatic Canada balsam of commerce. The fragrant needles are arranged SO that they give the twigs a flattened appearance. The dark purple cones, usually two or three inches long, are cylindrical and stand upright on the branches - a characteristic which distinguishes the fir from other conifers with which it may grow. The arbor vitae, often known as white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), is a medium- sized tree which has its best development in swamps and bogs where it may be found in pure stands. Its trunk is tapering and the bark, often used by the red squirrel for the spherical nests which that animal builds, separates into long thin strips. The scale-like overlapping leaves, aromatic when crushed, are arranged to make a flat frond-like spray on which the small oblong cones are borne. The dwarf juniper, creeping juniper, and American yew, sometimes confused with the young of http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 6 of 6 some of the trees already mentioned, are low-growing evergreen shrubs with needlelike Balsam fir leaves. They x1 are common in some portions of the park and are readily distinguished in that they do not bear cones. Their fruits are small and berry-like, those of the junipers being blue covered with a pale bloom while those of the yew are a bright scarlet in color. Note: Articles on the deciduous tree of Acadia National Park will appear in future issues of "Nature Notes from Acadia." >> nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 09-Jan-2006 http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1b.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 1 of 3 Acadia National Park Nature Notes NATURE NOTES FROM ACADIA Volume 3 January-February, 1934 Number 1 A WINTER RAMBLE "Come see the north-wind's masonry." - Emerson The coast of Maine lies gripped in the icy hold of one of the most severe winters on record. Harbors are ice-locked and deep snow everywhere blankets the out-of-doors. On clear days the ermine- coated summits of the Mount Desert Island mountains, heavily armored in snow and ice, glisten with such dazzling brilliance that one might almost be lead to believe they had undergone some herculean polish in the night. Let us buckle on our snowshoes at Sieur de Monts Spring - a place known to every Acadia National Park visitor - and make fresh tracks through the snowy woods in the general direction of the Tarn. Close to the Abbe Museum we cross the tracks of a gray squirrel - perhaps one of the same animals which harvested many of the acorns and beech nuts in that vicinity last autumn. Upon following these tracks we discover where the animal dug into the deep snow and fed upon a few acorns. Being in the habit of storing only small quantities of food here and there over the forest floor, the gray squirrel must necessarily dig deeply for his winter supplies. Surely, to find provisions which now lie buried under one and one-half to three feet of snow implies a remarkable memory. White-foot, the big-eared dark-eyed woods mouse, had likewise crossed the snow here but recently, leaving a http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1c.htn 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 2 of 3 dainty little tell-tale pattern which disappears under the low snow- laden limb of some conifer. For a moment we stop to admire a grove of young beeches which still retain an appreciable number of their papery leaves. Whereas in summer these leaves were dark green in color and in autumn a rich coppery brown, they now are of a soft light fawn color - especially attractive against the snow. The brook which flows from the nearby Tarn gurgles pleasantly in those few spots which remain open, as though defying the frigid fetters of winter in its own tongue. While listening to its cold icy murmur a mite of a dark brown stubby-tailed bird flies up nervously, complaining against our intrusion. He, the winter wren, has apparently lived through all these bitter cold months in this immediate territory, finding shelter under the many little bridges or under the streambanks where the roots of trees have been exposed. No doubt he finds a few stone flies and possibly other stream insects here. E. H. Forbush, in his classical "Birds of Massachusetts," makes the following interesting statement: "As a winter bird in the latitude of New England, this wren is a disappointment. A few remain here in mild winters, but those that attempt to brave out a severe one in New England usually perish miserably. In the spring their dead bodies are found occasionally under piles of lumber or wood. Most of them winter in the South." Our bird, therefore, must truly be some defiant hardy exception, for the present winter is one of the most severe ever to be recorded. Admiring the fortitude of this feathered elf, we proceed with our ramble. Upon coming to the Tarn, now burdened with a considerable thickness of ice, we stop to view the heavily snow-and ice-coated slopes of Huguenot Head and Flying Squadron Mountains - the east and west sides of an ancient trough through which the glaciers of many thousands of years ago pushed out into the sea. The former mountain, supporting a dense stand of pitch pines, appears very much as it does in summer, but Flying Squadron, with a comparatively sparse growth of spruces, has its eastern slope whitened by a heavy blanket of snow and ice. From here we cross the nearby Otter Creek road and tramp over the drifted snow which lies in the little valley at the north foot of Huguenot Head. It is in protected valleys such as this one where, after a heavy snowstorm, the conifers stand arrayed in some of winter's most picturesque habiliments. In places young trees as high as one's head, completely draped in the snowy substance, appear as though they might be the tents in which the boreal troops are encamped, for winter concentrates his forces in these ravines as though they were strategic points. http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1c.htm 8/14/2019 Acadia National Park (Nature Notes) Page 3 of 3 Making a wide circle through the snowy valley we climb Little Meadow Hill, a stronghold for the pitch pines. Before going far through this quaint low forest the tracks of red squirrels, crossing and recrossing over the snow, hold our interest, and occasionally we come upon the temporary feeding places of these animals - a litter of cone scales, bark flakes, needle-bearing twigs, etc. Evidently a number of squirrels come here to feed on the abundant fruit of the pitch pines. While watching an impetuous chickaree dashing through the trees sending burdens of snow a-flying, a flock of about 20 red crossbills. twittering half-plaintively as they fly, suddenly wheel and settle in the top of one of these low scraggly pines. Approaching closely we admire the attractive brick red males who investigate the cones for the seeds which might be within. Only momentarily do they linger and then are off again in close formation, twittering as they disappear. These birds, along with the white-winged crossbills, have been on Mount Desert Island in goodly numbers during the present winter. And SO we ramble on, encountering other animals and seeing other sights. Hard though it may be for both man and beast, the winter has infinite charms. - Arthur Stupka >> nature_notes/acad/vol3-1c.htm 09-Jan-2006 http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/acad/vol3-1c.htm 8/14/2019 1001 10-23 (May 1929) 0-7410 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ACADIA NATIONAL PARK FILE No. 715-02 PART 1 ACADIA FLORA, FAUNA, NATURAL PHENOMENA, ETC. BEARS LAST DATE ON TOP IMPORTANT This file constitutes n part of the official records of the National Park Service and should not be separated or papers withdrawn without express authority of the official in charge. All Files should be returned promptly to the File Room. Officials and employees will be held responsible for failure to observe these rules, which are necessary to protect the integrity of the official records. ARNO B. CAMMERER, 6-7410 Director. Scanned with CamScanner DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Acadie National Park Bar Harbor, Maine. COPY March 17, 1937. Mr. Roy K. Dennison, House of Representatives, Augusta, Maine. Dear Mr. Dennison: I want to write you a line to express my strong sympathy with what you were quoted in the newspapers as saying at the Legislative hearing on March 11th, with regard to establishing a bounty on bears, concerning steel traps. I know from actual experience obtained in connection with my work in charge for the Government of this national park as well 03 from what others have told me out of their personal exporience the great suffering caused by Steel-trapping, and the inevitable cruelty of it which the world will one day come to realize and condemn. Years ago I took part in EL campaign against steel trapping in the State of Massachusetts, my former home, and a law was passed by the Legislature prohibiting it for the measure had strong support; but it aimed, as 1t was drawn, at too absolute EL prohibition to be 1m- mediately practical and came to nought through lack of funds for 1ts enforcement. Extremes tend invariably to be self-defeating and the main thins is to swoken public conscience to the suffering caused and to arouse public opinion against 1t. The trapping of bears 1n this State is inde- fensible on any grounds; for the hunter's rifle, to the State's great gain in the open season, is ample to protect human safety and prevent too serious depredations upon open farmlands. Believe me Yours sincerely, (signed) George B. Dorr GBD-0 Superintendent. Scanned with CamScanner NON IN 10 plo1 GRIDE NEW DUE WIN DRIN m to DEPARTMENT OF Ti TERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WASHINGTON February 6, 1937. Mr. George B. Dorr, Superintendent, Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine. Dear Mr. Dorr: Your letter of February 3 and clipping from the Port- land Press Herald relative to roadside animal exhibits have been read and commented upon by several members of the Wash- ington Office. Your work in initiating the measure to prevent exhibit of captive wild animals along the highways of Hancock County is very commendable. This achievement illustrates the type of influence our national parks and their Service personnel should exercise on the surrounding communities. We have been informed that only recently the State of Pennsylvania passed a similar bill, preventing the showing of wild animals along the highways. We join with you in hoping that the bill to prevent such exhibits over the entire State will receive favorable action. Sincerely yours, James 0. Stevenson, Acting Chief, Wildlife Division. cc Wildlife Division - San Francisco wktmnm Scanned with CamScanner bill PEMBO DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Cabalane Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine. good with February 3, 1937. the Mr. A. E. Demaray, Associate Director, National Park Service, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Demaray: I think this, of which the newspaper clipping from the Portland Press Herald tells, may interest you as showing the influence the Park is having along good lines. Last September two bears kept, none too humanely, along the roadside in a cage at a place of entertainment between Ellsworth and Bangor, in this county, broke out and with the memory of rough treatment in their captivity renkling, attacked and killed the proprietor and his a.s- sistant. The bears were shot but had one glorious moment of revenge which were hard to grudge them! Taking advantage of this as an opportunity to do away in this county at least with what has always been abhorrent to me, I had asked our State Senator from this district to introduce a bill to prevent wild animals' being kept in centivity along the roadsides as an adjunct to such places in any portion of the County and this bill has n LOW been favorably reported on without opposition by both branches of the State legislature. Entering 1t, moreover, brought attention to the subject and has led to the introduction of another bill introduced quite Independently for the regulation, if not the prohibiting, of all similar exhibits of wild animals in confinement the whole State over, and this, too, seems likely to be favorably acted on. Yours sincerely, GBD-0 Scanned with CamScanner 7/29/2020 Xfinity Connect Bears Printout Judith H Connery 7/29/2020 10:32 AM Bears To Eppster2@comcast.net Copy Charles D Jacobi Charlie Jacobi Hi Ron, Attached is the "Bears" file. (Please excuse the duplicated scan of the cover.) Yes, who would have thought it to contain correspondence to and from Mr. Dorr?! I wonder how many other treasures are hiding in NARA? I hope that once a vaccine is available, Charlie and I will be able to continue that hunt. The file name provides information about where it was found, based on the Record Group 79 Finding Guide. Let us know if you need us to decipher it. Also, Charlie's government email address has changed to a "partner" account: charlie_jacobi@partner.nps.gov You can also stay in touch with him at: potholescharlie@gmail.com While I still have my old government email address (not sure why....), I most often check my private email account at judy.connery@gmail.com so that's the best way to contact me. Thanks for reaching out, and please let us know if we can provide any other materials. All the best to you, Ron, and please stay healthy! Judy NPS - Unknown - Bears. NACP RG79 P10 pg400 B809 F715-02 Part 1- annotated.pdf (1 MB) 7/29/2020 Xfinity Connect Re_Bears Printout eppster2@comcast.net 7/29/2020 12:40 PM Re: Bears To Judith H Connery judy_hazen_connery@nps.gov> Judy, File received. Thank you. I updated my address book. I empathize with you regarding the ways in which the pandemic have impeded your research on the AH. Before the pandemic I began to secure through ILL copies of about a dozen park administrative histories written over the past thirty years and not on the NPS website It is quite striking how much their differ, especially in their narrative delivery to future park managers. Some are dry as dust, rapidly escaping early park history for detailed statistical reporting of more current studies; others achieve a lively balance between history, policy, local and distant development of managerial priorities and the park staff that made it all happen. I hope that the NPS is documenting how Covid has impacted the park system in ways large and small. You should know that I am having conversations with Ruth Eveland at the Jesup Library about her interest in my two file drawers of information on Dorr's paternal and maternal ancestry. Originally I thought that this would be included in with the file cabinets of documents that Sheridan Steele and Marie accepted for the park archives. I began to doubt that ANP park researchers would have much interest in Dorr's 17th through 19th century ancestors. After considerable reflection I recently offered these ancestry documents to the Jesup where they would be more accessible to the public in their new Special Collections facility attached to the 1911 building that Dorr built--where they will complement the JDRJr. and Deasy-Lynam documentation donated by Doug Chapman. All the best to you and yours. Stay safe! https://connect.xfinity.com/appsuite/v=7.10.3-6.20200722.052513/print.html?print_1596040865075 1/3 G.B. Dorr Society 7/27/2020. Caulee Judith peabe County "Bears file in N.A. GRD was actual, a dedecaed overal rights aboorte Plesto 10 Pach Rayer x bese cubs. File contain can re captured avade a woodside attraction - h wa agest Request letter to a. B. Desario 2/3/37 h 1938, Carl person incident, Didast coveral CANP 11/2/3 Death on dest Schoolie new frest retailed Ocate of Past fever Read to proboxy Peal Foure tooh position, brought natural littry shalles to AdP. Renja desting carear in NPS, worlf at Ocadia x first pal netrudent at thevardook N.P. Returned in 1869, deed zu Raques Beach. 2 Charlie 4,000 lbs stored Interview 1. stord t the Explanation uses By ccc + dons. Seep. John good, deed Dec. 2019, OBIT, NPS - 1958 beja at AND B.S. /M.S. geology deposit Chief Vat yellowstore 1960 58 folt yournite t Eaceledes 8/24/08. Good moro to Sepnal Develor Ash fa copy Eaphanged u nept of pervorat boundary " a more Coost Heiega Tuest, x other partnershops. 2 cameeve is UPS issues a visitaba as mangfed issue. a And Release or bon for responsed decesson makes. followd Keith letter I 7/26/2020 Xfinity Connect RE_G_B_ Dorr Society event Printout Lisa Horsch Clark 7/23/2020 8:58 PM RE: G.B. Dorr Society event To RONALD Ron, Double checking I sent you the login invitation for the zoom meeting on Monday. Need anything else from me? We did our rehearsal they have amazing stories! Lisa I am delighted you can join us at noon on Monday, July 27 for the 16th Annual George B. Dorr Society event. It is sure to be a fun, storytelling gathering with Judy, Charlie, and other park experts. To join the meeting, click this link https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81186610303?pwd=KOtYZUNqYUg0NkZJSIIMbURHdDhmdz09.The meeting ID is 811 8661 0303 and the password is 272853, in case you need to use them. If you have not used Zoom on your laptop, phone, or tablet before, please click the link in advance of the meeting and download any software you might need. If you would prefer, you can also join the meeting by telephone by calling 1 646 558 8656 and using the meeting ID is 811 8661 0303 and the password is 272853. If you are not familiar with Zoom, I am very happy to help you learn the program. Just let me know that you need help! Thank you for helping to protect Acadia with all your past and future gifts. We appreciate you! With gratitude, Lisa 4/26/2015 XFINITY Connect XFINITY Connect eppster2@comcast.net + Font Size Re: beaver project From : Ronald Epp Sun, Apr 26, 2015 10:45 AM Subject : Re: beaver project To : Rebecca Cole-Will Cc : Marie Yarborough Dear Becky (cc: to Marie), This has not been a simple task. I've referenced the 2012 park management finding aid and suggest that those interested look at the Vernon Bailey's 1925 article on beavers in ANP (B. 173, f.34) which I have not examined but may be useful. Regarding the claim attributed to Dorr that the park is incomplete without beavers, I strongly doubt that Dorr would have said that. The park was always a work in progress; it was contrary to his nature to see one final piece complete the picture, especially when you read his memoirs and see repeated references while he was in his eighties to all that he had yet to do. What we may have here is a piece of cultural memory, not based on a specific reference but on what has transmitted, rephrased, obscured over time, and even effaced. This is my plight as well for I have a vague recollection of Dorr writing about the introduction of a pair of beavers despite the fact that I can't recovery it in my many layers of relevant historical data. I suspect it is to be found in RG79 at the National Archives. Do not lose faith! We do have documentation from John D. Rockefeller Jr. The Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC) contains two relevant letters on beavers in ANP, one to A. Cammerer dated June 22, 1928 and the other to Dorr on July 29, 1929. I will put copies of these in the mail to you tomorrow along with Dorr's response to Rockefeller's extermination plan dated August 2, 1929. There is a separate beavers folder in Box 83, folder 824 in the RAC Office of Messrs. Rockefeller Records, Homes (Seal Harbor). Series I. I have not examined this but a call to an RAC archivist will likely get you copies; Asst. RAC Director Michele H. Beckerman has worked with me for more than a decade and can help you with the process (914-366-6342). Finally, my view is that Dorr introduced (or re-introduced) beavers in the late teens or early 1920's. They were prolific and within a decade resulted in the issues JDR Jr. describes. Several years later on June 13, 1932 Director Horace Albright writes to JDR Jr. that "Mr. Dorr doubtless told you that with the cooperation of your trapper the beavers will be taken from park waters." (Worthwhile Places. Ed. Joseph Ernst. RAC: 1991. Pgs. 126-127.). But Dorr's successor, superintendent Hadley, still had beaver issues in 1950. I strongly suggest that Dorr's interest never was in exterminating beavers. He made faint concessions to JDR Jr. but that would not prevent him from relocating beavers to areas outside park boundaries. Where they traveled was not his doing. Ironically, the park seems to have taken an about face in the 1980's on the issue of beavers when it named its visitor information publication The Beaver Log. Becky, do have Bruce keep me abreast of his inquiries into this matter. See you May 18-20th. All the Best, Ronald https://web.mail.comcast.net/zimbra/h/printmessage?id=286451&tz=America/New_York&xim= 1/2 4/26/2015 XFINITY Connect From: "Rebecca Cole-Will" To: "Ron Epp" Sent: Saturday, April 25, 2015 5:33:30 AM Subject: beaver project - quote from Dorr? Hi Ron, Have you ever run across this quote from. GBD? Erickson is. COA student working on a beaver project for our biologist, Bruce Connery. Thanks, Forwarded message From: Connery, Bruce Date: Saturday, April 25, 2015 Subject: COA. beaver project To: Rebecca Cole-Will Erickson asked ."I have often heard people quote Dorr as saying that the park was not complete without beavers. Do you have any idea where he said that? I'd like to quote him too :). I'm checking IRMA now." I have never heard of this quote but wonder if you or a friend with one of the historical societies might have heard of it? No rush on an answer. Hope you are feeling better. b -- Bruce Connery Biologist Acadia National Park 207-288-8726 Rebecca Cole-Will, Chief of Resource Management ~ Acadia National Park, 20 McFarland Hill Drive, PO Box 177, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 ~207.288.8720 ph., 207.288.8709 fx. https://web.mail.comcast.net/zimbra/h/printmessage?id=286451&tz=America/New_York&xim=1 2/2 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 1 of 17 SPECIALIZED LIBRARIES & ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS Archival Collections & HOME SEARCH THE COLLECTIONS FINDING KIDS Specialized Libraries ABOUT Digital Archive Hancock Collections & Archives Document LA LA dis Subject Home I Archives I Hancock Memorial Museum LA Comprehensive Bibliographic Database The Building of a Library LA Obscura by Public Art in LA Dorothy Halmos from Archival Collections Coranto: journal of the Friends of the Libraries, University of Southern California Volume V Number 1 & 2 to Volume VI Number 1, 1967-1969 ARC Home About ARC Contact Us Search ARC USC Libraries & Resources Homer USC Dorothy Halmos (d. 1998) was Librarian of the Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography from the mid 1940s through the 1970s. Her mark on USC is evidenced in the following article, which appeared from 1967 to 1969, in the Coranto: journal of the Friends of the Libraries. It recounts the development of the library of the Boston Society of Natural History, which is the foundation of the Hancock Natural History Collection. The University of Southern California is fortunate to posses, as the basis of its Hancock http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 9 of 17 L. C. D. de Freycinet, Voyage autour du monde sur les corvettes de S.M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817-1820. Zoologie, 2 vols. , Paris, 1824. R.B. Hinds, Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur During the Years 1836-1842, 2 vols., Paris, 1839. C.P.T. Laplace, Voyage autour du monde par les mers de l'Inde et de Chine executé sur la corvette la Favorite pendant les années 1830-1832, 2 vols., Paris, 1839. By the end of 1850 the library contained 2,569 bound volumes, 1,280 unbound volumes, and 500 pamphlets and reprints. The Society had raised the money to purchase a new home, had taken care of current expenses, and for once had a free balance - of $200. But the library and the collections were suffering severely from lack of money to care for them properly. Although this was a problem the Society was never able to solve completely, many steps could be taken to alleviate the situation. But a discussion of these steps and of other forward-looking measures must be postponed until the second installment of this brief history of a distinguished library. Part 2: Volume V Number 2, 1968 In 1852 the Boston Society of Natural History was twenty-two years of age, while its library (now the basis of the Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography) was only a few months younger. The Society had a newly-purchased, if modest home; but the library, possessing some 5,000 books, volumes of periodicals, and pamphlets, was suffering acutely from a lack of funds to care for them properly and to add to its holdings as rapidly as it would have liked. There were, of course, certain steps that could be taken. At the annual meeting in May, 1852, the librarian recommended a more liberal attitude toward exchange: The communication with these Societies hitherto has been too expensive and difficult to justify the sending many copies of our Journal and Proceedings abroad; but the recent arrangements of the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, will enable us hereafter to communicate with Societies in all parts of the world without difficulty, and at no greater expense than the cost of transportation to Washington. Of the two hundred Societies in correspondence with that Institution, at least one hundred publish works of value to us, which could easily be obtained in exchange for our publications. With a more liberal policy approved, the librarian was able to set up many new exchanges, http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 10 of 17 but he was soon complaining that because of the interval between issues of the Journal (once as much as four years), it was hard to keep the exchanges coming. Of special interest to Californians is the request made n 1854 for permission to send a set of the publications of the Boston Society to "a newly established society of San Francisco" - the California Academy of Sciences, organized in 1853 and starting immediately to build up a library. In 1855 the librarian reported that since the erection of a theatre building next door, the library room was no longer "cosy" but very dark and damp, uncomfortable to work in and injurious to the books. He also had two complaints to make that sound only too familiar. First, he did not have time to keep up with all the work and needed help; second, although he was present in the library every day from 9 to 12, books were taken from the room at other times with no record left; and although they usually came back eventually, there was some loss. The Council voted $100 for assistance in making a catalogue of the library, and this task was completed within a year; but beyond asking members to be more considerate, nothing was done about the second problem. During this decade, the library was greatly enriched by many gifts of valuable works. In 1854 the Hon. Francis C. Gray presented the first three volumes, beautifully bound, of the Histoire naturelle des mamifères, by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire et Cuvier, Paris, 1824-47. In 1855 the library received a bequest from the late Mr. James Brown, of the publishing firm of Little, Brown, who left ornithological books of great interest. These included sixteen handsome folio volumes of John Gould, sometimes called the "English Audubon" - his Birds of Europe, 5 vols., 1837; Birds of Australia, 7 vols., 1848; A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains, 1831; A Monograph of the Rhamphastidae, or Family of Toucans, 1834; and A Monograph of the Odontophorinae, or Partridges of America, 1850. In November 1856, Mrs. M. A. Binney offered to deposit, under certain conditions of preservation and use, 353 titles in 1,145 volumes, including pamphlets and reprints, from the library of the late Dr. Amos Binney. The conditions were accepted and the books were added to the library in 1857, certain large slabs of fossil impressions having been removed from the library to make space for them - proving that trying to keep the faculty out of any spare corner of the library not filled up with books is not a modern problem. The catalogue of the Binney library is printed in the Proceedings of the Boston Society, and lists such rare and valuable books as the following: Ulisse Aldrovandi, Opera omnia, 13 vols. Bonn, 1599-1669. Petrus Artedi, Ichthyologia, ed. C. Linnaeus, Leyden, 1738. Joseph Banks, Catalogus bibliothecae historico-naturalis Josephi Banks auctore Jona Dryander, 5 vols., London, 1796-1800. http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 11 of 17 William Bartram, Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, Philadelphia, 1791. Thomas Bewick, A General History of Quadrupeds, Newcastle, 1790. Georges Buffon, Histoire naturelle, 17 vols. and 7 supplementary vols., Paris, 1749-89. Charles Darwin, The Zoology of the Beagle, 5 vols., London, 1839-43. Conrad Gesner, Historia animalium, 5 vols. in 3, Zürich, 1551-87. On the flyleaf of the first volume is this inscription: "Ce superbe exemplaire de la plus parfaite conservation et très compet est celui de Buffon. Je l'ai payé 84 L. Is. à la vent des livres de Mirabeau le jeudi 26. Janvier 1792. Voyez le catalogue de cette vente No. -1206-" William Jardin and P. J. Selby, Illustrations of Ornithology, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1826-35. William Smellie, The Philosophy of Natural History, Edinburgh, 1790. Francis Willughby, Ornithologiae libris tres, London, 1676. In the same year the library received another valuable bequest, from the estate of the late Prof. J. W. Bailey. It was reported to the Society in the following words: The whole number of bound volumes ins eighty-four, besides one hundred and fifty unbound volumes and pamphlets, and these latter are not the least valuable portion of the library Among the works are the splendid Microgeologie of Ehrenberg, the works of Kützing, Queckett, Ralfe, Hassell, Smith, Agardh, Harvey, Lindley, and Hutton Among the books included in this bequest is one of the rarest the library possesses: Illustrationes algarum in itinere cira orbem jussu imeratoris Nicolai / annis 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829 in oceano pacifico imprimis septentrionali ad littore Rossica asiatico- americana collectarum. Auctoribus Prof. Alexandro Postels et Doct. Francisco Ruprecht, Petrograd, 1840. This volume, printed in Latin and Russian, is a double elephant folio and contains forty exceptionally beautiful hand-colored plates of Pacific coast algae, as on this voyage the Russians sailed down our northwest coast almost as far south as San Francisco. In 1859 an event occurred which was to influence the course of the Boston Society in the http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 12 of 17 years to come. Professor Louis Agassiz had amassed a splendid zoological collection which had been purchased in 1852 by Harvard College. In 1859 the Museum of Comparative Zoology was incorporated to receive this collection, as well as a bequest from Francis C. Gray of $50,000 to establish and maintain such a Museum under the charge of an independent faculty. Professor Agassiz received a grant of $1000,000 from the state, over $70,000 was raised by private subscription, a building was erected, faculty appointed, and the Museum established on a solid basis. From the very beginning there was close cooperation between the Museum and the Society, as almost all of the faculty and curators of the Museum were also members of the Society, and most of them had been active in it for years. In 1860 the Society library was presented, through the generosity of J. P. Cushing, with 300 volumes on entomology from the library of the late Thaddeus W. Harris. The Proceedings noted: Mr. Scudder, Curator of Entomology, observed that among the volumes was one containing all the rarer tracts of Say, most of which were extremely scarce; among them his New Harmony pamphlets, one of which (on the Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America) is probably the only copy in this country, if indeed it can be found anywhere else Most of the important European works are here together with nearly complete sets of most of the publications of entomological societies and entomological periodicals. By the end of 1860 the library contained nearly 5,000 volumes, plus 681 pamphlets and reprints, most of them of great value and by far the greater number gifts from members and friends of the Society. It became obvious that the Society again needed more room, and committees were appointed to make plans and raise the necessary funds. The state legislature granted to the Society some land on which to erect a building; and the state also purchased for $28,000 the building occupied by the Society, which then moved temporarily into one which it owned on Bulfinche Street. Mr. W. J. Walker, who had come to the assistance of the Society before, offered $20,000 toward the building fund, provided the members could raise a matching amount. This they were able to do, and in the fall of 1863 the building was so far advanced that the library could be moved into it, and the Society met there for the first time on November 18 of that year. This was a remarkable accomplishment, especially when one realizes that a large portion of the Society's membership (ninety-eight of them) were serving in the armed forces at the time. The estate of Benjamin D. Greene yielded over 1,500 volumes in 1863. A complete catalogue of the collection, which was mainly botanical, was printed in the Proceedings. The following titles may give some idea of the extent and richness of this bequest: Kaspar Bauhin, Theatri botanici, sive index in Theophrasti Dioscoridis, Plinii et botanicorum qui a secula scripserunt, Basel, 1671; Thomas Bewick, A History of British Birds, 2 vols., Newcastle, 1797; C. L. Bonaparte, American Ornithology, 4 vols., Philadelphia, 1825-33; L. A. G. Bosc, Histoire naturelle des crustacés, 2 vols., Paris, 1830; William Curtis, Flora http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 13 of 17 londinensis, 2 vols., London, 1777-98, bearing the following manuscript note on the flyleaf: "This copy was coloured by the author with his own hand expressly for the Marchioness of Bath"; Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, 60 vols. of text and 11 of plates, Strassburg and Paris, 1816-30; Nehemiah Grew, The Anatomy of Plants, London, 1682; J.E Holbrook, North American Herpetology, 5 vols., Philadelphia, 1842; J. D. Hooker, The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya, London, 1848-51; A. de Humboldt & A. Bonpland, Nova genera et species plantarum, 7 vols., Paris, 1815-25; C. Linnaeus, Hortus cliffortianus, Amsterdam, 1737; Charles Plumier, Plantaru americanarum, Amsterdam, 1755; P. J. Redouté, Les Liliacées, 8 vols., Paris, 1802-16; John Sibthorp, Flora graeca, 10 vols., London, 1806-40; and W. Yarrell, History of British Fishes, 2 vols., London, 1836. Charles K. Dillaway, who had been librarian since 1833, resigned in 1864 and was succeeded by Samuel H. Scudder. Under the latter's direction the exchange list was greatly expanded and many back files of serials and periodicals were obtained from other institutions. In 1865 Scudder reported that 237 pieces had bee added to the library through exchange; by 1870 the number would rise to 1,709. Exchanges gradually became the most important source of library accessions. 1865 was a year of hope. With the end of the war, men could turn with renewed energy to the problems of science and learning. In the library, duplicates were weeded out and sold or exchanged for books or parts of sets, and much valuable material was thus secured. This year also saw the receipt of an endowment of $5,000 in memory of Huntington Frothingham Wolcott, killed in the fighting at the age of nineteen. The gift was made by the young man's father, who later added $4,000 to it. As it was agreed that a percentage of the income should be added to the principal each year, the library now had a small but growing endowment the income from which could be used for binding and for the purchase of books. The library hours were increased, the doors now being kept open from 10 to 1 o'clock and from 2 to 5; and a full-time library assistant was hired. According to the report of the librarian, the library needed catalogue trays with rods to hold the library catalogue; an "alcove catalog," or what we would call a shelf list, to make reading the shelves easier; money for binding; money for making a catalogue of the pamphlets and reprints; money for completing broken sets, especially of foreign serials; money for weather-stripping the windows to keep out drafts and dirt. The Society did what it could - gave money for binding over a thousand volumes, for hiring more help to make the "alcove catalogue", for fill-in in sets. Still the work piled up. At the time of the annual meeting in the summer of 1870, the library contained 9,396 bound or complete volumes and 2,677 pamphlets and reprints, many of them not yet catalogued. Part 3 - Volume VI Number 1 Two developments in the 1860's foreshadowed a change of emphasis in the work of the p://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 14 of 17 Boston Society of Natural History. The museum was now opened to the public free of charge two days a week; and the Society for the first time provided a course of lectures for the public school teachers of the Boston area. In 1870 a study was made to determine the best course for the society to follow during the coming years. After much discussion a new policy was adopted - it was decided to limit the library accessions to the field of natural history, and to build up in each department of the museum special collections of New England material. The lectures for teachers, and the special arrangements with the schools in the area whereby the students could use the museum and the library, also showed the growing interest in science education. It is true that the custodian, Mr. S. H. Scudder, could say in 1870: Our Society has thus a double office to fulfill, and neither part can be neglected without detriment to both. Let it open to the public a museum fitted for study and showing, by the nicest devices, the meaning of nature; let it set forth these truths in lectures, from which practically none shall be debarred; but at the same time give the more thorough students an opportunity to meet for mutual discussion, a library in which to consult the investigations of their fellow students in all parts of the world, and as prompt and satisfactory a channel for the publication of their own researches as any kindred institution affords. And in 1880, President Eliot of Harvard declared: This Society has two distinct objects - (I) the promotion of Natural History by stimulating and aiding advanced study and original research, and (2) the enlightenment of the common people concerning animate and inanimate nature. Nevertheless, the time was fast approaching when the Society could not afford to pursue both goals at once. For many years the emphasis had been upon research; now, especially since the founding of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, other institutions could take on that responsibility, and the Society could concentrate on the exhibition and study of the geology and flora and fauna of New England, with special attention to Massachusetts. The library continued to grow, mainly through donations and exchanges, and each year the report of the librarian listed approximately the same needs - space, staff, money for binding, money for filling in incomplete sets, money to purchase current publications. A gallery was added to the back room; small amounts of money were given by members and patrons to help in the binding program. Gifts continued to be received: a nearly complete set of the Novara expedition from the Austrian government; a large and valuable collection of books, chiefly botanical, from the Hon. G. B. Emerson, containing many rare volumes. Included in the latter were Johann Bauhin, Historia plantarum universalis, nova et absolutissima, 3 vols., Ebroduni, 1650-51; and Duhamel du Monceau, Traité des arbres et http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 15 of 17 arbustes, 7 vols., Paris, 1800-19. By 1800 the library had over 14,000 volumes and 6,000 reprints and pamphlets. Exchange materials, especially serial publications and periodicals, became more and more important. The only money regularly available for the purchase of books and for binding was the income from the trust fund, about $500 a year, "really pitiable, when we remember that a good library is the sine qua non of scientific progress and study." Gifts continued to be received - from S. H. Scudder, Prof. J. O. Westwood of England, Samuel Henshaw, Dr. C. S. Minot, and Professor Hyatt; from the estate of the late Dr. Samuel Cabot; conchological books from Mr. E. R. Mayo; one hundred and twenty volumes from the library of the late Robert C. Waterston. By 1900 the library had 25,629 bound volumes, 1,401 "incomplete" volumes, and 13,311 pamphlets and reprints. The trust fund had been augmented by a gift of $5,000; some money for binding had been given by members. The number of exchanges had increased by 435. By 1920 the library had almost doubled in size, with over 90,000 volumes, including pamphlets and reprints. Of the additions, over 1,300 items were received as a bequest from the estate of Alpheus Hyatt; 8,615 came from S. H. Scudder, seventy more from the estate of Mr. Waterston, thirty-one from Prof. A. S. Packard, over one hundred from the estate of Miss Cora H. Clarke. William Brewster bequeathed his library, consisting mainly of books on ornithology. Mr. Kidder gave generously for binding, and for new lighting fixtures and furniture - including the steel case in which the Audubon volumes were (and still are) kept. Among the many valuable books presented in the library during this period are the following: Nicolò Gualtieri, Index testarum conchyliorum, Florence, 1742. From the library of Amos Binney, purchased for the library by E. R. Mayo. Jacob Hübner, Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, Augsburg, 1806-24; and Beiträge zur Geschichte der Schmetterlinge, Augsburg, 1786-90. Two of many books by Hübner from the Scudder library. Howard Jones, Illustrations of the Newsts and Eggs of Birds of Ohio, Circleville, Ohio, 1886. According to Casey Wood, among the rarest as well as the most beautiful of bird books. Not more than ninety copies were printed; the subscription list includes thirty-nine names. From the library of the late William Brewster. Carl Ludwig Koch, Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachnida, Regensburg, 1835-44. Gift of Mr. C. S. Fellows. Pierre Lyonet, Traité anatomique de la chenille, The Hague, 1782. Gift of Mr. Scudder. http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 16 of 17 F. H. W. Martini and J. H. Chemnitz, Neues systematisches Conchylien- Cabinet, 12 vols., Nuremberg, 1769-1829. Purchased for the library of E. R. Mayo from the Amos Binney library. Eadweard Muybridge, Animal Locomotion, Philadelphia, 1887. Nearly 700 of the plates from this work, presented by Prof. W. P. Wilson of Philadelphia. Felipe Poey y Aloy, Centurie de lépidoptères de l'lle de Cuba, Paris, 1832. Gift of Mr. Scudder. Lovell Augustus Reeve, Conchologia systematica, 2 vols., London, 1841-42. Presented by E. R. Mayo. Philip Lutley Sclater, Argentine Ornithology, 2 vols., London, 1888-89. Between 1920 and 1930, when the Society celebrated its centennial, the library holdings increased to 52,110 volumes and 47,149 reprints and pamphlets. There were 650 exchanges - 200 domestic and 450 foreign. The amount of money available for books and binding was very small, but exchanges and gifts kept the quality of the library's holdings high. It was becoming more and more difficult, however, to keep pace with the bare necessities in binding and in purchasing needed books and journals. Also, the question of space was again becoming acute for the library, as it was for the museum. The library had not only grown in size; it had been opened to the general public. And by 1930 the staff and the library resources in the more current and popular works were both obviously inadequate to meet the demand. The centennial volume sounded a note of urgency: our immediate task is to escape from the congestion caused through lack of accommodation for our collections and for the students who seek information from them Our Society has inherited an important function of leadership in the educational field Members immediately set about making plans for the new building which they so desperately needed. In 1931 the Council announced that they required a minimum of $1,750,000 and so far had raised a little under $72,000. And still the expenses mounted. In 1935 the Society showed an operating deficit of over $20,000. All the time the museum was becoming increasingly important and the planning of the Council concentrated more and more on the collections, the popular education of the public in science, and work with the schools. In 1936 we find for the first time on the masthead of the Bulletin: "The New England Museum of Natural History, Operated by the Boston http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 Boston Society of Natural History Library Page 17 of 17 Society of Natural History." A few years more and the die was cast. The Society would divorce itself from its more erudite functions, discontinue its scholarly publications, and sell the research portion of its library. The main activity of the Society now centered in the New England Museum of Natural History, later to be called the Boston Museum of Science. In 1951 the Museum moved into its new building on the Charles River; and there, to the natural history exhibits were to be added others in the fields of physical science, industry, public health, anthropology, and ethnology. Meanwhile, the library had continued to grow, largely through its exchanges (which now numbered about 750); but also through gifts and purchases, which account for such unusual titles as Fabio Colonna, Opusculum der Purpura, Kiliae, 1675; C. W. J. Gatterer, Breviarum zoologiae, Pars I, mammalia, Göttingen, 1780; Nehemiah Grew, Musaeum regalis societats, London, 1681; Friedrich Martens, Viaggio di Spizerga o Gronlanda, Bologna, 1680; J. D. Schoepf, Historia testudinum, Erlangen, 1792; and Godofredus Sellius, Historia naturalis Teredinis, Utrecht, 1733. By 1944 holdings amounted to about 80,000 volumes and 100,000 reprints and pamphlets. There were almost incredible riches in old and rare books and in long runs of natural history periodicals and the publications of scientific societies. Well might the librarian of the Boston Society say in one of her reports that the library contained so many treasures that even the staff did not begin to know them all. Through the devotion of the members and their appreciation of the importance of a good library, through long years of patient work by the librarians in initiating and carrying through exchanges with other institutions, there was built up a library which, now transplanted to the west coast of the United States (specifically, to the Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography, USC), still brings exclamations of joy and astonishment; and which is known and valued, not only here, but wherever biological and geological research is carried on. back to top Last updated: December 9. 2004 I Send comments & questions to slac@usc.edu. © 2001 University of Southern California http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/arc/libraries/hancock/halmos/dhart.htm 12/22/2004 OF NATURAL / 30 80105 BULLETIN OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. NUMBER 1. APRIL, 1915. 9/22/15 GROUP OF COMMON TERNS SHOWING NESTING HABITS. Days 18. p BOSTON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. Digitized by Google Original from UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN American Society of Mammalogists Notes on the Mammals of Mount Desert Island, Maine Author(s): Richard H. Manville Source: Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Nov., 1942), pp. 391-398 Published by: American Society of Mammalogists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1375049 Accessed: 22-05-2017 14:49 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1375049?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Society of Mammalogists is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Mammalogy STOR This content downloaded from 137.49.1.13 on Mon, 22 May 2017 14:49:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MANVILLE-MAMMALS OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND 391 LITERATURE CITED ERRINGTON, PAUL L. 1937. Summer food habits of the badger in northwestern Iowa. Jour. Mamm., vol. 18, pp. 213-216. HOWELL, ARTHUR H. 1938. Revision of the North American ground squirrels. U.S Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, no. 56, pp. 1-256. SCOTT, THOS. G. 1937. Mammals of Iowa. Iowa State College Jour. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 43-97. Iowa Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Ames, Iowa. NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, MAINE By RICHARD H. MANVILLE Mount Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine, is situated in the Gulf of Maine about 20 miles northeast of Penobscot Bay. It is nearly circular in outline, with an area of approximately 100 square miles. The channel separating it from the mainland is SO narrow as hardly to constitute a barrier to mammal dispersal, especially as it frequently freezes over. A range of granitic mountains, the highest (Cadillac Mountain) rising to 1,532 feet, extends across the southern part of the island. Most of this mountainous part, with its many lakes, is included in Acadia National Park, and as such is a sanctuary for wildlife. The entire island has been subjected to glaciation and many barren, rocky summits persist; the soil, for the most part, is a brown, stony, glacial till. The rockbound coastline presents everywhere a rugged appearance. Climatic conditions at Bar Harbor, as compiled by Mindling (1930), are indicated by the following figures: mean annual precipitation, 47.89 in.; average annual snowfall, 74.9 in.; mean annual temperature, 44.2°F.; average maximum temperature, summer, 74°, winter, 32.5°; average minimum temperature, summer, 52.6°, winter, 15°; highest temperature on record, 96°; lowest temperature on record, - 21°; length of growing season, 149 days. Proximity to the Labrador Current, plentiful rainfall and frequent fogs, and a variety of environmental conditions make for a peculiar combination of northern and southern kinds of plants and animals. Moore (1921) mentions the island's former connection with the mainland, and the northward migration of many forms of life after the recession of the glaciers, as possible causes of the unusual flora and fauna. The forests are essentially northern in character, belonging to the spruce-fir and northern hardwood types. Spruces are dominant, the red spruce in the hinterland and the white spruce along the waterfront. Mingled with these, or in small pure stands, are balsam fir, white cedar, white and red pines, hemlock, and such hardwoods as white, grey, and yellow birchs, red and sugar maples, aspen, red oak, and beech. Pitch pine occurs in isolated pure stands, associated with huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi), and in some places Corema Conradii and Hudsonia ericoides. There are bogs with black spruce, Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), and leatherleaf (Chamae- This content downloaded from 137.49.1.13 on Mon, 22 May 2017 14:49:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms A MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IS NEEDED IN ACADIA NATIONAL PARK Nature-guide work began in Acadia National Park in June, 1932, with the temporary 3-month's appointment of a ranger-naturalist. That summer his headquarters were in the rear room of the Acadia National Park Information Office. Since the ranger-naturalist was too busy with a new and intensive summer program of guided field trips and lectures there was no time for collecting natural history speci- mens, but even so the room designated as his headquarters was inadequate. Secretarial work, writing and mimeographing the "Nature Notes" publication and programs, painting of posters and announce- ments, frequently receiving visitors to the National Park, - for all these and for other duties the place allotted was not a satisfactory one. The ranger-naturalist was recalled on May 1, 1933. The nature-guide work was placed on a permanent basis in Acadia National Park with the establishment of the new Junior Park Naturalist position in the summer of 1933. Aside from planning for and conduct- ing the intensive summer program the naturalist had time to make collections of the local flora, fauna, and geology and to interview prospective donors of desirable natural history specimens. The material accumulated, equipment to take care of it was added, and the need for a more satisfactory location to serve as an office, storage room, and work shop became acute. Late in November, 1933, through the influence exerted and the interest manifested by Supt. George B. Dorr, the park naturalist's 2 headquarters were moved to a larger room in the basement of the Jesup Memorial Library in Bar Harbor. Although less conveniently located, the room was far more comfortable. Nevertheless at the time of moving into the new quarters only about one-half the equipment and specimens could be housed in the new room. Since that time the number of specimens, books, periodicals, items of office furniture, and amount of equipment has increased to such an extent that space in four or five buildings is utilized for its housing. Two of the buildings in which material has been stored are not under the control of Acadia National Park while only one is fireproof. All these buildings are inadequate from various standpoints - location, temperatures, humidity, light, and others. The storage of very valuable specimens in such places would be quite out of the question. Some of the larger specimens now on hand include: 14 large mounted birds 5 mounted mammals 1 very large mounted fish 100 skulls of various mammals 300 jars of preserved mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and marine invertebrates 26 sets of antlers (deer and moose) 2 large mounted lobsters Boxes of geological, entomological, archeological, botanical, and other specimens Some of the larger items of equipment include: 4 relief models of Acadia National Park - each measuring ft. X 7 ft. 10 glass-faced exhibit stands 2 large specimen cabinets 1 desk 1 filing case 1 book case 3 1100 metal nature-trail signs 3 large flower-exhibit stands 1 large exhibit table 1 typewriter and table 1 mimeograph machine and table 130 flower pots and saucers 2 large framed Audubon prints - loaned by Mr. Dorr 500 books loaned by Mr. Dorr and Mr. Stupka Boxes containing museum bottles, traps, office supplies, bulletins, and miscellaneous equipment. Many items of equipment have been requested while museum specimens are constantly being added. Very valuable and extensive collections of natural history objects which have local significance might be acquired if the persons possessing them were to be assured that their donation would be given proper housing and proper care. Unlike some eastern states, Maine has not been exploited by institutions and individuals who seek collected and preserved natural history material for their own collections. Con- sequently much of great worth might be secured by a museum located in this National Park. A museum located here would be visited by many thousands of tourists each year. It would serve to instruct and orient the public who, after visiting it would go away with a far greater understanding of this seacoast National Park. The questions which are asked by the visiting multitudes time and again would be answered in a museum. Only a fraction of this multitude can ever be reached by the nature- guide staff. A museum would serve to invite and to provide room and equipment for biologists and geologists whose research would benefit the park 4 immeasurably. At present the park can derive no such benefit from capable and willing outside sources. A museum would centralize the various nature-guide services. Under the same roof where specimens would be on exhibit there would be the offices of the park naturalist and his staff, the laboratory, storage rooms, library, lecture hall, photographic dark room, etc. Here also various out-door exhibits such as tide pool display, wildflower exhibits, nature trail, etc. might be concentrated. Provided these people can find our present so-called museum, the visitors who have been to the museums in our western National Parks cannot help but be disappointed with the present museum situation in Acadia National Park. Whereas a national park museum should be so situated, constructed, equipped, and the exhibits so arranged as to impart the very essence of the wonderful area which it represents, the present nature-guide headquarters is entirely inadequate. Respectfully submitted, Arthur Stupka Park Naturalist January 16, 1935 I Notes by the Wild Gardens of Acadia on plants, native or hardy in this climate, that can be used in permanent planting to add to the beauty of the home or landscape in this region. Econitum Echinacea purpurea Oenothera Acorus Calamus Echinops Paeony Alyssum saxalile Epilobium Pentstemon Althea Rosea Eryngium Phloxes Anemone Ferns Platycodon Anthericun Fritillaria Polygonatum Aquilegias Funkias Papaver orientale Armeria Gentians Ranunculus Artemisa Helianthus Rock Gardens Aster Helenium Rudbeckia Baptisia Hesperis Saxifraga Caltha Palustris Heuchera Scilla Campanulas Hibiscus Sedum Conualaria Hebernaria fimbarata Crocus Irises Streptopus amplexifo- lius Cypripedium Lathyrus Spring Bulbs Chrysanthemum Lily Solidago Hemorocallis Taraxacum Clintonia Borealis Lobelia Thalictnum Thyme Delphinium Lupins Tradescantia Trillium Dianthus Lychnis Trollius Tulip Dicentras Lythrum Typha Viola Dictamnus Myosotis Verbascum Yucca Digitalis Narcissus Nymphaea odorata