Boston : Commonwealth Avenue. Architecture of 1 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay, Boston Page 1 of 3 BOSarchitecture North Side residences Neighborhoods Streets Architects Multimedia Advanced Find Glossary Home / Back Bay / Commonwealth Avenue / 1 Gougle 1 Commonwealth Avenue 1 Commonwealth bosarchitecture.com Avenue was built ca. Web 1861 as the home Search of Samuel Gray S6 Ward and his wife, Anna Hazard (Barker) Ward. In 1860, they had lived at 20 Louisburg Square on Beacon Hill. He was a merchant and banker, and was the US agent for Baring Brothers Bank of London. They continued to live at 1 Commonwealth in 1865. Radich By 1870, it was the home of Mrs. Nicolas Reggio. In 1865, Mr. and Mrs. Reggio had lived at 57 Summer Street; ave. he was a merchant 3 and vice-consul of Italy. Pamelia J. Reggio, probably Mrs. Reggio, is shown as the owner on the 1874 Hopkins map. She continued to live there in 1875, joined by Andrew C. Reggio. http://www.bosarchitecture.com/backbay/commonwealth/1.html 9/17/2012 Previous (/search/commonwealth:nv935j503) I 5 of 518 I Next (/search/commonwealth:nv935j546) Back to Search /search?page=1&per_page=20&q=Commonwealth+avenue&search_field=all_fields&utf8=%E2%9%93 Start Over (/search) Boston Public Library (/institutions/commonwealth:sf268508b) Boston Pictorial Archive (/collections/commonwealth:37720k33n Commonwealth Avenue. South side Item Information Title: Commonwealth Avenue. South side Photographer: Smith, Frederick M., active 1870-1879 Name on Item: F.M. Smith Date: [ca. 1870-1879] Format: Photographs (/search?f%5Bgenre_basic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Photographs Genre: Albumen prints (Isearch?f%5Bgenre_specific_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Albumen+prints Location: Boston Public Library (/search?f%5Bphysical_location_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+Public+Library Print Department Collection (local): Boston Pictorial Archive(/search?f%5Brelated_item_host_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+Pictorial+Archive Boston through the photographic camera. Commonwealth Avenue and its residences (/search? f%5Brelated_item_host_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+through+the+photographic+camera.+Commonwealth+Avenue+and+its+residences) Series: Residences & Street Views (/search? Street & Commonwealth Avenue (/search? 9/21/2015 Commonwealth Avenue. South side - Digital Commonwealth Places: Massachusetts /search?f%5Bsubject_geographic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Massachusetts) > Suffolk (county) (/search? %5Bsubject_geographic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Suffolk+%28county%29)> Boston (/search?f%5Bsubject_geographic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston) : > Commonwealth Avenue Mall(/search?f%5Bsubject_geographic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Commonwealth+Avenue+Mall) (park) Notes (acquisition): Given by Winthrop Hammond Notes: Title from item, from additional material accompanying item, or from information provided by the Boston Public Library. Date supplied by catalotger based on dates photographer was active. From: Boston through the photographic camera. Commonwealth Avenue and its residences / Photographed and published by F. M. Smith Extent: 1 photographic print : albumen ; 6 x 8 in. Accession #: 08_02_003604 Call #: 4450.138 Permalink: http://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/nv935j56r (http://ark.digitalcommonwealth.org/ark:/50959/nv935j56r) Terms of Use: Rights status not evaluated. This work is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND). (cc) BY-NC-ND http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) View MODS XML (/search/commonwealth:nv935j56r/metadata_view More Like This (/search/commonwealth:nv935j546) (/search/commonwealth:nv935j503) (/search/commonwealth:nv935j52n) (/search/commonwealth:nv935j482) Find More Like This >> (/search?mlt_id=commonwealth%3Anv935j56r&qt=mlt Tools Add to Folder Email /search/email?id=commonwealth%3Anv935j56r) Cite /search/citation?id=commonwealth%3Anv935j56r 2 locations mapped n https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:nv935j56r 2/3 Commonwealth Avenue. South side - Digital Commonwealth Previous (/search/commonwealth:nv935j56r) 6 of 518 I Next (/search/commonwealth:66830614f) Back to Search(/search?page=1&per_page=20&q=Commonwealth+avenue&search_field=all_fields&utf8=%E2%9C%93) Start Over (/search) Boston Public Library (/institutions/commonwealth:sf268508b) Boston Pictorial Archive (/collections/commonwealth:37720k33n) Commonwealth Avenue. South side PIN Item Information Title: Commonwealth Avenue. South side Photographer: Smith, Frederick M., active 1870-1879 Name on Item: F. M. Smith Date: [ca. 1870-1879] Format: Photographs (/search?f%5Bgenre_basic_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Photographs) Genre: Albumen prints (/search?f%5Bgenre_specific_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Albumen+prirt Location: Boston Public Library (/search?f%5Bphysical_location_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+Public+Library Print Department Collection (local): Boston Pictorial Archive(/search?f%5Brelated_item_host_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+Pictorial+Archive) Boston through the photographic camera. Commonwealth Avenue and its residences (/search? %5Brelated_item_host_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+through+the+photographic+camera.+Commonwealth+Avenue+and+its+residences) Series: Residences & Street Views (/search? f%5Brelated_item_host_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Boston+Pictorial+Archive&f%5Brelated_item_series_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Residences+%26+Street+Views) > Beacon Street & Commonwealth Avenue (/search? f%5Brelated_item_series_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Residences+%26+Street+Views&f%5Brelated_item_subseries_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Beacon+Street+%26+Commonwealth+Avenue) Subjects: Residential streets (/search?f%5Bsubject_facet_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Residential+streets Pedestrian malls (/search?f%5Bsubject_facet_ssim%5D%5B%5D=Pedestrian+malls https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:nv935j546 1/3 1910 MASS., SUFFOCK, BOSION WARD" DiST. 1422 Bluki DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SUPERVISOR'S DISTRICT No. 119 sufferk THIRTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1910 POPULATION ENUMERATION DISTRICT No 1422 NAME OF INCORPORATED PLACE WARD OF CITY Hand 11, Pre ENUMERATED PERSONAL DESCRIPTION samm. I Ruth the Cherry littlet Rith 2 DORR., GEORGE B. 56 MA MA MA our INCOME tmm, 33 SERV,IR IR IR PRIV Family DONOVAN, ELLENH, 1893 PARLOR MAID KELLY, MARY A. 30 1890 COOK O BRIEN, MARY 50 1895 HOUSEKEEPER 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth Back Bay Houses Back Bay Houses Genealogies of Back Bay Houses 18 Commonwealth 18 Common- wealth is loc- ated on the south side of Commonwealth, between Arling- ton and Berke- ley, with 16 Commonwealth to the east Lot 19" x 124.5 (2,366 sf) and 20 Com- monwealth to the west. 18 Commonwealth was built ca. 1864 for Lydia 18 Commonwealth (2016) (Gray) Ward, the widow of Thomas Wren Ward, as the home of her son-in-law and daughter, mer- chant Charles Hazen Dorr and Mary Gray (Ward) Dorr. They previously had lived in Ja- maica Plain. Lydia Ward lived next door, at 20 Commonwealth, and her son and daugh- ter-in-law, Samuel Gray Ward and Anna Hazard (Barker) Ward, lived at 1 Common- wealth. Charles Hazen Dorr's brother-in-law and sister, Henry Edwards and Martha Ann (Dorr) Edwards, lived at 34 Commonwealth. https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 1/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses Lydia Ward purchased the land on which 18 Commonwealth was built on June 19, 1863, from Charles Woodbury. He had purchased the lot the same day from real estate dealers Henry Whitwell and Samuel Horatio Whitwell. The lot originally had a frontage of 20 feet and, before selling it to Lydia Ward, Charles Woodbury subtracted a one foot strip on the eastern side to add to other land he already owned, where he then built 16 Commonwealth as his home. The lot was part of a larger parcel of land Henry Whitwell had purchased from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on May 2, 1860. Click here for an index to the deeds for 18 Commonwealth, and click here for further information about the land between the south side of Commonwealth and Alley 437, from Arlington to Berkeley. From photographs taken before it was drastically remodeled, it appears that 18 Com- monwealth was designed to provide a transition between 16 Commonwealth, built about the same time, and the earlier buildings at 20-36 Commonwealth. The entrance of 18 Commonwealth was identical to those of 20-36 Commonwealth, as was the fen- estration. However, the building surface appears to have been brownstone, like 16 Commonwealth, rather than brick, like 20-36 Commonwealth. The dormer window in the mansard is of a different style from either of its neighbors. Lydia Ward died in October of 1874. In her will, she left 18 and 20 Commonwealth to her three children: Samuel Gray Ward, George Cabot Ward, and Mary (Ward) Dorr. On November 27, 1874, Samuel and George Ward transferred their interests in the prop- erty to Mary Dorr, and on November 28, 1874, she transferred her interest in 20 Com- monwealth to her two brothers. In 1878-1880, the Dorrs built a home, Old Farm, in Bar Harbor. The Dorrs continued to live at 18 Commonwealth during the 1881-1882 winter season, but lived elsewhere for the next few years. By the 1882-1883 winter season, 18 Commonwealth Charles Bean Parkinson and his wife, Sarah Evalina (Brinckerhoff) Parkinson. They continued to live there during the https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 2/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth Back Bay Houses 1883-1884 season, but moved to 74 Mt. Vernon soon thereafter. During the 1884-1885 winter season, it was the home of Walter Potter, a banker and dealer in PER commercial paper, and his wife, Helen (Fogg) Potter. They previously had lived at 36 Com- monwealth. They had moved to the Hotel Vendome by 1886. The Dorrs were once again living at 18 Common- wealth by the 1885-1886 winter season, and continued to live there in 1891. During the 1891-1892 winter season, they were 16-18 Commonwealth (ca. 1870), pho- traveling in Europe and Egypt, and 18 Common- tograph by Frederick M. Smith, II; cour- wealth was the home of merchandise broker tesy of the Print Department, Boston Public Library Nathaniel Perez Hamlen, a widower. He previ- ously had lived in Brookline. He continued to live at 18 Commonwealth during the 1892-1893 season, but had moved to 108 Beacon by 1894. Charles Dorr died in January of 1893. Mary Dorr continued to live at 18 Commonwealth with their unmarried son, George Buckman Dorr. They also continued to maintain their home in Bar Harbor. On February 7, 1895, Mary Dorr transferred the property to herself for the remainder of her life, and then to her son, George. Mary Dorr died in October of 1901. George Dorr continued to live at 18 Commonwealth. https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 3/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses George Dorr was founder of the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations in Maine, which facilitated formation of Acadia Na- FH tional Park. He continued to live at 18 Commonwealth dur- ing the 1915-1916 winter season, but moved thereafter. The house was not listed in the 1917 and 1918 Blue Books. On June 18, 1918, 18 Commonwealth was ac- quired from George Dorr by real estate dealer William J. Stober. 16-18 Commonwealth (ca. 1942), pho- On August 18, 1918, it was acquired from Wil- tograph by Bainbridge Bunting, cour- liam Stober by Carrie Homer (Clark) Winslow, tesy of The Gleason Partnership the wife of Herbert Freeman Winslow, a real es- tate dealer specializing in commercial buildings in Boston. They previously had lived in Beverly. They also maintained a home in Chatham and later in Harwich. In June of 1918, in anticipation of finalizing the purchase of 18 Commonwealth, Herbert Winslow filed for (and subsequently received) permission to remodel the interior of the house, including installing an elevator. Plans for the remodeling, including "before and after" floor plans, are included in the City of Boston Blueprints Collection in the Boston City Archives (reference BIN M-7). In May of 1920, he filed for (and subsequently re- ceived) permission to add a new oriel window on the third floor, above the original oriel window on the second floor. In both cases, the remodeling was designed by ar- chitect Henry Bailey Alden. He also was Herbert Winslow's architect for several new commercial buildings, including three new buildings in the Back Bay built in 1912: the Wesleyan Building at 579-583 Boylston, the Keen Building at 661 Boylston, and 69 New- bury. And in 1921, he designed designed a new storefront at 97 Newbury for Herbert Winslow. https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 4/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses By the winter of 1923-1924, Henry Bailey Alden joined the Winslows at 18 Common- wealth. His primary residence was in Dedham. He continued to live with the Winslows during the winter seasons until about 1932. He was unmarried. While living with the Winslows, Henry Alden designed several more commercial build- ings in the Back Bay, including new front façades at 132 Newbury and 136 Newbury in 1927 and new buildings at 143 Newbury in 1927, 38-44 Newbury and 46-50 Newbury/237 Berkeley (owned by Herbert Winslow) in 1927-1928, and 137-141 New- bury and 143 Newbury in 1927-1929. Also during this period, he was associate architect with Parker, Thomas and Rice in designing the Union Building at 40-44 State Street in 1927 (owned by Herbert Winslow) and the United Shoe Machinery Corporation Building at 138-164 Federal Street in 1928, and was chief architect of the Herald-Traveler Build- ing at 80 Mason in 1930-1931. The Winslows continued to live at 18 Commonwealth until about 1934, but thereafter made Chatham their principal residence. 18 Commonwealth was not lis- ted in the 1930-1937 Blue Books, and was shown as va- cant in the 1935-1942 City Dir- ectories. 18-36 Commonwealth (ca. 1942), photograph by Bain- bridge Bunting, courtesy of The Gleason Partnership By 1941, Herbert and Carrie Winslow lived in an apartment at the Hotel Fensgate at 534 Beacon. He died there in May of 1941, and on May 15, 1942, Carrie Winslow sold 18 Commonwealth to real es- tate dealer Ray C. Johnson. On August 12, 1942, 18 Commonwealth was purchased from Ray C. Johnson by Sarah (Adelson) Levitan, the widow of wholesale jeweler Hyman Levitan (who had died in May https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 5/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses of 1942). She lived at 10 Paxton in Dorchester. That same month, she applied for (and subsequently received) permission to convert 18 Commonwealth from a single-family dwelling into a lodging house. On August 21, 1942, Sarah Levitan transferred 18 Commonwealth to her son, Saul Bernhardt Levitan, also a jeweler. He lived with his parents in Dorchester. The transfer, while dated in 1942, was not recorded until August 2, 1945, and Sarah Levitan re- mained the assessed owner through 1945. By 1943, 18 Commonwealth was the home of Mrs. Doris Stowe (Wilder) Spear, the former wife of Bennett Palmer Spear. She operated it as a lodging house. She previ- ously had lived at 83 Marlborough, where she also had operated a lodging house (and continued to do so after moving to 18 Commonwealth). In April of 1943, Saul Levitan married Doris Spear. After their marriage, they lived in Newton. She continued to operate the lodging houses at 18 Commonwealth and 83 Marlborough under the name Doris S. Spear. In December of 1946, Saul Levitan filed for (and subsequently received) permission to add an owner's apartment on the fourth and fifth floors, including enlarging the windows on both floors. It appears likely that it was at this time that the front façade was remodeled to remove the front oriel and otherwise "modernize" the building. The remodeling was designed by architect Carroll H. Tiffany. After the remodeling was completed, Saul and Doris Levitan may have moved to the newly-created owner's apartment. 16-18 Commonwealth (2016) https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 6/8 8/10/2021 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses On September 3, 1948, Saul Levitan transferred 18 Commonwealth to Charlotte D. Seifer, a lawyer, and on November 28, 1949, she transferred it back to him. Saul and Doris Levitan separated at about this time, and it appears likely that the transfer was in connection with their divorce. By 1949, Doris Spear Levitan was living at 183 Beacon, and by 1951, Saul Levitan was living at 197 Marlborough. In 1952, he married again, to Mrs. Eleanore Helen (Hirsch) Mitnick, the former wife of Louis Mitnick. In March of 1952, Saul Levitan filed for (and subsequently received) permission to con- vert 18 Commonwealth into eleven apartments. Saul Levitan died in October of 1953. 18 Commonwealth continued to be held by his estate until June 20, 1957, when it was acquired by Phil David Fine. 18 Commonwealth subsequently changed hands and on April 11, 1969, was purchased by real estate dealer George P. Demeter and Nelson J. Sarris, as trustees of the 18 Com- monwealth Avenue Realty Trust. On August 4, 2001, the trust transferred the property to the Commonwealth Realty Associates Limited Partnership, formed by George P. De- meter and Nelson J. Sarris. 18 Commonwealth remained an apartment building in 2020. 18-28 Commonwealth (2013) 16-24 Commonwealth (2013) 16-20 Commonwealth (2013) https://backbayhouses.org/18-commonwealth/ 7/8 Architecture of 18 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay, Boston Page 1 of 3 BOSarchitecture Neighborhoods Streets Architects Multimedia Advanced Find Glossary Google Home / Back Bay / Commonwealth Avenue / 18 18 Commonwealth Avenue bosarchitecture.com 18 Commonwealth Web Avenue was built ca. 1864 for merchant Search and banker Samuel Gray Ward. Several years earlier, in about 1861, he had built 20 Commonwealth next door, which became the home of his mother, Mrs. Lydia (Gray) Ward, the widow of Thomas Wren Ward. Samuel Ward is shown as the owner of 18 and 20 Commonwealth on the 1874 Bromley map; he and his wife lived at 1 Commonwealth. From photographs taken ca. 1941, before it was drastically remodeled, it appears that 18 Commonwealth was designed to provide a transition between 16 Commonwealth, built about the same time, and the earlier buildings at 20-36 Commonwealth. The entrance of 18 Commonwealth was identical to those of 20-36 Commonwealth, as was the http://www.bosarchitecture.com/backbay/commonwealth/18.html 11/29/2011 Architecture of 18 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay, Boston Page 2 of 3 fenestration. 18 Commonwealth Avenue However, instead of CURIOUS a single-story oriel window (as appear on 20-36 Commonwealth), it had a two-story oriel (providing a transition to the full bay window at 16 Commonwealth), and the building surface ABOUT appears to have been brownstone (like 16 Commonwealth) rather than brick. The dormer window in the mansard is of a different style from either of its neighbors. REVERSE By 1865, 18 Commonwealth was the home of Samuel Ward's brother-in-law and sister, merchant Charles Hazen Dorr and Mary Gray (Ward) Dorr. Charles Hazen MORTGAGES? Dorr's brother-in-law and sister, Henry Edwards and Martha Ann (Dorr) Edwards, lived at 34 Commonwealth. The Dorrs acquired 18 Commonwealth from Samuel Ward, and Mary G. Dorr is shown as the owner on the 1883 and 1888 Bromley maps. The Dorrs continued to live there in 1882, but appear to have lived elsewhere for the next few years. By 1884, it was the home of Charles B. Parkinson, and by 1885, it was the home of Walter Potter, a dealer in commercial paper (he had lived at 36 Commonwealth in Calculate how 1884). much you The Dorrs were once again living at 18 Commonwealth in 1888, but by 1892, they may be were living elsewhere and 18 Commonwealth was the home of merchandise broker Nathaniel Perez Hamlen. He moved to 108 Beacon Street by 1894. eligible for: Charles Dorr died in 1893. Mary Dorr continued to live at 18 Commonwealth until her death in October of 1901. She also maintained a summer home in Bar Harbor HOME VALUE: $225.000 After Mary Dorr's death, 18 Commonwealth became the home of her son, George MORTGAGES: $45,000 Buckman Dorr. He is shown as the owner on the 1908 Bromley map. AGE: 62 George Dorr was founder the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations in Maine, which facilitated formation of Acadia National Park. Calculate He continued to live at 18 Commonwealth in 1915 and to be shown as the owner on the 1917 Bromley map (the house was not listed in the 1917 Blue Book). Reverse MortgageGuides.org By 1918, it was the home of real estate and insurance broker Herbert Freeman Winslow and his wife, Carrie Homer (Clark) Winslow. Carrie Winslow is shown as the owner on the 1928 Bromley map. The Winslows also maintained a summer home in Chatham. The house was not listed in the 1930-1937 Blue Books. However, Carrie Winslow continued to be shown as the owner on the 1938 Bromley map. By 1942, 18 Commonwealth was owned by Saul and Sarah Levitan, who converted it from a single-family dwelling into a lodging house. In December of 1946, Saul B. Levitan added an owner's apartment on the fourth and fifth floors, including enlarging the windows on both floors. It appears likely that it was at this time that the front facade was remodeled to remove the front oriel and otherwise "modernize" the building (the remodeling was definitely done sometime after 1941). In March of 1952, Saul Levitan converted the building into eleven apartments. The building subsequently changed hands several times, but remained an apartment building as of 2007. http://www.bosarchitecture.com/backbay/commonwealth/18.html 11/29/2011 8/31/2017 Index to Deeds: 18 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses Back Bay Houses Genealogies of Back Bay Houses Index to Deeds: 18 Commonwealth The following is an index to property transfer deeds recorded at the Suffolk County Deed Registry from the original land purchase through December 31, 2010. Mortgages, trust agreements, and other similar recorded documents are not included. This index is intended as a guide only; actual deeds should be reviewed for details. Transfers of Land and Buildings Date of Deed Grantor Grantee Book Page 04Aug2001 Panos Demeter and James E. Sarris, Commonwealth Realty Associates LP (George 27231 127 Trustees, 18 Commonwealth Avenue Demeter snd Nelson J. Sarris, partners) Realty Trust 11Apr1969 Mary F. Page and Mildred C. Murphy George P. Demeter and Nelson J. Sarris, 8275 649 trustees, 18 Commonwealth Avenue Realty Trust 31Jul1962 Rosslyn Vallentine Mary F. Page and Mildred C. Murphy 7668 59 28Aug1961 Phil David Fine, trustee, 18 Rosslyn Vallentine 7584 471 Commonwealth Avenue Trust 20Jun1957 Mary L. Blackstone and Irene R. Golden, Phil David Fine, trustee, 18 Commonwealth 7243 108 trustees under the will of Saul B. Levitan Avenue Trust 29Oct1954 Irene R. Golden, Eleanore H. Levitan, Mary L. Blackstone and Irene R. Golden, 7035 205 and Mary L. Blackstone, executrices trustees under the will of Saul B. Levitan under the will of Saul B. Levitan 28Nov1949 Charlotte D. Seifer Saul B. Levitan 6565 132 03Sep1948 Saul B. Levitan Charlotte D. Seifer 6159 157 21Aug1942 Sarah Levitan Saul B. Levitan 6168 631 12Aug1942 Ray C. Johnson Sarah Levitan 6003 61 15May1942 Carrie H. Winslow Ray C. Johnson 5984 276 21Aug1918 William J. Stober Carrie H. Winslow, wife of Herbert F. Winslow 4140 110 18Jun1918 George B. Dorr William J. Stober 4090 352 07Feb1895 Augustus W. Stearns Mary G. Dorr, for her life and George B. Dorr, 2255 574 remainder after her death 07Feb1895 Mary G. Dorr, widow of Charles Dorr Augustus W. Stearns 2255 573 27Nov1874 Samuel Gray Ward and George Cabot Mary G. Dorr, wife of Charles H., holder of one- 1246 156 Ward (two-thirds interest under will of third interest under will of Lydia Ward Lydia Ward) Date of Deed Grantor Grantee Book Page 19Jun1863 Charles Woodbury Lydia Ward 830 18 23jun1862 Henry Whitwell, trustee Charles Woodbury 813 205 02May1860 Henry Whitwell Henry Whitwell, trustee, for the benefit of 777 130 Henry Whitwell and S. Horatio Whitwell 02May1860 Commonwealth of Massachusetts Henry Whitwell 777 129 https://backbayhouses.org/index-to-deeds-18-commonwealth/ 2/2 Date of Deed Grantor Grantee Book Page Lydia Ward 830 18 19Jun1863 Charles Woodbury 23jun1862 Henry Whitwell, trustee Charles Woodbury 813 205 Henry Whitwell, trustee, for the benefit of 777 130 02May1860 Henry Whitwell Henry Whitwell and S. Horatio Whitwell 02May1860 Commonwealth of Massachusetts Henry Whitwell 777 129 2/2 https://backbayhouses.org/index-to-deeds-18-commonwealth/ 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses Back Bay Houses Genealogies of Back Bay Houses 20 Commonwealth 20 Commonwea Ith is located on the south side of MULTILLE Commonwealth, between Arling- ton and Berke- ley, with 18 Commonwealth to the east and 22 Com- Lot 19' x 124.5' (2,366 sf) monwealth to the west. 20 Commonwealth was designed by Gridley J. F. 20 Commonwealth (2016) Bryant and Arthur D. Gilman, architects, and built in 1860-1861, one of nine contiguous houses (20- 22-24-26-28-30-32-34-36 Commonwealth). In his Houses of Boston's Back Bay, Bain- bridge Bunting calls the group "one of the most imposing compositions in the whole district." Bunting's comment echoed the views of the Boston Evening Transcript in its July 14, 1860, article announcing plans for the nine houses: https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth/ 1/7 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses "A large and elegant block of first class houses will shortly be seen rising in the very center of the filled area, being on the south or left hand side of the broad central av- enue, and about half way from Arlington to Berkley [sic] street. Nine of these houses will be similar in height, arrangement, material and external finish - a fact which we re- cord with some wonder - as we had never before believed that nine persons could be found in Boston, who had not some crotchets of their own which they would be sure to prefer to the general uniformity of the streets, or the general welfare and appearance of the city. In this case, the block will form a very marked and striking ornament to the wide avenue on which it is to be placed. We learn that the contracts for these houses have been concluded, and that the works will be commenced next week, Messrs. G.J.F. Bryant and Arthur Gilman, Architects." 20-26 Commonwealth and 34 Commonwealth were built on 19 foot wide lots, with en- trances centered on the façade and no windows on the first floor (later, windows were added on both sides of the entrances at 22-26 and 34 Commonwealth). 28 Common- wealth was built on a 22 foot wide lot with the entrance on the east and a window on the west. 30-32 Commonwealth were each built on 19.5 foot lots as a symmetrical pair, with a window on the east at 30 Commonwealth and on the west at 32 Common- wealth. 36 Commonwealth was built on a 30 foot wide lot, but originally was identical to 32 Commonwealth, with the western portion of the lot left open. In about 1890, the entrance was converted into a window and a two-story addition was constructed on the west side of the house, with a street level entry. Small windows were later added on both sides of the window that had replaced the original entrance. The land on which 20-36 Commonwealth were built was part of a larger tract of land owned by shipping merchant and US Congressman Samuel Hooper. He and his wife, Anne (Sturgis) Hooper, lived at 27 Commonwealth. On May 2, 1860, Samuel Hooper had purchased two lots on the south side of Common- wealth Avenue from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one with a frontage of 78 feet starting with the lot where 20 Commonwealth would be built and extending west, and the other with a frontage of 220 feet extending east from the corner of Common- wealth and Berkeley. On the same day, Nathan Bourne Gibbs, Jr., also a shipping mer- chant, purchased a lot with a 60 foot frontage between the two lots purchased by https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth 2/7 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth Back Bay Houses Samuel Hooper. On June 22, 1860, Samuel Hooper purchased Nathan Gibbs's parcel, so that he owned all of the land from 20 Com- monwealth to Berkeley Street. He sub- sequently subdivided the property and sold the lots to different owners, for whom houses were then built. Among the purchasers was Nathan Gibbs, who bought a lot with a 40 foot frontage where he and his wife, Elizabeth Swift (Burgess) Gibbs, built their home at 38 Commonwealth. Eight of the nine lots where 20-36 Common- wealth were built were sold by Samuel Hooper on July 1 or 2 in 1860 (the ninth lot, 20-24 Commonwealth (ca. 1870), photo- for 36 Commonwealth, also was sold at that graph by Frederick M. Smith, II; courtesy time but was not conveyed by deed until July of the Print Department, Boston Public of 1862). The buyers contracted with Charles Library Woodbury and Lemuel Miles Standish, ma- sons, and Jonas Fitch, carpenter and builder, to construct the houses to the designs of Gridley J. F. Bryant and Arthur Gilman. Based on the architectural drawings for 22 Commonwealth, cited by Bunting, and three building contracts filed with the Suffolk County deeds for 26, 28, and 34 Commonwealth, the contracts were executed on July 7, 1860, and specified a deadline for completion of the houses by August 1, 1861. Two of the lots were purchased by the builders as their homes, 30 Commonwealth by Jonas Fitch and his wife, Catherine (Blodgett) Fitch, and 32 Commonwealth by Lemuel Miles Standish and his wife, Olive L. (Nutter) Standish. Charles Woodbury and his wife, Relief (Ball) Woodbury, lived at 91 Pinckney, but then built a new home at 16 Commonwealth ca. 1864. Click here for an index to the deeds for 20 Commonwealth, and click here for further information about the land between the south side of Commonwealth and Alley 437, from Arlington to Berkeley. https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth/ 3/7 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses 20 Commonwealth was built for Mrs. Lydia (Gray) Ward, the widow of merchant and banker Thomas Wren Ward, who purchased the land from Samuel Hooper on July 1, 1860 She previously had lived at 3 Park. She also maintained a home in Canton Her son and daughter-in-law, banker Samuel Gray Ward and Anna Hazard (Barker) Ward, lived across the street at 1 Commonwealth. Three years later, she purchased the lot immediately to the east and had 18 Common- wealth built as the home of her son-in-law and daughter, merchant Charles Hazen Dorr and Mary Gray (Ward) Dorr. Lydia Ward died in October of 1874. In her will, she left 18 and 20 Commonwealth to her three children: Samuel Gray Ward, George Cabot Ward, and Mary (Ward) Dorr. On November 27, 1874, Samuel and George Ward transferred their interests in the prop- erty to Mary Dorr, and on November 28, 1874, she transferred her interest in 20 Com- monwealth to her two brothers. In early 1875, the Ward family offered 20 Commonwealth for sale. It appears not to have sold, and continued to be advertised in August of 1876. 20 Commonwealth was not listed in the 1876 and 1877 Blue Books. On July 21, 1877, the house was purchased from Samuel and George Ward by Charles Pelham Curtis, Ir. He and his wife, Caroline Gardiner (Cary) Curtis, made it their Boston home. They also maintained a home in Swampscott. Charles Curtis was an attorney and president of the Lowell Bleachery and Dye Works. By the 1888-1889 winter season, Charles and Caroline Curtis had been joined at 20 Commonwealth by their daughter, Mrs. Margaret Pelham (Curtis) Russell, the widow of Robert Shaw Russell, who had died in September of 1887. He had been treasurer of the Dexter Woolen Mills. https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth/ 4/7 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses Charles Curtis died in September of 1906. In his will, he left 20 Commonwealth to his wife during his lifetime and then to their two surviving children, Margaret Russell and Charles Pelham Curtis, III. Caroline Curtis and Margaret Russell continued to live at 20 Commonwealth and in Swampscott. Caroline Curtis died in May of 1917, and Margaret Russell continued to live at 20 Com- monwealth. On March 25, 1919, her brother, Charles, transferred his interest in the property to her. He and his wife, Ellen (Anderson) Curtis. Lived at 244 Beacon. In June of 1919, she applied for (and subsequently received) permission to build a bay window at the second floor in the rear. Margaret Russell continued to live at 20 Commonwealth until her death in January of 1924. In her will, she left 20 Commonwealth to her brother. On July 7, 1924, 20 Commonwealth was purchased from Charles P. Curtis, III, by Helena M. (Daly) Good, the wife of Dr. Frederick Leo Good. Frederick Good was a gynecolo- gist and obstetric surgeon, and professor at Tufts School of Medicine. He delivered all nine children of Joseph and Rose Kennedy, including future Pres- ident John F. Kennedy. The Goods lived at 1722 Beacon in Brookline and he maintained 18-36 Commonwealth (ca. 1942), photograph by Bain- his office at 20 Commonwealth. bridge Bunting, courtesy of The Gleason Partnership He also rented rooms to https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth/ 5/7 8/10/2021 20 Commonwealth I Back Bay Houses lodgers (even though the legal occupancy of the house continued to be as a single-fam- ily dwelling). In about 1938, Frederick and Helena Good made 20 Commonwealth their home. He also continued to maintain his medical offices there and to accept lodgers. In January of 1945, Dr. Good applied for (and subsequently received) permission to convert the house from a single-family dwelling into a two-family residence with doctor's office "so that the Doctor's son and wife can occupy present rear room." Frederick and Helena Good continued to live at 20 Commonwealth and also main- tained a home in Cohasset. 20 Commonwealth continued to be a multiple dwelling, with several other residents listed there in the City Directories. Frederick Good died in August of 1962. On November 23, 1965, Helena Good trans- ferred 20 Commonwealth to herself and her son, Frederick Leo Good, Jr., as trustees of the Helena M. Good Trust. She continued to live there until her death in December of 1966. The property continued to be a multiple dwelling after her death. On June 21, 1973, 20 Commonwealth was purchased from Frederick L. Good, Jr., by An- thony Summers, Eugene Summers, and Stephen Ross, trustees of the Twenty Com- monwealth Trust. On May 24, 1974, 20 Commonwealth was acquired from the Twenty Commonwealth Trust by Tim lan Mitchell and his wife, Sharon Dell Mitchell, both architects. In August of 1979, they filed for (and subsequently received) permission to convert the house into six apartments. 20 Commonwealth remained an apartment house, assessed as a four- to six-family dwelling, in 2015. https://backbayhouses.org/20-commonwealth/ 6/7 Architecture of 34 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay, Boston Page 1 of 3 BOSarchitecture Neighborhoods Streets Architects Multimedia Advanced Find Glossary Google Home / Back Bay / Commonwealth Avenue / 34 34 Commonwealth Avenue bosarchitecture.com 34 Commonwealth Web Avenue was designed by Search Gridley Bryant and Arthur Gilman, architects, and built ca. 1861, one of nine contiguous houses (20-22-24- 26-28-30-32-34-36 Commonwealth). In his Houses of Boston's Back Bay, Bainbridge Bunting calls the group "one of the most imposing 20-36 Commonwealth Avenue compositions in the whole district." 34 Commonwealth was built as the home of dry goods importer and merchant Henry Edwards and his wife, Martha Ann (Dorr) Edwards. Martha Ann Edwards's brothers, Francis Fiske Dorr and Charles Hazen Dorr, trustees, are shown as the owners on the 1874 Hopkins map (Charles Hazen Dorr lived at 18 Commonwealth). Martha Edwards died in May of 1882, and her estate is shown as the owner on the 1883 Bromley map. Henry Edwards continued to live at 34 Commonwealth, joined by his sister-in-law, Susan Elizabeth Dorr. He died in September of 1885. E.F. Slafter, Trustee, is shown as the owner of 34 Commonwealth on the 1888 map. Susan Dorr continued to live there until her death in December of 1889. By 1892, 34 Commonwealth was the home of Miss Anne Perkins Cary and her sister, Miss Ellen Cary. At about the same time, their widowed sister, Grace Morris (Cary) Kuhn, moved to 36 Commonwealth. In 1890, they had all lived at 64 Beacon Street (which had been the home of their parents, who had died in the 1880s) with their sister-in-law, Lena (Laight) Cary, the widow of William F. Cary, Jr. (who had died in 1880). http://www.bosarchitecture.com/backbay/commonwealth/34.html 11/29/2011 Architecture of 34 Commonwealth Avenue, Back Bay, Boston Page 2 of 3 Anne Cary died in January of 1898. Ellen Cary continued to live at 34 Commonwealth in 1899. The house was not listed in the 1900 Blue Book. By 1901, it was the medical office of Dr. Henry Hill Haskell, an ophthalmologist. In 1900, he had maintained his offices at 126 Commonwealth. By 1902, he and his wife, Marian (Munger) Haskell, had made 34 Commonwealth their home as well (they previously lived in Auburndale and may have retained that residence as well after they moved to 34 Commonwealth). Marian L. Haskell is shown as the owner of 34 Commonwealth on the 1908 Bromley map. Dr. and Mrs. Haskell continued to live at 34 Commonwealth in 1911. By 1913, it was the home of real estate investor and broker Mark Temple Dowling. In 1910, he and his wife, Isabelle May (Donaldson) Dowling, had lived at 126 Saint Mary's Street. They had divorced in October of 1911 and he probably moved to 34 Commonwealth thereafter. By 1915, he had remarried and moved to 2 Raleigh Street. By 1915, it was the home of William Bartlett Tyler and his wife, Carrie A. (Bates) Tyler. He was a musician and faculty member of the New England Conservatory of IT'S BETTER Music. They previously had lived in Berlin, where he had been an instructor at the Stern Conservatory. WHEN IT'S on us. The house was owned by Carrie Tyler's parents, wholesale grocer William Pratt Bates and Helen (Reed) Bates, who lived with them. He died in April of that year. Helen Bates continued to live with the Tylers in 1917, and is shown as the owner of 34 Commonwealth on the 1917 Bromley map, but was no longer listed there by the time of the 1920 US Census. William Tyler probably died in 1928 or 1929. Carrie Tyler continued to live at 34 Commonwealth in 1937, and probably later. She is shown as the owner on the 1928 and 1938 Bromley maps. By 1966, 34 Commonwealth was owned by Rocco E. Paoletta. In May of that year, he converted the house from single-family dwelling into ten apartments. The house subsequently changed hands several times, and in December of 1979 it was purchased by Pamela Larsen and Edward W. Sexton, Jr., trustees of the Larsen-Sexton Trust. In February of 1980, they converted it from ten apartments into six apartments. In May of 1984, they transferred the property to Edward Sexton, Jr., as an individual, and in June of 1984. he converted the apartments into four condominiums. 20-36 Commonwealth Avenue 20-36 Commonwealth Avenue http://www.bosarchitecture.com/backbay/commonwealth/34.html 11/29/2011 Source B. Burting Houses f Boston's forch Bey, 1967. Cambridge: Hanard University Press. COMMONWEALTH AVENUE, ARLINGTON TO BERKELEY STREETS SOUTH SIDE NORTH SIDE 2 1864 James Little (2) 1861 Samuel Ward I 1864 William Brown (2) 4 3 1861 B. S. Rotch (2) 6 1864 A. Abbe 5 1861 Abbott Lawrence (4) Parker, Thomas, Rice (William Weld) (6) 1912 Walter Baylies 8 1864 Erastus Bigelow (1) 7 1861 Samuel Johnson (6) IO 1864 Thomas Appleton (1) R. Greenleaf 9 1861 I2 1870 Samuel Gookin (O. Norcross) (8) 1871 Charles Kirby Charles Kirby 14 1937 14-unit apartment 40-unit apartment G. N. Jacobs 1868 N. J. Bradlee 1927 F. Bradlee II 16 1864 Charles Woodbury (2) (E. Abbott) (4) N. J. Bradlee 18 1864 Samuel Ward 13 1868 F. Bradlee (2) Parker, Thomas, Rice (C. Dorr) (6) 1907 Anna Nowell 1861 Samuel Ward Bryant, Gilman Snell, Gregerson 20 1867 William Pickman (2) 15 22 1861 Edward Motley (9) Bryant, Gilman 17 1866 William Gardiner (1) 1861 E. E. Snelling (2) Bryant, Gilman 24 19 1867 T. C. Amory (2) 26 1861 H. Saltonstahl (3) Bryant, Gilman 21 1868 J. A. Burnham (5) 28 1861 G. T. Bigelow (I) Bryant, Gilman 23 1868 Daniel Spooner (1) 30 1861 Jonas Fitch (2) Bryant, Gilman 1861 Samuel Hooper (1) 25 32 1861 Miles Standish (3) Bryant, Gilman 1861 Samuel Hooper 27 34 1861 M. A. Edwards (2) Bryant, Gilman (Thornton Lothrop) (9) 36 1861 Ezra Lincoln (1) Bryant, Gilman 38 1862 Nathan Gibbs (1) 40 1862 John Sharp (1) 42 1864 F. W. Sayles (1) 44 1864 R. E. Robbins (7) 46 1864 Samuel Gookin 48 1864 William Chadbourne 1. SGN burlt in 1861, 1 commonwealth. In 1865 moved June to N.Y.C. 2. 20 Commonweath built for hydeaward in 1860. In n 1863 she " " w Charlestlary Dorr Lydia deed had 18 In and Hary On 11/27/94 her sons transferred SGW 1 6CW. 1874, her will left "18t20 "to her three chi Iden: their SGW, GCW, in to to. she transfering "20"to to interest A Mary, "10" was sold by the 2 brothers Martha Ann C.P. Curtis, I 3. Charles In July Dorr's 1877 arother-in-law t sigter, Henry + Edwards lived at 34 commonwealth 4. "18" not occupied by Dorrs 1882-85 when to the they Near again East. became was res idents 1891 when they Harded later Mary through Charles died (1/29/93) Two years later Shortly therafter property to herself until her death six years seasonally transferred 10/21/1901. George inherited u "18" and lived there until 6/18/18 when so Id. GENERAL PLAN FOR ENLARGING & IMPROVING THE CITY OF BOSTON. New Town NO New Town Etc. oil Hantevard, + Boston Rail 10 be luid out, as liste & convenience, Ferry may dictate Street St. IIII 11 80 Q Beacon State st FU Long wh drenne ( will Dam Warehouse Docks E.c. KOO References A Fancuil Hall M B Equestrian Statum of Gen Washington C Triumphal Arch Restruct commemorative of eatering Hoston on T 17!!' March 1776 D State House F. Charlestown Town Hull F Custom House G Brattle St. Church K Roman Catholic Do L Putarian Do. Fustin whomes M Do Do N Odenn P Pageda Durky Q Quancy Market R Boylston Do Notes S Providence Depot Great Thoroughfures T Western Do Cross & Small Streets U Kastern Do Kuil Roads W lowell Do Do. Tunneted A V Transf fer Do. AB Washington Circus B X Centre Platform BA No Square This plan bring intended only for South Boston 1.2.3.4.5 & 6 Termini of Timels general illustration accuracy IS not attempted and must not the looked For 24 Frunklin St. Boston General Plan for Enlarging and Back Bey Boston The Cityara Nortz tited Improving the City of Boston. proposed by Robert F. Gourlay, 1844. Boston Huswin Ani filly 1969. 41 1 2 1. North side of Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, ca. 1870. View toward west. 2. South side of Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, ca. 1870. View toward west. 51 CHARLES RIVER n 1836 3 4 n 1861 2 5 n 1871 2. 1806 map of Boston superimposed in white on map of Boston in 1969. 6 3. The Back Bay in 1836. 4. Extent of fill in 1861. 5. Extent of fill in 1871. 6. Fill basically complete, 1888. 37 1888 3 4 3. North side of Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, ca. 1870. View toward east. 4. South side of Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, ca. 1870. View toward east. 52 The Trees of Commonwealth Avenue Boston By Charles Sprague Sargent Printed for the Author 1909 The Trees of Commonwealth Avenue To MESSRS. WALTER HUNNEWELL, F. G. WEBSTER, and WALTER C. BAYLIES: DEAR SIRS : - In compliance with your request I beg to submit the following statement in regard to the trees planted five years ago on Commonwealth Avenue between Dartmouth Street and Massachusetts Avenue. The plan of using only two rows of trees on Com- monwealth Avenue was first suggested, before trees had been planted on the Avenue west of Dartmouth Street, by Mr. F. L. Olmsted, the distinguished land- scape-gardener, to whom the City of Boston is in- debted for the comprehensiveness and beauty of its Park System, and by myself. In 1880, at the suggestion of the late Charles H. Dalton, at that time Chairman of the Board of Park Commissioners of Boston, Messrs. Olmsted and Sargent prepared a plan for planting Commonwealth Avenue. This plan proposed the removal of the four rows of trees then standing between Arlington and Dartmouth Streets and the planting in well prepared soil of two rows of trees from one end of the Avenue to the other. This plan was approved by Mr. Dalton and other residents on the Avenue but was not accepted by the City Government. The artistic and practical principles on which this plan was based are: First: In order that a dignified vista of tree trunks may be secured each tree should stand opposite a tree in another row, and that the distance between the trees should be practically the same. These are fundamental rules now almost universally adopted in formal planting of this character. Second: In order that uniformity in size, habit, color, and character of the bark and foliage, and in the time of foliation and defoliation of the trees may be obtained that only one variety should be used. The Committee recommended setting the trees ten feet from the street line rather than in the middle of the planting spaces that they might have as much space as possible in which to extend their branches before the growth of these was arrested by the branches of the [4] trees on the other side of the central walk, and not be- cause it was believed that trees ten feet from the street would, as has been suggested, appear more dignified or beautiful, or better suited to their surroundings than trees standing twenty feet from the curb. Commonwealth Avenue from Dartmouth Street to Massachusetts Avenue was planted in 1880 or 1881 by order of the Common Council with four rows of trees, the trees in the four rows standing opposite each other, SO that the transverse distance between the trees of the inner rows was only about twenty feet, the trees in the rows being about forty feet apart. Between Dartmouth and Exeter Streets only American Elms were planted, and between Exeter Street and Massachusetts Avenue a large variety of European Elms was used. There are several Elms popularly called English Elms in this country among these are the Hedgerow or Field Elm, now common in southern England, the Scotch Elm, the Dutch Elm, and the Smooth-leaved Elm, and of each of these, with the exception of the first, there are many seminal varieties and probable hybrids. These species and varieties are very different in habit, rate of growth, hardiness, and time of foliation, and many of them are unsuited for street-planting in this part of the country owing to their irregular habit and want of har- diness; and of the so-called English Elms only the Field Elm in the peculiar form common in southern England has proved to be a good street tree in Massachusetts. It is this tree which was largely planted in eastern Massachusetts toward the end of the eighteenth century through the agency of Major Paddock, who established a nursery of this Elm in Milton; and it is this tree which has grown to a larger size in Boston than any other planted tree. This particular variety of Elm does not produce seeds, and as it can only be propa- gated by suckers or by grafting, it is necessary to use grafted trees as Messrs. Olmsted and Sargent recom- mended in their report of 1880. Before the trees between Dartmouth Street and Mas- sachusetts Avenue had been planted for twenty years it became evident that this plantation could not be kept [5]] much longer in good condition. Between Dartmouth and Exeter Streets the American Elms of the inner rows, standing only twenty feet apart, were already dangerously crowded and were being destroyed by the more vigorous trees of the outer rows. Several of the foreign Elms west of Exeter Street had already died; others were unhealthy, and the unsatisfactory results which the mixing together in formal street-planting of different kinds of trees were becoming more and more evident every year. Two courses seemed open to the Park Commission, - to let things remain as they were and allow the trees, badly selected, planted too close together in in- sufficient soil, with little chance of surviving for an- other twenty-five years, to die; or gradually to remove enough trees to make room for a new plantation made with one sort of tree and in a manner to insure for these trees the longest possible life. If the Commission had adopted the first plan the appearance of the Avenue would have become less satisfactory as the trees gradually disappeared, and in a comparatively short time it would have been neces- sary to take down all the remaining trees, leaving the Avenue without any shade until new trees had grown. By adopting the second plan it was possible to replant the Avenue in a manner to secure healthy and long- lived trees, and at the same time to preserve for several years enough of the older trees to give the appearance of a planted avenue until the younger trees had at- tained sufficient size to produce this effect. For this reason I recommended the Commission to change gradually from the four-row plan into a two-row plan. From the plan prepared in 1880 by Messrs. Olmsted and Sargent the plan recommended by me to the Com- mission seven years ago differs only in one particular. Instead of setting the trees ten feet from the street, as recommended in 1880, the trees were planted in the mid- dle of the loam space, because it was possible in this way to preserve for some years a larger number of the trees in the outer rows than it would have been possible to save had the new trees been planted nearer the roadways. 6 ] There is no question that four rows of trees in Com- monwealth Avenue would produce a better effect than the two rows, and that by the four-row plan the central walk and the two roadways would be more quickly shaded than by the trees in two rows. It is probable, moreover, that eight rows of trees would produce a better effect than four rows, but, unfortunately, certain conditions are fixed in the Avenue. The planting space in Commonwealth Avenue is one hundred feet wide. The growth of the English Field Elm in this neighbor- hood shows that in a space one hundred feet wide it is not possible to keep in good condition more than two rows of these trees for a period long enough to enable them to reach a height and size commensurate with the width and dignity of the Avenue, and that the trees even in two rows must become cramped and injured by the trees opposite them long before they can attain half their size. Some idea of the probable growth of the young trees now planted on the Avenue can be formed by an examination of the row of Elm trees planted in 1876 by the Water Department of the City on Beacon Street near the Pumping Station of the Chestnut Hill Reser- voir. These are grafted trees of the same variety and character as those planted in 1904 on Commonwealth Avenue. They have received no especial care. The ground on which they stand has not been cultivated for many years and has not been enriched, and the trees have not been pruned for a long time. These trees cannot be considered to have made an unusual or remarkable growth; and they have not reached' more than a quarter of their full size. Many of these trees now have a spread of branches of forty-eight feet, and the smallest spread of branches of any of them does not appear to be less than forty-five feet. If the trees on Commonwealth Avenue grow no better than these Reservoir trees, they should, in 1934, extend their branches three feet over the central walk and over the roadways; and nine or ten years later the branches of the trees in the two rows should interlock over the central walk. At this time the trees would not be over [ ] ] one-third of their full size. Trees of this variety of Elm from fifty to sixty years old in the neighborhood of the City have a spread of branches varying from fifty to seventy feet. The criticism that the two rows of trees west of Dartmouth Street will not harmonize with the four- row plan east of Dartmouth Street does not need dis- cussion, for the four rows can hardly be said to exist. Many of the trees planted in the four rows have died; others had become so unhealthy and deformed that their removal has been necessary. Of the one hundred and eighty-two trees originally planted in 1860-62 between Arlington and Dartmouth Streets only eighty- five are now standing. Ninety-seven of these trees have gone, besides a number of other trees planted from time to time on this part of the Avenue to replace dead trees. Of the number of such replanted trees there is unfortunately no record. The condition and appearance of the trees in these plantations seems to offer sufficient arguments against an attempt to grow to maturity four rows of trees of the first size in a city planting space only one hundred feet wide and the use of more than one kind of tree in one city street, as is now proposed by the Park Commission. Their plan has in my opinion these objections: First : The trees alternate in the rows instead of standing opposite. Second : Each tree will stand only forty feet from its neighbor except at the end of the blocks where the space between two of the trees will be twenty feet. The plan, therefore, does not provide symmetry or sufficient space to permit the trees to grow for more than a few years. Third The trees in the outer rows, having the benefit of the light and space from the adjoining roadways, will grow more rapidly than the trees in the inner rows which will become crowded and deformed, and at the end of a few years the symmetry of the plantation will further be injured by the inevitably unequal size of the trees. Fourth : The plan is impracticable and cannot be successfully executed for it calls for the planting together of larger and smaller trees, a system which is never successful, as has been shown in Commonwealth Avenue between Arlington and Dartmouth Streets where from time to time unsuccessful efforts have been made to plant small trees to fill the vacancies caused by the death of older trees. A still better example of the results which follow the mixing of large and small trees together in street-planting is found in Berlin where Unter Den Linden young trees have been planted to take the place of older trees as these have given out. This plan has proved SO unsatisfactory that an entirely new planting has now been made. The planting space is about the same width as in Commonwealth Avenue; and two rows of trees have now been used to replace the four rows of the original plantation. Fifth: The plan provides for the use of several distinct varieties of trees different in habit, rate of growth, and hardiness. The use of more than one kind of tree in one city street has been given up in all modern systems of street-planting, because different kinds of trees mixed together do not produce the formal and symmetrical effect which is needed in street-planting, and which can be pro- duced only by the use of trees of one variety. The want of sym- metry resulting from the use of several kinds of trees in one street is well illustrated in Commonwealth Avenue between Arlington and Dartmouth Streets, which may be compared with the Beacon and Charles Street malls of the Common where the good effect produced by using continuously one kind of tree is well shown. Sixth The adoption of the plan as it calls for the moving of all the trees planted in the spring of 1904 means unnecessary delay in supplying the Avenue with shade. These trees have grown rapidly and they already have long and large roots. Their removal from their present positions will retard their growth for several years. Some of them will probably die from the operation, and it may be expected that they will never become as good trees as they would have if they had not been moved. Seventh : The adoption of this plan involves an unnecessary expenditure of money. In 1903-4, upon the recommendation of the Park Commission, the City spent ten thousand dollars in planting the two rows of trees on Commonwealth Avenue between Dartmouth Street and Massachusetts Avenue. The Commission now recommends a further expenditure of about twenty-four thousand dollars to undo its work of six years ago. This is something more than the waste of public money, for it destroys a good plan in the attempt to adopt another plan which it is im- possible, under existing conditions, to carry out. Yours very truly, C. S. SARGENT. BROOKLINE, MASS., June 15, 1909. Commonwellf_Amme Malt HISTORY SITE INVENTORY PLAN FOR THE FUTURE MARGARET POKORNY RADCLIFFE SEMINARS INDEPENDENT STUDY MAY 1992 PHYLLIS ANDERSEN, ADVISOR JOHN FURLONG, INSTRUCTOR the "interaction between urban form and activity and of the role of this interaction in the transmission of meaning."112 One of the ways of describing an area's activity is its symbolic significance. These would be areas that were defined as those which are important for their social, cultural and/or historical value."113 The Back Bay fits all of these criteria. It is clear that by a variety of different factors, the conclusions are the same. The neighborhood, with its visual opulence and spatial legibility, its historic and cultural importance, and its user friendly atmosphere, is as successful an example of urban planning today as it was in the vision of Arthur Gilman almost 130 years ago. As Mumford says, the Back Bay Plan not merely did justice to the original conception but incited many further civic improvements." 114 He comments also on Boston's living tradition in architecture and attributes the fact that it has character" partly because of its historic core, partly because of the bold destgn that made Commonwealth Avenue the most successful example of nineteenth-century urbanity in the whole country."115 Overall, Back Bay serves up the bricks and mortar, streets and parks to provide a powerful physical framework for structuring the urban image."116 Conzen goes on to say, "Almost inevitably, images of the metropolis are derived from its center, that small nexus of peak activity and densest environment that most plainly exhibits the city's depth of history and unique development of site."117 The historic importance, the present vitality, and the future of this district are replete with lessons. Given the acknowledge importance of the design of the Back Bay, it is curious that its designer, Arthur Gilman, has not received more acclaim. A recent book about important Boston architects, on the Boards,118 which contains a biography of Gilman, does not even list the design of Back Bay among his work. As recently as 1987, a study done by the Halvorson Company for the Mayor's Office of Capital Planning referred to the Commonwealth Avenue Mall as, a large mall designed by Frederick Law 112lbid., p.233. 113lbid., p. 238 114Mumford, p. 18 115Mumford, Lewis. "Not Yet Too Late", in The New Yorker, Vol. 34, December 7, 1963. p. 143. 116Conzen, Michael. Boston: A Geographical Portrait. (Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1976) p. 77. 117|bid. p. 77. 1180'Gorman, James F. On the Boards: Drawings by Nineteenth Century Boston Architects. (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989). 46 ORIGINAL DEED RESTRICTIONS AND ARCHITECTURAL STYLES As nas been previously described, the creation of Back Bay was an important civic improvement. Not only was 43 % of the new land allocated to streets and parks making it quite spacious, but this was further reinforced by the 1856 deed restrictions by which each individual purchaser of land had to abide. Most importantly, these controlled the set back and the minimum height. They also required the use of masonry as the building material. In the case of Commonwealth Avenue, building use was also controlled. By eliminating any possibility for commercial development these early restrictions played an important role in the story of the preservation of the street. They also set the parameters within which the architects would have to work. The building envelope was set, what remained would be the variations on the theme. The facades of Commonwealth Avenue constitute, "..an integral part of a larger streetscape. the eye sweeps along the relatively flat facades of the early blocks, taking in an entire Back Bay street at a glance."156 The animation of this facade was provided by the details of the individual buildings many of which had their origins in the French Ecole Des Beaux Arts. This new movement became known as the French Academic. 159 Gilman's interest in Second Empire architecture has been noted, but there were many of his contemporaries who also studied in Paris. The most notable of these were Henry Hobson Richardson, Robert Peabody, Richard M. Hunt, and William Preston. Many of these architects have buildings on Commonweatlh Avenue. The variety in the design of the Commonwealth Avenue facade is provided by the individual buildings which were put up by individual owners and their architects. Because the entire area was built up in a 30 year time span it provides a concentrated architectural textbook for the period. There are fourteen distinct styles present in the district with six predominate ones: Academic Brownstone, Academic Brick, Panel Brick, Gothic styles(Brownstone Gothic and Ruskin Gothic), Queen Anne and Richardson Romanesque. Other represented are: Greek Revival, Italianate, Chateauesque, Italian Renaissance, McKim Classical, Georgian Revival and Federal Revival. 160 158Bunting, Bainbridge. Houses of Boston's Back Bay, (Boston, Belknap Press, 1967), p. 70. 159Bunting, p. 74. 160lbid., p. 172. 59 3/25/2017 Sculpture & Memorials Friends of the Public Garden OUR PARKS HOME ABOUT US OUR PARKS Our Parks PROGRAMS & PROJECTSTree Care One of the most important roles played by the Friends is the care of the trees in the three parks. The stately and mature specimen trees in the Boston Common Public Garden and Commonwealth Avenue Mall-numbering over 1,700-are the "bones" of the parks. The trees define these magnificent green spaces, and contribute acsthetically as well as ecologically to the health and well-being of the city and its inhabitants. Tress planted a century or more ago need special care That's why it's critical to continue a regular program of (planting and maintenance to ensure the vitality of these landscapes for generations to come. Without the significant commitment of funds and expertise, the parks' trees would suffer irreparable harm from the effects of urban pollution. compaction and disease. For example, without our annual program of treatment to protect against Dutch Elm Disease, it is likely that none of our majestic elms would be in the parks today, Background The inability of the city to adequately fund tree care has been an ongoing pressing problem, Since our formation in 1970, each year has brought another crisis in basic tree care and protection. Despite advocacy for more city funding it's been largely NEWS & EVENTS Events & Activities SHOP HELP THE PARKS Why should join the Friends? Individuals, civic groups, foundations and corporations, and city and state governments must help to keep and maintain these valuable green spaces. These parks belong to you as a citizen of Boston and the world. Preserve this precious heritage Citizens are the basis for the Friends' success. Numbers count! We need you! The Friends get things done The Friends' overhead is low Standard Membership Join or contribute to the Friends of the Public Garden Donate Membership levels Member $25 Supporter $50 Contributor $100 Sponsor $500 Patron $1000 Benefactor $2500 In Memory of Donation Make a donation to the Friends of the Public Garden in memory of a loved one. Donate Donation levels Option A $25 Option B $50 Option C$100 Option D $500 Option $1000 Option F $2500 Young Friends Membership Join or contribute to the Young Friends. Donate Young Friends Member $25 Home Our Parks / Commonwealth Avenue Mall Sculpture & Memorials Sculpture & Memorials The original design for the Mall did not include public art, but today there are nine sculptures and memorials between Arlington Street and Charlesgate East, adding to the Mall's distinctive charm and character. All the works are oriented to the east, facing toward the Public Garden. Arlington-Berkeley. The first statue appeared in 1865 on the newly made land between Arlington and Berkeley Streets. The granite likeness of Alexander Hamilton (1757- 1804) was the gift of Thomas Lee, who also donated the Ether Monument in the Public Garden. Sculpted by physician William Rimmer, the work is not highly regarded for its artistic skill. Hamilton was a Revolutionary War soldier, a signer of the Constitution, and the first secretary of the treasury, serving under Washington. He was killed in a famous duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. His likeness can be seen on the ten-dollar bill. Berkeley-Clarendon The 1875 bronze and granite sculpture of John Glover (1732-1797) was the work of Martin Milmore, who also designed the Soldiers and Sailors Monument on the Boston Common. General Glover led the Marblehead, Massachusetts, regiment of fishermen who distinguished themselves throughout the Revolutionary War. It was Glover's regiment that saved Washington and his troops at the Battle of Long Island and, most famously, rowed Washington across the Delaware River through ice and snow. Clarendon-Dartmouth. This block features two works of art. The bronze and granite memorial for Patrick Andrew Collins (1844-1905) was created by Henry Kitson and Theo Alice Kitson in 1908 and moved from Charlesgate West, displaced by construction of the Bowker Overpass, to this block of the Mall in 1966. An Irish immigrant, Collins rose to become mayor of Boston, serving from 1902 until his sudden death in 1905. Collins was such a popular mayor that funds were raised for this memorial only six days after his death. His bronze portrait bust rests on a granite base that is flanked by two allegorical figures representing his native land and his adopted country; the one with the lyre is Ireland. The memorial is an elliptical granite are with a bronze casting of a helmet and coat resting on it. The other memorial in this block, near Dartmouth Street, is the Vendome Firefighters' Memorial sculpted by Theodore Clausen with Peter White, landscape architect. It honors the nine firefighters who died on June 17, 1972, when four floors of the Hotel Vendome collapsed after a raging fire. Dedicated in 1997, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the fire, the memorial is an elliptical granite are with a bronze casting of a helmet and coat resting on it. The former Hotel Vendome is located diagonally across the street. Dartmouth-Exeter. The seated bronze statue of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) was sculpted by Owen Levi Warner and dedicated in 1886. Known as "the emancipator," Garrison came to Boston from Baltimore in 1831 and launched his anti-slavery publication The Liberator, which he continued to publish until the abolition of slavery in 1865. He was also the founder, in 1832, of the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Hounded by angry mobs for his views, he was often in danger for his life. Garrison also supported the movements for women's rights, temperance, pacifism, and free trade. Exeter-Fairfield The statue of Bostonian Samuel Eliot Morison (1887-1976) shows the maritime historian and avid sailor casually dressed and seated on a large granite rock. Morison was a Harvard professor and the foremost American maritime historian of the twentieth century. An expert sailor, he retraced one of the voyages of Columbus across the Atlantic using the original log books as a guide. In 1964 Morison was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country's highest civilian honor. His bronze figure was sculpted by well-known Boston artist Penelope Jencks and dedicated in 1982. Fairfield-Gloucester. Dedicated in 2003, the Boston Women's Memorial is the newest sculpture on the Mall, donated with funds raised by the Boston Women's Commission. The effort began in 1992 when Mayor Thomas M. Menino reserved the Fairfield to Gloucester block as the site for a memorial honoring women. The commission worked for ten years to select the subjects, choose the artist, raise the money, and oversee construction and installation of the memorial. The bronze figures, by New York artist Meredith Bergmann, are at ground level, not on top of pedestals. The women are shown in casual poses, writing and thinking. The three women honored share a Boston connection, a place in national history, and a passion for social justice. The three women honored share a Boston connection, a place in national history, and a passion for social justice. Abigail Adams (1744-1818) was the wife of the second president of the United States and mother of the sixth, whose letters established her as a strong voice for women's advancement. Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784), a slave brought from Africa to Boston, became a literary prodigy whose poems were the first book published in America by an African writer. Lucy Stone (1818-1893) was an ardent abolitionist and suffragist, a renowned orator, and a leading figure in the struggle for women's rights, inspiring Susan B. Anthony and others. Gloucester-Hereford. The bronze, stiffly posed statue of Domingo F. Sarmiento (1811-1888) was signed by Yvette Compagnion and dedicated in 1973. Sarmiento, who served as president of Argentina, founded his country's education system, modeling it on the one developed in Boston by Horace Mann. In appreciation, the Argentine government offered a statue as a gift to the City of Boston in 1913. The statue did not arrive until sixty years later, and finding a spot for it was problematic. The location on the Mall opposite the former International Institute was finally agreed upon. Massachusetts Avenue-Charlesgate East. The monument to legendary Norse explorer Leif Eriksson (975-1020) commemorates the landing he is believed to have made somewhere along the New England coast, at a site given the name Vinland. Eben Horsford, the patent-medicine maker who donated the memorial in 1887, believed that Vinland was located on the Charles River. The explorer's life-size bronze figure, sculpted by the eminent American artist Anne Whitney, originally overlooked the river, but that view has been replaced by roadways. The dragon's head on the prow used to spout water, but the fountain is now dry. 3/25/2017 History Friends of the Public Garden ABOUT US HOME ABOUT US OUR PARKSO Parks PROGRAMS & PROJECTS Tree Care One of the most important roles played by the Friends is the care of the trees in the three parks. The stately and mature specimen trees in the Boston Common, Public Garden and Commonwealth Avenue Mall-numbering over 1,700-are the "bones" of the parks. The trees define these magnificent green spaces, and contribute aesthetically as well as ecologically to the health and well-being of the city and its inhabitants. Tress planted a century or more ago need special care. That's why it's critical to continue a regular program of planting and maintenance to ensure the vitality of these landscapes for generations to come Without the significant commitment of funds and expertise, the parks' trees would suffer irreparable harm from the effects of urban pollution, compaction and disease For example, without our annual program of treatment to protect against Dutch Elm Disease. it is likely that none of our majestic elms would be in the parks today. Background The inability of the city to adequately fund tree care has been an ongoing, pressing problem. Since our formation in 1970, each year has brought another crisis in basic tree care and protection. Despite advocacy for more city funding, it's been largely NEWS & EVENTSEvents & Activities SHOP HELP THE PARKS /hy should ljoin the Friends? Individuals, civic groups, foundations and corporations, and city and state governments must help to keep and maintain these valuable green spaces. These parks belong to you as a citizen of Boston and the world. Preserve this precious heritage. Citizens are the basis for the Friends' success. Numbers count! We need you! The Friends get things done. The Friends' overhead is low. Standard Membership Join or contribute to the Friends of the Public Garden. Donate Membership levels Member $25 Supporter $50 Contributor $100 Sponsor $500 Patron $1000 Benefactor $2500 In Memory of Donation Make a donation to the Friends of the Public Garden in memory of a loved one. Donate Donation levels Option A $25 Option B $50 Option C $100 Option D $500 Option E $1000 Option F $2500 Young Friends Membership Join or contribute to the Young Friends. Donate Young Friends Member $25 Home / About the Friends / History Our History The Friends is one of the oldest public-private partnerships in the nation. By the late 1960s many people were deeply concerned about the conditions of Boston's parks, perhaps the worst point in their history. A group gathered in the spring of 1970 to address the deplorable conditions of the Public Garden, which suffered from insufficient funding from the City, low expectations by residents, neglect, and vandalism. The Beacon Hill Civic Association and the Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay decided that a separate organization was needed to protect and restore the Garden. Henry Lee was chosen as the volunteer president and served with distinction for forty-one years. He remains a guiding force in the organization. The Battle Against Park Plaza The Friends focused initially on the Garden, but attention soon turned to the Boston Common and Commonwealth Avenue Mall. They also suffered from crime, vandalism, and misuse and were ravaged by the effects of Dutch elm disease, killing 40 trees a year. The battle against the Park Plaza Urban Renewal Plan, however, posed the biggest threat to the parks, and consumed the Friends throughout the 1970s. The plan for six million square feet of development in five to six towers 450'-650" high along Boylston Street would have created untenable levels of shade and wind on the Garden and Common. The successful fight against the plan gave the Friends broad visibility and brought widespread attention to the condition of the parks. Advocacy and Partnership Ever since that victory, the Friends has expanded its capacity to care for the parks with funding and expertise, always working closely with the Parks Department. At the same time, when necessary, we have spoken out against misuse or overuse, and have continued to be a strong voice in protecting these parks against encroachment, particularly from damaging shadows caused by new development. Chronology of the Friends 1970 Thirty people gather at the home of Henry Lee and found an organization to find solutions for the deteriorating condition of the Public Garden. 1971 The Friends officially organizes and its membership grows to 500 with dues of $2 per person. Park Plaza, a massive skyscraper development proposed along Boylston Street, emerges as a major threat to the parks. 1974 Membership tops 1,000, and the Friends forms a Common Committee. 1977 After the Park Plaza plan is defeated, the Friends begins to advocate for a "shadow bill" that would limit the height of buildings that throw shadows on the Common and Garden. The bill finally becomes law 15 years later. The Friends succeeds in having the three parks designated as Boston Landmarks. 1978 The Friends establishes a Commonwealth Avenue Mall Committee. The perimeter fence and gates around the Public Garden are completed, enclosing the Garden for the first time in 60 years. 1980 3/25/2017 History I Friends of the Public Garden 1984 In response to deep cuts in the Parks Department budget, the Friends continues fundraising initiatives for tree planting and maintenance and for care of the statues. The Friends helps fund the Park Rangers. 1987 The Friends installs the "Make Way for Ducklings" sculpture by Nancy Schön. Beloved by children and adults alike, these ducklings became an icon for both visitors and residents. 1988 The Rose Brigade, a volunteer initiative of the Friends, is formed to care for the roses in the Public Garden. 1991 The Parks Department, working with the Friends, completes the Boston Common Management Plan, a blueprint for care of the park. 1998 The first season of skating at the Frog Pond draws over 90,000 skaters. 2000 The Friends launches its first capital fund drive, raising $6.5 million for tree care, sculpture maintenance, the Frog Pond, and support for its own administration. 2006 The Friends hires its first paid executive director and adds several new volunteer committees. 2010 The Friends marks its 40th year with a year-long celebration, and the organization strengthens its volunteer structure to deal with future challenges. Maps The Public Garden (pdf) The Common (pdf) of Multimedia Brewer Plaza Grand Opening 40th Anniversary Video Shaw Memorial Documentary 2000 Resources Brochures,newsletters, maps and more THE PARKS BE INFORMED BI E THE BOSTON COMMON, 1634, is America's oldest park. British troops camped there, 1768-1776. It has hosted famous visitors from Generals Washington and Lafayette to Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Pope John Paul II. It has always been a stage for free speech and public assembly. The Shaw/54th Regiment Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens is one of the greatest 19th-century works of American sculpture. There are 680 trees on the Common. The elms at the Shaw Memorial are likely the oldest in the western hemisphere, dating to the 1770s. THE PUBLIC GARDEN, 1837, was the first public botanical garden to be established in the U.S. It was designed with a Victorian influence by George Meacham, winner of a public design competition. The famous Swan Boats, created by Robert Paget, arrived in 1877, and they are still operated by the Paget family. The Make Way for Ducklings Sculpture by Nancy Schön was commissioned and installed in 1987 by the Friends. There are 500 trees representing 62 species and 125 varieties. THE COMMONWEALTH AVENUE MALL, 1857, was the centerpiece of the newly filled land creating the Back Bay in the mid 19th century. The Mall was the grand boulevard and the central axis of Arthur Gilman's plan for the Back Bay. The Mall became the link between the core historic downtown parks and the Frederick Law Olmsted designed parks from the Fens to Franklin Park. There are 630 trees on the Mall, from Arlington Street to Kenmore Square, and nine pieces of sculpture. FRIENDS 69 BEACON STREET BQ OF THE PUBLIC GARDEN INFO@FRIENDSOFTHEPU All photos used with permission Front cover: top left photoDavid Rosen,bottom left photo David Rosen/Lux EightingDesign far right photo o 2011 Penny Cherubino. Inside front cover: © Steve Dunwell 6/27/2019 Mass. Commonwealth Avenue, Boston - Digital Commonwealth Search Results Limit your search You searched for: Start Over (/search) Commonwealth Avenue, Boston x (Isearch?search_field=all_fields&utf8=%E2%9C%93) Prev. I 1 - 20 of 6,388 Next (/search? page=2&q=Commonwealth+Avenue%2C+Boston&search_field=all_fields) Sort by relevance 20 per page to (/search/commonwealth:7p88d8297) (/search/commonwealth:ww72c333r) Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Commonwealth Avenue, Boston Mass. (/search/commonwealth:7p88d8297 (Isearch/commonwealth:ww72c333r)