Harvard University: Undergrad life 1870-1900. The Forging of an Aristocracy Harvard & the Boston Upper Class, 1800-1870 Ronald Story WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY PRESS MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT 1980. ARTICLE III Harvard Students, the Boston Elite, and the New England Preparatory System, 1800-1876 RONALD STORY THE HARVARD COLLEGE student body, like the university as a whole, changed markedly in the ante-bellum era, but it changed less in size than in composition. (1) Though the number of yearly graduates remained stable at about 60 from 1810 to 1850, the students came increasingly from Boston's "rich and fashionable families." (2) More precisely, they came from the new business and professional families who provided the funds for Harvard's rapid growth and came by degrees to control its governing bodies. The Har- vard "experience" became an important part of the process of elite social, economic, and cultural consolidation in these years, and contributed to the cohesiveness, cultivation, and hauteur of the distinctive Brahmin upper class that was to flourish after the Civil War. (3) Analysis of the way in which Harvard came to be monopolized by the Boston elite should throw light not only on the development of the class but also on the evolving educa- tional network which formed a portion of its institutional underpinnings. There was considerable discussion in the ante-bellum years of Harvard's "aristocratic" exclusiveness, particularly after 1820 when the pattern became both acutely visible and pronounced. (4) University officers explained this new condition by reference to the religious bigotry which made Orthodox Congregationalists keep their sons away from Harvard, then controlled pre- dominantly by Unitarians. They noted, too, the establishment of other col- leges in which young men now matriculated. (5) Neither of these explana- tions, however, satisfied Harvard's critics, who argued that its Unitarian am- bience reflected the predominance of the Boston elite at the college. They also maintained that many boys attended other "seminaries" only because they could could not gain admission to Harvard, whose facilities and advantages Ronald Story teaches in the Department of History, University of Massachu- setts. History of Education Quarterly Fall 1975 281 V. 15,#3 were far superior to those of its competitors, including Yale. The critics, who ranged in label from Orthodox Congregationalists to Jacksonian Democrats to radical Free-Soilers to working-class Know-Nothings, singled out two sim- pler and more specific factors to explain the change in the college's student body: the rising cost of a Harvard education and the rising educational re- quirements for admission. Surviving evidence confirms that costs were moving upward. As early as 1831 critics were complaining that "the expense of an education at Cambridge are greater than are necessary." (6) In 1845 a leading Democrat charged: (7) The expenses of tuition have been increased at least 50 per cent beyond what they formerly were; and for some of the classes 33 and a third per cent beyond what they were when I was a student [in 1817]. Yet the College has all the time been growing more opulent. The charge for tuition is greater in Cambridge than at those institutions where there are no endowments. Tuition proper rose from $20 in 1807 to $75 in 1845 to $104 in 1860. Overall expenses (to which critics generally referred) also increased, although how much is not clear. University officials placed the minimum cost of a year for a Harvard undergraduate at $176 in 1825, $185 in 1835, and $249 in 1860, a rate of increase much faster than the rate of inflation, but still one that was relatively modest. (8) The actual minimum costs were probably higher. In 1837 a youth wrote to industrialist Amos Lawrence: (9) The expense of an education at Cambridge is much greater than is generally supposed; and far exceeds your estimate. Those who are concerned in the government of the University, have ever represented the necessary expenses as less than they really are. Mother has made many inquiries of students, and has taken great care to obtain correct information. But few indigent students have gone to Cambridge, most of them being obliged to enter at some college where they can live more cheaply. In 1854 a student from New York wrote that tuition aside, "travelling ex- penses, furnishing the room, etc., though all extravagance was avoided, have required more than we anticipated." (10) A knowledgeable English travel- ler observed in 1861: "The expense of education at Harvard College is not much lower than at our colleges The actual authorized expenditure in accordance with the rules is only 50 L per annum, i.e. 249 dollars; but this does not, by any means, include everything." (11) The real minimum cost of a Harvard year, though impossible to estimate precisely, probably rose from about $150 in the early 1800s to about $400 by the outbreak of the Civil War. "The cause of education, of good morals, of sound learning," wrote one of Harvard's critics in 1848, "demands that the expenses of obtaining a thorough education in our Commonwealth should be greatly reduced and brought as 282 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY low as possible;-the highest, as well as those of inferior grade." (12) In practice even the "well-born" sometimes had difficulty entering Harvard, as Theodore Parker pointed out a year later. (13) Poor relations begged funds from their affluent cousins; sons of men in sudden financial straits turned elsewhere or simply did not enter college. In The Barclays of Boston, a society novel written by Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis in the mid-1850s, the son of heroine Emma Sanderson was "filled with an ardent desire to go to Cam- bridge." But the widowed Emma was "unable to meet the expenses attendant on a college life." (14) Expense was as much a question of living standards as of survival, and the standard of living, of course, had been rising at Harvard since the turn of the century. Presidents John T. Kirkland (1810-1828) and Josiah Quincy (1829- 1845) had tacitly, and indeed sometimes openly, encouraged social elegance at the college. A Virginian complained in 1813 "that your Principal and Professors take a pride in the extravagance of the students, and encourage it." (15) Six years later a committee of University Overseers agreed that: (16) the increase of the private expenses of the Students is a subject deserving of the most careful consideration. It is found that there is a perpetual incli- nation to indulge in expensive pleasures, & in useless & unnecessary extrava- gance of dress. But the root of this tendency was less the administration than the students themselves, who brought elite tastes and resources with them: "Father wants cheap living; Son has his way: and has his way, because it is not fashionable to live cheap." (17) A more sumptuous scale of living resulted, as noted in this report from the 1850s: (18) A carpet on a college room was 50 years ago, an unknown luxury; and 25 years ago, the want of one would not have been noticeable. Now all the rooms are carpeted; and a similar change has taken place in furniture, dress, and the supplies of the table. Average expenses were, in fact, significantly higher than the minimum estimates and rose equally, if not more, rapidly. The following table provides a rough approximation of the increase of average as compared to other costs: (19) 1810 1835 1860 tuition $20 $55 $104 official minimum costs na 185 249 real minimum costs (est.) 150 300 400 average costs 225 400 700 The average, significantly, did not rise SO precipitously because of the inordi- Fall 1975 283 nate extravagance of a few students, although expenditure of $2,000 a year were not uncommon by the 1860s. Rather, it rose because a greater propor- tion of the students-certainly a considerable majority-spent relatively large sums. The average, that is, was more than a mere average: it was also a stan- dard. By 1840 this fashionable lifestyle was affecting the composition of the stu- dent body. As a critic wrote in 1845 with regard to Harvard: (20) The habits of economy at a place of education are affected by the character of the collective body of the pupils. As expenses increase, the sons of the less affluent begin to remain away, and the absence of their influence aggravates the tendency to expensive gratifications. A faculty member noted soon after that "a standard of expense, in regard to dress, pocket-money, furniture, etc., has been established which renders it almost a hopeless matter for a young man of slender means to obtain an edu- cation there." (21) For as an Overseer committee observed a few years later: (22) Parents will not, as a general thing, expose their sons to the severe test of sending them to a place where they may possibly meet expenses which are absolutely necessary, but where they will be unable to conform to the com- mon mode of living of the community with which they associate. Such a trial is beyond the strength of most young men of the age at which they usually enter college. Scholarship aid, except of the kind extended by the wealthy to their im- pecunious kinsmen, was generally unavailable. Only two of thirty-four large- scale private bequests to Harvard from 1800 to 1850 were for undergraduate assistance, and the first of these did not accrue until 1839. Unrestricted funds invariably went for other purposes, as did tuition fees. Some scholarships did exist, including a few surviving fellowships for boys from designated towns and a small grant from the state. But in 1831 only thirty-four Harvard stu- dents received aid as opposed, for example, to 144 at Yale. In 1851 President Jared Sparks told an inquirer that a very good student might, at best, receive $50 a year outright and an equal sum on loan. After 1826, moreover, the uni- versity reduced the length of its winter vacation, making it more difficult for needy students to earn money teaching school. In the 1850s several scholar- ship funds were established in response both to extreme political pressure and to faculty complaints about the quality of academic life. By 1860 Harvard was offering 32 scholarships worth from $100 to $300 a year, plus grants and loans of $20 to $80 a year for about fifty students. (23) Perhaps 15 per cent of the students received aid in the 1860s. But the fact remains that a growing pro- portion of those who attended ante-bellum Harvard paid their own way. 284 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY And the fact that they paid dearly helps explain the increasing monopoliza- tion of the college by the Boston elite. Admissions requirements rose, apparently, even faster than costs. In 1818 President Kirkland wrote that improved schools were producing students better prepared in mathematics and the classics. As of 1826 a boy versed in the fundamentals of English and arithmetic needed perhaps a year's extra labor in the classics in order to pass the still casual admissions examination. In the early 1830s, however, candidates began to fail in significant numbers; many others were accepted "conditionally." By 1840 Harvard's admissions requirements were unquestionably the highest in New England, necessitating from three to four years of preparation. Moreover, the entrance examination continued to increase in difficulty. In 1845 the list of classical readings was much longer than in 1835; by 1855 it contained samplings of geography and history. In 1850 the qualifying examination was eight hours long; by 1865, when the requirements, though still traditional, were also still the stiffest in New England, the examination took three days to administer, and "no one could be certain of getting through." (24) The stiffening requirements raised the average age of Harvard students from roughly fifteen and a half in 1810 to seventeen and a half in 1850. They also affected the social composition of the student body, causing a Democrat in 1845 to question the notion (25) that higher qualifications should be the requirement of admission. Such addi- tional requirements could easily be made a part of instruction in the excel- lent public school in Boston and in some few Academies and private schools. They could not be made general in the preparatory schools of the country; and they would, therefore, shut the doors of Harvard College still more effectually against almost all but the sons of residents in Boston and a few favored places. An undergraduate of the mid-1830s observed that the stricter requirements favored boys from "the Public Latin Schools of Boston and Salem, the acade- mies of Exeter and Andover, and the famous Round-Hill School at North- ampton." (26) A rural student of the late 1840s recalled: (27) A lad thus partially trained must enter college badly handicapped in a com- pany of classmates thoroughly drilled in such schools as the Boston Latin, Andover, Exeter and the large private fitting schools of cities. It is difficult to discover precisely which schools prepared Harvard students because the data is extremely fragmentary for the entire ante-bellum period, especially for the years before 1830. In general, however, the pattern that emerges from presidential reports, class books, school histories, contemporary descriptions, and latter-day biographies is roughly as shown in the follow- Fall 1975 285 ing table on the percentage of students entering Harvard from certain schools and types of schools in three successive periods: (28) 1801-20 1821-45 1846-70 Boston Latin School 15% 12% 14% Phillips Academies 15 14 20 Boston private day schools 10 15 21 other academies 20 21 10 private boarding schools 20 18 2 private tutors 20 18 17 other public schools 0 2 17 Even at first glance the figures tend to support the main allegations of contemporary observers. Early in the era the Boston Latin, Phillips Exeter, and Phillips Andover supplied between a quarter and a third of Harvard students; by midcentury they supplied slightly more than a third. The Boston day schools raised their total from approximately a tenth to approximately a fifth over the same period. These three sources provided approximately two- fifths of the students in the early years; they provided well over half later on. Meanwhile, the number of students from rural academies other than Andover and Exeter fell by half; the private (or proprietary) boarding schools declined even more. Public high schools outside Boston, on the other hand, came from nowhere to occupy a supply role comparable to the Boston Latin itself. The gross categories obscure some aspects of the overall trend. For instance, the proportion of Harvardians from private boarding schools-institutions providing preparatory instruction to boarders for profit-was about the same in the twenty years after 1820 as in the twenty years before. In the earlier de- cades, however, these schools, often in western Massachusetts, were mainly conducted by ministers who boarded a few boys in order to supplement their ministerial and farming income. The school of the Reverend Samuel Ripley and his wife in Waltham and Concord was a singularly successful, long-lived version of this type of ministerial schooling. Pedagogically gifted, the Ripleys attracted enough patronage from prominent families to become one of the four main private boarding schools preparing students for Harvard in the second quarter of the century. Of the other three, the one conducted by Stephen Minot Weld in Jamaica Plain from the 1820s till about 1850 was perhaps closest in spirit and form to the older type, charing fees to a com- paratively small number of boys in return for unadorned classical training. But Weld, who had graduated from Harvard in 1826, was an educator rather than a minister, and he staffed his school with well-paid aspiring teachers from the new Harvard. Weld himself was also from a prominent family and drew from a broader, more prominent clientele than his predecessors. More important yet were the Round Hill School in Northampton and 286 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY the Wells School in Cambridge, each of which sent almost 50 boys to Harvard between the mid-1820s and the mid-1830s. Round Hill, the most famous American school of its time, was conducted by a group of men who had at- tended Exeter and Harvard, traveled in Europe, and obtained a loan from no less than Harvard itself to establish an institution for the sons of "the best families" of Boston, New York, and the South. Modeled in part after the German gymnasium, Round Hill offered an excellent but very expensive education and at the same time provided an elegant lifestyle with servants, stables, and tours of the estates of prominent Bostonians. Its rolls bore the names of dozens of Boston's elite families. (30) The school of Williams Wells, a former Boston publisher and bookseller, operated according to the traditional English rules of strict discipline and plain living. But Wells too offered sound training, utilizing Harvard graduates as instructors. His school "had a wide-spread influence and reputation." (31) By 1830 it was "re- garded as being-with the possible exception of the Boston Latin School- the best place in which to fit for Harvard College, and was therefore much sought by the best Boston families." (32) Wells likewise attracted the sons of Harvard faculty members and other Cambridge literati, some of whom were day students. The Wells and Round Hill Schools both disbanded in the 1830s, but while they lasted they were the most exclusive preparatory establishments in the country, prefiguring by a quarter of a century the Episcopalian boarding schools of St. Paul's and St. Mark's which eventually succeeded them-a far cry from the parlor of the rural minister. The private day schools of Boston took up a part of the slack caused by the eclipse of the private boarding school. Again the broad category obscures important developments. In the early years of the century a third of Boston's 1,500 school children attended private schools, several of which provided classical education on a comparatively exclusive basis. The following regula- tion was typical: (33) In order that the School may always be a select one, it is distinctly under- stood, that the consent of at least two-thirds of the original parties to this instrument must be obtained before any other persons are admitted. Sometimes the preceptors were socially prominent and operated according to British patterns. The three leading schools-those of William Jenks, J. S. J. Gardiner, and Elisha Clap-were all conducted by ministers. Even the best of these schools, however, seldom lasted a decade. Over the next thirty years six important private day schools operated in the Boston area. Five were run along conventional lines by professional edu- cators with Harvard degrees. The schools of Daniel G. Ingraham, Thomas G. Bradford, and William H. Brooks sent boys to Harvard on a sporadic basis Fall 1975 287 from 1820 till the 1850s. That of Frederic Leverett, who served briefly as headmaster of the Boston Latin, lasted from 1822 to 1835, when it was re- placed, in a sense, by the school of Samuel Eliot, who taught from 1840 to 1855 before leaving for Trinity College. The sixth school was the Chauncy Hall School founded in 1828 by Gideon Thayer, who previously had run a smaller Boston school. Chauncy Hall mainly provided "English" (or non- classical) education to boys not bound for college; it therefore resembled both the public Boston English High School which had opened in 1821 and the many rural academies with their "practical" curricula. Thayer's facilities were supposedly "unsurpassed" as of 1830, and his "classical department" supplied modest numbers of Harvard students far beyond 1855, when Thayer himself retired to head an insurance company owned by Chauncy Hall graduates. (34) Phase three of the Boston private day school system began in 1851 when Epes Sargent Dixwell, an 1827 Harvard graduate who still lived in Cam- bridge, resigned the headmastership of Boston Latin to open his own school. A wealthy man with legal training, Dixwell was the brother of a prominent banker and the husband of a Bowditch. He was also "a most accomplished man, an elegant scholar, a gentleman of the world." Not surprisingly, his school quickly became "the best fitting-school for Harvard," the resort of boys from Brookline and other suburbs as well as Beacon Hill. (35) Most of the growing share of Harvard students from Boston private day schools in the middle years of the century may be accounted for by the opening of Dixwell's, whose clientele was no less well-educated, prominent and exclusive than that of Round Hill. Dixwell's school explains, at least in part, the following fig- ures on Boston private education: (36) 1849-50 1859-60 % change number of schools 61 58 -5 number of pupils 1,800 2,100 17 annual budget $133,000 $185,000 39 budget per school $2,100 $3,190 46 While the number of schools (primary as well as advanced) declined, the number of pupils rose, as did annual expenditures. The budget per school increased most of all, with each school becoming (like Dixwell's) more affluent. By the early 1860s the Hopkinson and Noble schools, modeled after Dixwell's, were in operation. The three institutions together virtually in- augurated the high-quality upper-class day school system of the late nine- teenth century. The New England academies were quasi-public post-common school insti- tutions that sprang up mostly in the period immediately following the Revo- 288 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY lution. Of the 400 or so in existence in Massachusetts as of 1860, perhaps a third had state charters and possibly a tenth had public or private endow- ments. All but one or two charged tuition, and all without exception had self- perpetuating private boards of trustees. Located mostly in rural areas, they us- ually offered an "English" curriculum and catered principally to local residents, some of whom boarded. Many also offered a classical program for fu- ture collegians, but comparatively few offered mainly or exclusively college preparatory work or catered to a clientele outside the immediate vicinity. (37) The academies fed a steady stream of boys to Harvard (and other colleges) in the ante-bellum era, supplying slightly more than a third of the incoming students at Cambridge before 1820 and slightly less than a third after 1845. Here, too, additional analysis is in order. Harvard-oriented academies al- ways were incorporated, for example, and always taught the classics. Usually old, well-endowed, and better known and equipped than their imitators, they were the best of the lot. Only about twenty of these New England academies sent boys to Harvard even in the first third of the century, and only a dozen or so after about 1840. Among these were the Roxbury Latin School and the Milton Academy near Boston and the Dummer, Lawrence, and Leicester Academies of Byfield, Groton, and Worcester, respectively. Before 1840 the Beverly, Westford, and Lancaster Academies, the Derby Academy of Hing- ham, and the Bristol Academy of Taunton sent a sprinkling of boys to Cam- bridge; after 1841, the Hopkins School of Cambridge and the Williston Semi- nary of Easthampton sent a few. (38) Most important were the Phillips Academies of Andover, Massachusetts, and Exeter, New Hampshire, which were old and well-endowed, concen- trated mainly on mathematics and the classics, and attracted widespread elite patronage virtually from their founding about 1780. Together they accounted for some two-fifths of the academy-prepared Harvardians before 1820, slightly fewer until about 1845, and then two-thirds thereafter, when they increased their flow as other academies faded. But even this figure is misleading, for Andover's contribution had declined for religious and other reasons. While an occasional Andoverite still appeared at Cambridge, by 1855 the academy was offering only half the Greek and Latin required by Harvard; her grad- ates went mostly to Yale. Phillips Exeter, by contrast, matched its curriculum closely to Harvard's requirements; by 1845 fitting for "college" at Exeter "of course meant Harvard." (39) After 1850, in fact, Exeter supplied over one- half the academy boys at Harvard, an average of perhaps fifteen a year, or almost a fifth of all entering New Englanders. In the late 1860s the Exeter total was 23 a year, highest by far for any single school. (40) Private tutors, the next to last majority category, sent boys to Harvard throughout the period, their number decliningeproportionately only slightly if Fall 1975 289 at all. Yet even here there was a change. Before 1820 the tutor was often a local minister who instructed a boy as a favor to a rural family or kinsman; in many cases the tutee was the minister's son. Thereafter, however, tutors were more commonly young Harvard graduates who lived in the household of wealthy Boston-area families, especially during the summer season in Brook- line, Nahant, or some other elite suburb. (41) Occasionally the tutor also served as European travelling companion, chaperoning as well as teaching. More and more, in fact, private tutelage occurred in Europe under Europeans, sometimes in connection with a school in England, France, Germany, or Switzerland. By mid-century private tutees as a whole were a slightly less im- portant component of incoming Harvard classes. Those who did arrive came less often from the rural minister's study and more frequently from the family townhouse or suburban estate; a significant number-among them three Coolidges, two Lowells, and an Appleton-came freshly prepared from Europe. Finally, there were the public schools: tax-supported, tuition-free, con- trolled by elected officials. Of these the most important by far was the ancient Boston Latin School. Even in the early nineteenth century, when the Boston Latin was in comparatively shabby and disreputable state, it managed to supply a tenth of all Harvard students and was in fact the only public school to supply any at all. After 1815 headmaster Benjamin Apthorp Gould, a wealthy and well-connected protege of President Kirkland of Harvard, intro- duced several innovations-the misdemeanor mark, the weekly declamation, the school library, regular report cards-which attracted students (or parents) and enabled the school to keep pace with Harvard requirements. During the headmastership of Epes Dixwell from 1836 to 1851, the school moved to new quarters and a private Boston Latin School Association emerged to provide political support and financial aid. Despite stiff competition, the Bos- ton Latin was supplying by mid-century about as large a share of incoming Harvard classes as it had 50 years before. A Boston Latin graduate of the 1850s recalled the "sprinkling" of Beacon Hill boys as "small." Nonetheless, it was still "a select school, principally for the rich and exclusive." (42) Boys from the Boston Latin, like those from Exeter and Dixwell's, "seemed to touch the appreciation of the Harvard examining board a little more deftly than an applicant from any other place." (43) Until the 1820s Boston Latin was the only public school contributing to Harvard. By 1830 the Salem and Cambridge Latin Schools had revived from their eighteenth-century doldrums and were fitting a few boys. Twenty years later the modern high school movement was well underway. In Salem and Cambridge new high schools absorbed the older Latin schools, which became classical departments. Elsewhere classical departments developed with the 290 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY school. Every sizeable Massachusetts town had a high school-over a hundred as of the Civil War-offering a basic English curriculum. (44) But not every public high school could boast a college preparatory program, and those that did often had curricula that were inadequate for Harvard. Outside Boston, only Salem and Cambridge sent many boys to Cambridge; next came Brook- line, Dorchester, and Charlestown in roughly that order. Only about fifteen of the Massachusetts public schools sent boys to Harvard even after 1850, and a mere half-dozen-all in the Boston vicinity-provided 80 percent of these. The residue came from Lowell, Lynn, Worcester, and other industrial towns, whose new high schools helped further to eliminate the rural academy as a significant component in the preparatory network. Refined by analysis, the table of Harvard preparatory education appears as follows: 1801-20 1821-45 1846-70 public schools: Boston Latin School 15% 12% 14% North Shore/suburban 0 2 12 other 0 0 12 academies: Exeter 8 9 16 Andover 7 5 4 other 20 21 10 private boarding schools: ministerial 15 5 1 other 5 13 1 private tutors: ministerial 10 8 5 other 10 10 12 Boston private day schools: Dixwell/Noble 0 0 12 other 10 15 9 The dozen most important schools for Harvard between 1800 and 1870 were approximately as follows: number of students active years sent to Harvard (approx.) Boston Latin School 1801-70 750 Phillips Exeter Academy 1801-70 550 Phillips Andover Academy 1801-70 250 Cambridge High School 1820-70 100 Salem High School 1820-70 75 Dixwell School 1851-70 75 Fall 1975 291 Round Hill School 1823-34 50 Wells School 1824-35 50 Milton Academy 1807-60 50 Lawrence Academy 1801-70 50 Ingraham School 1820-50 50 Noble School 1860-70 50 As of mid-century three schools-Exeter, the Boston Latin, and Dixwell's in that order-supplied almost 40 percent of incoming Harvard classes. Andover, Chauncy Hall, and the Cambridge and Salem High Schools (plus Roxbury Latin, Charlestown High, and Noble's after 1860) supplied another quarter or more. Students from the other rural academies and private boarding schools were largely gone from the Harvard scene; those from the new public high schools and Episcopal boarding schools for the most part had yet to arrive. The cost of preparatory education varied enormously from one decade or type of school to the next. Public schools were tuition-free, of course, as was the private Roxbury Latin School. Among the private boarding schools tui- tion at Round Hill came to $300 a year; Wells, Weld, and Ripley's charged from one-third to one-half of that amount, and the ministerial schools proba- bly $50 a year or less. As of 1865 St. Paul's and St. Marks's charged $500. A ministerial tutor in 1810 might charge little or nothing, whereas a Boston tutor by 1850 sometimes asked as much as $500. The cheapest of the private Boston day schools, Chauncy Hall, cost $80 for the classical track in 1835, $100 in 1855, and $155 in 1865; other day schools ranged from about a hundred dollars in 1815 to about $250 in 1855. Among the academies the Phillips schools, which assessed a boarder about $60 as of 1820, were often cheaper in the early years than other academies, which generally required a boarder to pay from $80 to $100; at these rates many boys from poor families could and did attend. But by the 1850s the Phillips schools cost a minimum of about $150, while the other academies were charging in the vicinity of $125. (45) As schools evolved from the transient, the amateur, and the modest to the more permanent, professional, and luxurious, they also moved from the rela- tively cheap to the relatively dear. The literature of the period is full of examples of boys unable to pay for preparatory education or able to obtain it only with great sacrifice. The public high schools constituted a counter- vailing current to this trend. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, these schools, although free, were mainly for the progeny of the community elites. This was especially true in the Boston area, from which most high-school-fitted boys came. (46) The best high schools were in fact mostly in the eastern part of the state. The following table suggests the general pattern: 292 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY % Harvard students from: 1801-15 1820-45 1850-65 Boston area schools 40% 55% 65% schools charging $150 per year or more 0 10 45 schools from Boston area or charging $150 per year or both 40 60 75 The figures corroborate the judgments of observers that the stiffer Harvard admissions requirements favored Boston-area students. But by the 1820s cost, too, was a factor: as the years needed to pass the entrance exam increased, so did the cost per year. In 1846 Theodore Parker wrote: (47) The poor man's son, however well-born, struggling for a superior education, obtains his culture at a monstrous cost; with the sacrifice of pleasure, com- fort, the joys of youth, often of eyesight and health The rich man's son needs not that terrible trial. He learns from his circumstances, not his soul. The air about him contains a diffused element of thought. He learns without knowing it All the outward means of educating, refining, elevating a child, are to be had for money, and money alone. Parker was overstating his case a bit. The high schools and remaining aca- demies as well as the ministerial tutors produced a small stream of impecun- ious but deserving boys, who subsequently benefitted from scholarship as- sistance at Cambridge. For the 70 percent who were neither public school graduates nor charity students, the cost of a Harvard degree-three years of preparation and four of residence-was about $2,000, a figure near the top of the middle-class income range, equivalent in 1970 terms to about $30,000. "To be the son of rich parents," said Brahmin James Cabot in 1867, "con- siderably increases the chances of being sent to college." (48) Did Harvard deliberately adopt policies, as critics sometimes insinuated, which excluded the provincial and the poor? Over the years the administra- tion spent tuition and endowment funds to beautify Harvard Yard, expand and modernize its plant, and pay better salaries to more instructors. It also raised entrance requirements to improve the quality of incoming students. High tuition and high requirements both had the unexceptionable aim of enhancing the quality of student life and instruction. In practice, it improved the situation of a small number of students who came, as critics and defenders alike acknowledged, increasingly from the Boston elite. The fact that costs and requirements began to rise just as Boston lawyers and businessmen gained administrative power at Harvard doubtless made matters seem vaguely collusive. University patrons and officials, for example, endowed or super- Fall 1975 293 vised many parts of the preparatory network-the Boston Latin, Cambridge High, Exeter, Dixwell's, Roxbury Latin, Milton, Lawrence, Dummer, Round Hill, and Wells, among others. Having made arrangements for their own sons and those of other members of the elite, they could raise requirements with relative personal impunity. They could then shape school offerings to match new university requirements, which they also determined. The consequences of these developments were in any case profound. The hero of Fair Harvard, an anonymous novel of the 1860s, said to the father of a prospective Harvard student: (49) One cannot over-estimate the advantage to your son of becoming a member of Harvard College. Not only will he thereby become master of all ancient and modern languages, sciences, and arts; not only will society of the highest fashion and fortune open their doors to welcome him: but he will secure for himself the sure means of future preferment and honor, in any profession he may choose to follow. Though comically exaggerated, the passage was close to the truth, as a few figures suggest. By the 1870s, Harvard graduates comprised two-fifths of the chief officers of the large New England textile firms and half the directors of the leading Boston banks and insurance companies. Prominence in law, medi- cine, politics, and scholarship was at least equally great. And as of 1892 ap- proximately 34 percent of the millionaires of Boston had Harvard degrees. (50) By the 1870s Harvard was essentially what Santayana said it was, "the semi- nary and academy for the inner circle of Bostonians." (51) Also important was the two-fold way in which this trend influenced New England educational developments. In Massachusetts, a cluster of liberal arts colleges was founded by two groups which Harvard largely ignored: the older provincial elite (Williams, Amherst) and the newer metropolitan middle class (Tufts, Boston University, Boston College). By 1870 these colleges were joined by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Massachusetts Agricultural College, also catering mainly to the middle class. A system of educational "tracking" consequently emerged in the state to parallel the new class structure. But the influence of the new Harvard also extended to secondary educa- tion, for the rising admissions requirements helped produce a system of elite private schooling in which each pupil enjoyed not only comparatively out- standing facilities but a rate of annual expenditure many times that provided to a public school pupil. The preparatory schol system was more casual and open than it would later become, but it was there, nonetheless. Recent scho- lars have worked fruitfully in ante-bellum public education without, perhaps, recognizing the degree to which secondary education was being permanently tracked along upper and middle (and lower) class lines even in the age of 294 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY reform. It would appear, further, that tracking at both secondary and higher levels relates more or less directly to, among other things, the emergence of the Boston upper class. Notes 1. For changes at ante-bellum Harvard, see e.g. Samuel Eliot Morison, Three Cen- turies of Harvard (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), pp. 195-301; David B. Tyack, George Ticknor and the Boston Brahmins (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), pp. 85-128. 2. Andrew P. Peabody, "The Condition and Wants of Harvard College," North American Review 60 (January 1845): 39. For the list of Harvard graduates by years, see Harvard University Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1930), pp. 208-281. 3. For the emergence of elite funding, control and monopolization, see Ronald Story, "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins," Journal of Social History 8 (March 1975). For the Boston upper class in general, see e.g. Robert K. Lamb, "The Entrepreneur and the Community," in William Miller, ed., Men in Business (New York and Evanston, 1962): 94-119, 350; Frederick Cople Jaher, "The Bos- ton Brahmins in the Age of Industrial Capitalism," in F. C. Jaher, ed., The Age of Industrialism in America (New York and London, 1968), pp. 190-193; Richard Eddy Sykes, "Massachusetts Unitarianism and Social Change, 1780-1870," (un- pub. diss., University of Minnesota, 1967); Ronald Story, "Class and Culture in Boston," American Quarterly 27 (1975). 4. Morison, Three Centuries, 216-218; Frederick Robinson, "A Letter to the Hon. Rufus Choate," in Charles Haar, ed., The Golden Age of American Law (New York, 1965), p. 91. 5. Josiah Quincy, Speech of February 25, 1845, on the Minority Report of Mr. Ban- croft (Boston, 1845); Jared Sparks et al, Memorial on Harvard College (Boston, 1850). 6. George T. Curtis, A Memoir of Benjamin Robbins Curtis (Boston, 1879), p. 49. 7. George Bancroft-Board of Overseers, January 1845, Harvard Overseer Reports, V. 7, Harvard University Archives (HUA). 8. See the Harvard University Catalogue for 1825, 1835, 1845, and 1860; and Wil- liam R. Thayer, "The Tuition Fee," Harvard Graduates Magazine 23 (Decem- ber 1914): 228. 9. ?-Amos Lawrence, December 22, 1837, Amos Lawrence Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society (MHS). 10. Sarah H. Emerson, Life of Abby Hopper Gibbons (New York and London, 1897) I: 177. 11. Anthony Trollope, North America (Baltimore, 1968), p. 143. 12. Samuel H. Walley, Jr., January 20, 1848, Harvard Overseer Reports, V. 8, HUA. 13. Theodore Parker, "A Sermon of Merchants," November 22, 1846, in The Works of Theodore Parker, ed. Frances Cobbe (London, 1876) VII: 9. 14. Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, The Barclays of Boston (Boston, 1854), p. 46. 15. Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy (Boston, 1868), p. 341. 16. April 27, 1819, Harvard Overseer Reports, V. 1, HUA. 17. William G. Stearns-Amos A. Lawrence, July 4, 1860, Amos A. Lawrence Papers, MHS. Fall 1975 295 18. E. R. Hoar, J. W. Churchill, L. N. Thayer, January 28, 1858, Harvard Overseers Miscellaneous Reports, V. 1, HUA. 19. See e.g. Ruth H. Sessions, "A Harvard Man's Budget in 1790," Harvard Graduates Magazine 42 (December 1933): 141; Andrew P. Peabody, Harvard Graduates Whom I Have Known (Boston and New York, 1890), p. 82; Isabel Anderson, ed., The Letters and Journals of General Nicholas Longworth Anderson (New York, London, Edinburgh, 1942), pp. 129-131; William Everett, "Harvard in 1855." The Harvard Monthly 3 (November 1886): 46; George L. Locke-Amos A. Lawrence, July 14, 1858, Amos A. Lawrence Papers; George Torrey, A Lawyer's Recollections (Boston, 1910); Robert Grant, Fourscore (Boston and New York, 1934), p. 90. 20. George Bancroft-Board of Overseers, January 1845, Harvard Overseer Reports, V. 7, HUA. 21. Francis Bowen, "Eliot's Sketch of Harvard College," North American Review 68 (January 1849): 118. 22. E. R. Hoar, J. W. Churchill, L. N. Thayer, January 28, 1858, Harvard Over- seer Miscellaneous Reports, V. 1, HUA. 23. Harvard University Catalogue for 1860-61. 24. John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge (New York, 1953), p. 21. For admissions requirements and examinations, see the catalogues for 1825, 1835, 1845, 1855, and 1865; the annals of the Harvard classes of 1835 and 1852; "Harvard Univer- sity," Monthly Chronicle 2 (February 1841): 64; John T. Kirkland, "Literary Institutions," North American Review 7 (July 1818): 270-271; Francis Bowen, "Classical Studies at Cambridge," ibid. 54 (January 1842): 48; Horatio J. Perry, "Harvard and Vacation Fifty Years Ago," New England Magazine 9 (October 1893): 208; Samuel G. Ward-Thomas W. Ward, September 9, 1839, Thomas W. Ward Papers, MHS; Ethel Fisk, ed., The Letters of John Fiske (New York, 1940), p. 27. 25. George Bancroft-Board of Overseers, January 1845, Harvard Overseer Reports, V. 7, HUA. 26. Thomas Cushing, "Undergraduate Life Sixty Years Ago," Harvard Graduates Magazine 1 (July 1893): 553. 27. James C. White, "An Undergraduate's Diary, I," Harvard Graduates Magazine 21 (March 1913): 423. 28. In arriving at these proportions I have relied most heavily on the classbooks and annals of the Harvard classes of 1811, 1814, 1817, 1822, 1828, 1830, 1835, 1841, 1844, 1852, 1856, 1857, and 1860. None provides complete information for all members of the class, especially before 1830. Two useful supplementary sources are Samuel A. Eliot, ed., Heralds of a Liberal Faith (4 vols., Boston, 1910), a biographical compilation covering dozens of early Unitarian ministers, most of whom attended Harvard; and Harvard Memorial Biographies (2 vols., Cam- bridge, 1866), which sketches members of Harvard classes from 1828 to 1865 who died in the Civil War. Charles W. Eliot's Forty-Ninth Report of the President of Harvard, 1873-1874 (Cambridge, 1875), 82-84, produces an invaluable table on which schools prepared how many entering students from 1867 through 1874. Useful school histories are cited below, as are some of the hundreds of relevant articles and biographical studies of the period. The percentages, needless to say, 296 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY are estimates only. In deriving them I have generally excluded the southern stu- dents, who bulked fairly large in several ante-bellum years. 29. See e.g. George F. Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years (New York, 1903) I: 86. 30. John S. Bassett, "The Round Hill School," American Antiquarian Society of Proceedings n.s. 27 (April 1917): 18-35; J. G. Cogswell, Outline of the Round Hill School (Boston 1831); George Bancroft-Ebenezer Francis, March 19, 1827, College Papers, ser. 2, V. 1, HUA. 31. Samuel A. Atkins, A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1913), p. 103; Samuel Eliot Morison, The Class Lives of Samuel Eliot and Nathaniel Holmes Morison (Boston, 1926), p. 3. 32. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Old Cambridge (New York and London, 1900), p. 154. Other important private boarding schools between 1830 and 1850 were those of J. A. Weiss in Roxbury and W. P. Greene in Jamaica Plain. 33. William Jenks, "Plan of a School," c. 1815, ms., Boston Public Library (BPL). 34. Annual Catalogue of the Teachers and Pupils of Chauncy-Hall School (Boston, 1835); Thomas Cushing, Memoir of Gideon Thayer (n.p., 1865). 35. William Lawrence, Memories of a Happy Life (Boston and New York, 1926), p. 12; Octavius B. Frothingham, Recollections and Impressions, 1822-1890 (New York, 1891), p. 20. See also Charles W. Eliot, A Late Harvest (Boston, 1924), pp. 19-20. 36. Computed from the reports of the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Edu- cation for 1849-50 and 1859-60. 37. Theodore Sizer, "The Academies: An Interpretation," in Theodore Sizer, ed., The Age of the Academies (New York, 1964): 1-48. 38. Report of the Roxbury School Committee, 1840; Report of the Roxbury Peram- bulating Committee, 1866; A. K. Teele, History of Milton Academy, Mass., 1798- 1879 (Boston, 1879); John Ragle, Governor Dummer Academy History, 1763- 1963 (S. Byfield, Mass., 1963); A History of the Dummer Academy (Newburyport, 1914); A General Catalogue of the Trustees, Teachers, and Students of Lawrence Academy, Groton, Massachusetts, 1793-1893 (Groton, 1893); The Jubilee of the Lawrence Academy (New York, 1855); The Centenary of Leicester Academy (Worcester, 1884); Joseph Sawyer, A History of Williston Seminary (Norwood, Mass., 1917); "Hopkins Classical School," flyer, Cambridge, October, 1840; "Hopkins Fund Records, 1726-1854," typescript, HUA; G. B. Emerson, Remin- iscences of an Old Teacher (Boston, 1878): 24-64. Other relevant academies in the early years were the Atkinson Academy, N. H., and the Framingham Acad- emy, Mass. 39. Samuel F. Batchelder, Bits of Harvard History (Cambridge, 1923), p. 308. 40. Biographical Catalogue of the Trustees, Teachers and Students of Phillips Academy, Andover, 1798-1830 (Andover, 1903); Claude M. Fuess, An Old New England School: A History of Phillips Academy, Andover (Boston and New York, 1917); Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Phillips Exeter Academy, 1783-1883 (Boston, 1883); Edward Echols, The Phillips Exeter Academy (Exe- ter, 1970); L. M. Crosbie, The Phillips Exeter Academy (Exeter, 1923). 41. See e.g. Thomas Mumford, Memoir of Samuel Joseph May (Boston, 1873), pp. 25-26, 59. Fall 1975 297 42. Grant, Fourscore, p. 31; Henry Jenks, Catalogue of the Boston Public Latin School, with an Historical Sketch (Boston, 1886), p. 71. See also Joseph Powers and Lee Dunn, "Brief History of the Boston Latin School," typescript, Boston Latin Papers, BPL; "Records of Subscribers to Association Funds," Boston Latin School Ms. #186, BPL. 32. Mark D. Howe, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: The Shaping Years, 1841-1870 (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), pp. 6-7; Amos French, ed., Exeter and Harvard Eighty Years Ago: Journals and Letters of F. O. French, '57 (Chester, N.H., 1932), p. 68. 44. Alexander Inglis, The Rise of the High School in Massachusetts (New York, 1911); George Wright, "The Schools of Cambridge, 1800-1870," Cambridge His- torical Society Publication 13 (June 1918): 89-112. 45. On the early day schools, see e.g. Henry B. Fearon, Sketches of America. (2nd ed., London, 1818), pp. 112-113; on the academies, Rufus Ellis, "The Academies and Public High Schools of Massachusetts," Christian Examiner 50 (January 1851): 27. 46. Michael B. Katz, The Irony of Early School Reform (Boston, 1970), pp. 19-112. 47. "A Sermon of Merchants," November 22, 1846, in Works of Theodore Parker VII: 9. 48. James E. Cabot, "Bigelow's Classical and Utilitarian Studies," North American Review 104 (April 1867): 616. 49. Fair Harvard (New York and London, 1869), p. 99. 50. Percentage of Harvard millionaires computed by comparing the composite graduates list in Harvard University Quinquennial Catalogue, 1213-1461, with the list of Boston names in Sidney Ratner, ed., New Light on the History of Great American Fortunes (New York, 1953), pp. 9-22. The financial institutions analyzed include the Massachusetts, State, and Suffolk Banks, the Bank of Com- merce, the Provident Institution for Savings, the Massachusetts Mutual Life In- surance Company, and the Boston Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany. For textile firms, see Frances Gregory and Irene Neu, "The American In- dustrial Elite in the 1870's," in Miller, Men in Business, p. 203. 51. George Santayana, Character and Opinion in the United States (New York, 1920), p. 40. 298 HISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY HARVARD COLLEGE IN THE SEVENTIES By Robert Grant HE years 1870-1880 college. Holmes House and the rail- mark the beginnings road station next it, the old Commons, of the reforms in the were still standing. Neither Thayer, methods of govern- Weld, nor Matthews was in existence. ment and instruction There was no Hemenway gymnasium ; by means of which only the small, circular one there was Harvard has become no Memorial Hall and Gray's was a a University instead of a college. They comparatively new building. Holworthy were essentially a period of breaking was regarded as the lady patroness of ground, not merely in the college-yard, the dormitories. The suites there, con- but all over the country. We were recon- sisting of a parlor and two bed-rooms structing the South, and the granger and a coal closet, were much in demand, agitations of the West were being modi- and even as late as 1876 we find "The fied into law at Washington. In 1869 Song of the Blood the last spike of the Union Pacific Rail- road was driven, and in 1871 the Chicago Some like upon the winding Charles fire infused a fiercer energy into an al- To ply the bending oar, ready active-minded community. The Nor care they, though their backs are burned. panic of 1873, following an era of wild in- And every muscle sore. flation, did not prevent a display of the But as for me, it suits me not nation's resources in the exposition of I'll ever be content 1876. In short, the decade which Lam To loaf in front of Holworthy, considering was essentially one of ex- And toss the shining cent. periment and development consequent Some like to grind the livelong day, upon enlarged material conditions and And think it is immense, possibilities. To study for their Annuals, was examined for Harvard in June, And take in large per cents. 1869 ; was graduated in '73 ; took the But, as for me, ah ! give me a rest, And let me, free from care, course for the then new degree of Doc- Sit on the steps of Holworthy, tor of Philosophy from '73 to '76, and And take the evening air. was a student at the law school from the autumn of 76 until I became a The rooms in Massachusetts were still Bachelor of Laws in '79. Consequently occupied and were rather favorite quar- I had some opportunity to observe ters but presently the building was the customs of University life then in altered and devoted to examination- vogue. rooms and other purposes. Though When I was examined for Harvard rooms were often picturesque, the the college topographically was the old family resources were rarely if ever taxed to provide new furniture for the The substance of this article was delivered as a lect- ure in Sanders Theatre, Cambridge. April 10, 1896, by precious Freshman. It was a Boston request of the Harvard Memorial Society. It was the third in a course of three lectures treating of Harvard in axiom then that nothing need match in three successive decades. The first of these, Harvard in a college room, but fond mothers ex- the Fifties," was delivered by President Eliot, and the sec- ond, Harvard in the Sixties, by Mr. Moorfield Storey. erted themselves nobly to make their My mode of treatment aimed to omit reference to what sons comfortable, and everything in the had been already included by my predecessors in the course ; consequently this paper was written mainly way of red curtains, discarded bric-a- from the point of view of the average student of my own day, which was necessarily a limited one. It is a nar- brac and sporting prints which the at- rative of manners and customs, and does not pretend to tic contained was appropriated to the describe the mental processes of those in authority at the time or to depict the results of scholarship. I insert this collegian's use. And then, perhaps, as caveat merely for the benefit of any literal-minded readers who have never been to college and who might be dis- one of my friends told me happened in posed to ask where the study caine in. his case, the mother would buy a new Harvard College in the Seventies 555 drawing-room carpet or new chairs for gether agreeable. Hazing, SO far as I herself with the money which she had knew it personally, was rather mortify- not been obliged to spend on the son's ing to one's self-esteen than painful. outfit. How much more sensible this I think I had to recite "Mary had a Lit- than to set a youngster up with brand tle Lamb" in my nightgown with a new, spick and span furniture, carpets pitcher in my hand to a group of ap- and hangings. preciative Sophomores who were smok- e rail- My room was a cosey den of ancient ing to a man as hard as they could. A mons, but fairly gorgeous green rep uphol- few of my classmates had pails of cold 'hayer, stery, and was in Holworthy. I was a water poured over them in bed, but I stence. "Tutor's freshman," which meant then was little and perhaps that saved me. asium practically nothing in the way of servi- Smoking out a Freshman with tobacco re was tude. I think I delivered a note once smoke was a favorite device, and we was a for my tutor, but am not certain. Num- were all liable to be called on at any worthy ber 9 was in the middle entry, ground time to treat to cigars either at our ness of floor, and after a few days my posses- rooms or at Hubbard's, the apothe- e, con- sions were increased by a huge stone cary. A Freshman, instead of being -rooms which came crashing through the win- a gentleman and a scholar as at pres- emand, dow, just missing my chum and my- ent, was regarded as the seum of d " The self, who were conscientiously at work the earth, without property rights. beside a student-lamp. This missile, The following letter was sent by a which was the size of a small canta- Sophomore of my class to a Freshman. e8 loupe, was described to us as a trans- The '74 man had it printed and cir- mittendum. That is, it went with the culated. are room, and had been handed down in some such forcible way from one DEAR SIR I speak for the Sophomore class Freshman class to another. Other men when I say that you need have no fear of fur- had less rude objects as transmitten- ther roughing if you are willing to follow the example of your classmates and the custom of da. A Worcester's Dictionary sometimes the college in the matter of treating and are went with the room, and occasionally willing to promise to give up the use of a cane an ostrich egg or a manuscript hidden for the remainder of the term. If you choose ay, away in the wall and inscribed with the to come with me to Hubbard's and get six cigars, I will give them to members of the class and names of previous occupants. see that your algebra is returned. I am dis- 8. Our entrance examinations began on interested in saying this, as I do not smoke. You st, Thursday and continued through Fri- had better consider this proposition, as the class e, day and a part of Saturday morning. are much provoked at your obstinacy, and will Saturday afternoon we learned our fate. not be very careful in what they say or do other- wise. If you will call at 6 Gray's at any time My class numbered 154. Students within two or three days I will represent the were still were received on probation, as it was class. ite quar- termed, and were not matriculated as Yours, etc. ling was members in full standing until the end nination- of the first half year. Our entrance This was signed with the real name Though examinations were in Greek composi- of the writer, and he added, in large que, the tion, Greek grammar, history and letters, "Sic Semper Stultibus," a lapse , if ever geography, English into Latin, Latin in Latin which was the occasion of re for the grammar, plane geometry, arithmetic, some merriment, and wounded our class a Boston and algebra. Besides these written ex- pride. match in aminations we had to translate orally "Bloody Monday"-the first Monday others ex- Latin and Greek. of the college year and long a terror to ake their I belonged to one of the last few Freshmen-was practically obliterated ing in the classes- 73-which was hazed or took from the calendar in the autumn of ed bric-a- part in hazing. President Eliot was in- 1870. On that evening the Freshmen ch the at- augurated in October, 1869, and I was were expected to meet the Sophomores ed to the tossed in a blanket that same autumn in the gymnasium for a "rush," and erhaps, as in the gymnasium, one of the last subsequent tossing. I remember that ,ppened in Freshmen who underwent the ordeal. both classes were assembled, and that buy a new It was a new experience and not alto- just as we Sophs were beginning opera- 556 Harvard College in the Seventies tions a Professor appeared on the scene then under the control of the students, and, in the language of authority, com- but presently the authorities offered to manded us to disperse, By way of com- co-operate, and little by little the enter- ment on this occurrence the Harvard prise prospered until it was duly in- Advocate in its next issue declared stalled in Memorial Hall in the autumn Professor Eliot will receive, for his of '74. While I was an undergraduate courageous interposition, the hearty Matthews and Weld were begun and thanks of all lovers of good order completed, while the Sophomores we suppose, are, In my time only a comparatively small after all, not SO much aggrieved at the number of students attended Commons. loss of what used to be a prized heir- The thinness of the diet provided was a loom of their year. It may have been favorite theme for satirists in the col- a very exhilarating thing, when the lege paper. Those who could afford it classes were small, to 'toss' a few and many who could not went to club dozen Freshmen. But, now, to toss the tables at boarding - houses. We paid number of Freshmen which is neces- eight dollars a week whether we spent sary to secure any 'moral' effect upon our Sundays at home or not. The food a class of two hundred, the tossing re- was fairly good to middling bad, ac- quiring a huge canvas blanket to be cording to the capabilities of the land- forcibly elevated a few hundred times, lady. I should judge that the fare is a physical labor which few of the provided at Commons to-day is supe- Sophomores, who have on previous OC- rior to what we got for eight dollars. casions sunk back, faint or exhausted As regards the cost of living, I spent from their work, would care to repeat. just $1,000 a year during the first two Nor has the effect upon the Freshmen years and a little more the last two. I been of late quite what the tossers de- should say that $1,300 would cover the sired. After two or three Freshmen cost of my senior year, without including have gone up and come down, receiving my share of my spread. I sent my bills no severer hurt than a quickening of for tuition, rent. board and clothes all the breathing, caused by passing rapid- my bills in fact, to my father, and ly through the rarefied air in the upper was allowed $15 per month pocket strata, the exercise loses its terrors. money. I lived comfortably on this, Freshmen have been known to volun- bought a few books, and was a member teer for a second ascent." Hazing re- of the "Dicky and the A. D. Club. ceived its final quietus in 1873, when There were a number of men in my class the classes of '75 and '76, who were then who spent more, but I doubt if anyone Sophomores and Freshmen, entered much exceeded $2,000 a year. Scarcely into a compact with the faculty that anyone kept a horse, and very few of there should be no more war if certain the students went to evening parties in members of the Sophomore class, who Boston. For a Freshman or Sophomore had been caught in the act and had to go was an unusual thing. On the been suspended, were allowed to come other hand there was considerable sim- back. Since then the Freshman has ple social gavety in Cambridge. As- been allowed to live comparatively un- semblies were held in Lvceum Hall, molested. under the management of the students, In my Freshman year Thaver Hall and small parties were given by the was begun, the first in the series of parents of the Cambridge young ladies. dormitories since erected by the gen- The piping query, Going to wear a erosity of friends of the college. Mr. dress suit to-night?" called up from Nathaniel Thayer was not a graduate, the vard to a man in his room, was a but his interest in Harvard had already familiar sound in my day and shows been indicated in other ways, notably that we were still simple souls. by his liberal contribution to the Thayer We opened the day by going to pray- Club, the parent of the modern Com- ers. In my Freshman year from the mons, which, when I entered, was in the beginning of the first term until the little building once a railroad station Thanksgiving recess, and from March west of the Scientific School. It was 1st until the end of the year, morning Harvard College in the Seventies 557 lents, prayers began at a quarter before seven. cording to tradition, did SO much to ed to After the Thanksgiving recess until the promote friendly relations between the enter- first of March at a quarter before eight. authorities and the students and to en- y in- The first bell rang some time in the courage the undergraduates to govern tumn night, but the second bell five minutes themselves, that I am probably wrong duate before the exercises opened. In that in my belief that he took a "slant' n and five minutes many endeavored to dress against me from the first. Until I be- and reach the chapel in time. An ul- gan to look over my scrap-book re- small ster and top boots were a favorite garb, cently, I had cherished the impression mons. and during the last few languishing that I was an amiable and well-be- was a notes of the bell some noble sprinting haved young man in my college days, 1e col- was done. When prayers began at. a and that I was misunderstood by the ford it quarter before seven, recitations were faculty in general and the Dean in par- 0 club at eight. Compulsory morning prayers ticular. I still think I am right, but I e paid and the rank list were the two leading feel bound in justice to submit a few spent grievances of the students. Changes documents on his side before I destroy e food in regard to the former and the aboli- them forever. ad, ac- tion of the latter were among the first e land- reforms introduced by President Eliot. Letter to my Father. e fare Under the rank-list system marks of HARVARD COLLEGE, June, 1870. 3 supe- censure were combined with marks, for DEAR SIR I am sorry to be obliged to in- lars. scholarship, and a student's rank. as form you that at the last meeting of the Faculty I spent held out to the world, was gravely af it was voted that your son be publicly ad- rst two fected by deductions for cutting pray- monished and be put upon special probation two. I ers and recitations, whispering in lect- for participating in disorders in the recitation- room of Mr. Tutor in - to the Fresh- over the ures and smoking in the yard. The men. cluding elective system of studies made this Mr. has been greatly tried by the con- my bills combination of lesson and conduct duct of the Class, being an amiable person and thes, all marks still more distasteful, and in the a new instructor, and would have done more her, and famous regulations of the Faculty for wisely, I have no doubt, to have provided ear- lier and vigorous measures against an evil pocket 1871 they were separated We were al- which is fatal to the instruction and discipline on this, lowed by these regulations sixty ex- of the College. member cused absences from prayers instead of The indifferent manner in which your son re- D. Club. twenty in the course of the year. But ceives warnings, and a certain mischievousness of disposition, which mean8 no serious harm, I my class penalties for evil conduct remained in dare say, lead me to suggest to you the impor- f anyone all their awfulness. The list of them tance of impressing strongly upon him at the Scarcely enumerated in the inverse order of their beginning of next year to be upon his guard importance included marks of censure, against the temptation to pranks which is so y few of parties in parental admonition, private admoni- strong at the beginning of the Sophomore year. I think I am doing him a kindness if I put any phomore tion, public admonition, special proba- fresh difficulty in the way of heedlessness on On the tion, suspension, dismission and expul- his part. able sim- sion. A public admonition was ac- Very truly yours. E. W. GURNEY, Dean of the Faculty. dge. As- companied with a letter from the Dean um Hall, to the father of the student. Special pro- bation indicated that a student was in That was the beginning of the trou- students, ble. Then, alas! came the following n by the serious danger of separation from e.ol- lege, and on this occasion the letter little strips of printed matter, received ng ladies. from time to time through the post to wear a was still more impressive. The office I up from of Dean was established in the winter February 22, 1871. om, was a of 1870. Hitherto the President had A deduction of 32 is marked against Grant, and shows been obliged to devote his personal at- Soph., on the weekly return of February 4th, tention to the minor details of college for inattention and disorder at Italian exercise. S. government. From this time the Dean J. W. HARRIS, Sec. g to pray- from the was the official with whom the students JUNE 5, 1871. until the came in personal contact when the Grant, Soph., is directed to come to the om March faculty wished to communicate with Dean's office on Monday. r, morning them. The late Professor Gurney, ac- J. W HARRIS, Sec. 558 Harvard College in the Seventies May 6, 1871. were not confessed before the end of Grant, Soph., is directed to come to the the recess the guilty parties would be Dean's office on Monday. prosecuted in the criminal court as well J. W. HARRIS, Sec. as expelled. We went home to think it April 29, 1871, ditto; June 12, 1871, over, and I, for one, felt aggrieved, for I ditto, save that I was to come on Tues- was innocent as a lamb of the offence, day. To pile up the agony, on June 13, and moreover was entirely ignorant as 1871, as a sequel to the last interview, to who committed it. There were no confessions known to me made after my father received the following the recess, and so far as I am aware the DEAR SIR At the last meeting of the Fac- faculty never discovered who blew up ulty it was voted that your son, Robert, be Stoughton. I have heard it positively publicly admonished for twenty-two unexcused denied by those who claimed to know absences from prayers. Very truly yours, that the Med. Fac. had anything to do E. W. GURNEY, Dean of the Faculty. with it. I was not a member of the Med. Fac., SO I am unable to testify on I think there is much to be said on that point. The whole matter remained the side of the Dean, but my own be- shrouded in mystery while I was in lief is that what he considered indif- college, and my impression is that the ference on my part was really shyness. father of one of my classmates was SO His impressions regarding me were un- indignant that his son was suspected fortunately strengthened early in my that he sent his other sons to Yale. Sophomore year by the blowing up of With the beginning of the second Stoughton, an episode which caused term the Freshmen were privileged to much excitement at the time One wear tall hats and carry canes. They evening late in the autumn of '70 the always celebrated their emancipation Yard was startled by a loud explosion on the first Saturday of the new term which proceeded from the north entry by going in force to the theatre in all of Stoughton. The ground floor room the splendor of their new possessions, nearest Holworthy had been blown up and they were apt to show themselves by combustibles placed in the cellar. on Beacon Street, Boston, on the fol- Its inmates were Freshmen, and among lowing Sunday. In regard to dress on the occupants at the moment was my week-days I recall that among all the brother who was a Freshman of '74, students a little round gray soft hat and who tumbled out of the window in was very popular. The times were great haste. Those who tried to escape rather hard from '70 to '80, and many by the door could not, for the flooring men went in for old clothes. Short pea- had started. One man is said to have jackets were in common use. Some of struck the ceiling, but in spite of the the arbiters of college fashion chose to noise and smoke no one was hurt. I wear silk hats with them, when they was at that time living in 5 Holworthy, wished to appear swell, thereby produc- in the entry next to Stoughton, just ing a somewhat mongrel effect. Eng- over Professor Sophocles, and was lish clothes, or indeed a suit of new peacefully reading. I rushed down to clothes, was SO much an event that I see what the matter was, and SO did recollect on the occasion when a mem- everybody else in the yard. Conjec- ber of the Class of '74 imported a suit ture as to who did it selected the Med. of lively checks, his friends hung it Fac. as the probable culprit; but no outside the window of one of the build- one was caught at the time. In about ings on exhibition. The Yard at that a fortnight my chum and I, and some time, as very likely now, was often a dozen other members of my class, were lively centre for amiable indolence. sent for to see the Dean on the eve Besides tossing cents at a mark in front of the Christmas recess. I think that of Holworthy, and dropping hot coppers President Eliot addressed us in person. out of the windows for the Cambridge I remember that we were given to un- urchins to pick up, I recall the slogan derstand that the authorities had a clew, of "Heads out !" which brought every and were informed that if the matter one to his window and from his books Harvard College in the Seventies 559 d of many times a week. No woman could year until November 1st, and from d be cross the yard without hearing it, and March 1st until the end of the year well events of much less import evoked it. recitations began at eight and con- nk it Frequently we had the pleasure of tinued until one, and the dinner hour for I listening to the Glee Club, which was was one. From November 1st to March ence, then a flourishing body whose reper- 1st they began an hour later and the nt as toire included "Seeing Nellie Home," dinner hour was at two. There were e no and "Dearest maiden dance ever with afternoon recitations from three to six. after me; can'st thou refuse me? can'st My class was the first to experience the e the thou but choose me?" yet pandered to benefits of the elective system under W up less noble emotions in "Shoo Fly," and the new administration. In the col- tively the then popular lege year 1871-72, the Seniors were re- know quired to take Physics, one lecture a to do Ha-ha-ha, you and me, week for a half year, Themes, and of the Little brown jug how I love thee : twelve hours of electives the Juniors, ify on Philosophy, two hours a week through ained Among the college characters and the year, Physics, two hours a week for as in celebrities of the years from 1870-80 a half-year, and one lecture a week at the were Jones, the bell-ringer Billy, the through the year, Political Economy, postman, and Horace, the expressman, vas so and the Constitution of the United pected who helped to pack the baskets of States together, two hours a week for a soiled clothes which the Boston men e. half year, Rhetoric, two hours a week econd sent weekly to town, and also "Daniel for a half year (in all six hours a week), ged to Pratt," the great American traveller and Themes and nine hours of electives They president of four kingdoms, a frequent the Sophomores, German, two hours a pation visitor among the students with his week through the year, Rhetoric, two ideas stated in his own modest lan- V term hours a week through the year, Physics, in all guage as worth billions of dollars to two hours a week for a half year, His- all nations." ssions, tory, two hours a week for a half year, selves Chemistry, three hours a week for a Oh, where is the man 80 lean and fat he fol- Who has not heard of Daniel Pratt, half year (in all seven hours a week), ress on Who gathers his wings and flies away Themes, Elocution, and eight hours of all the To parts of earth where the light of day electives. All the studies of the Fresh- ft hat Shines but a little or not at all men were required The courses in In the course of the awful waterfall ? i were I ask you, friends, what muddy minds electives included the classics, phil- many Have never conceived, unfurled to the winds osophy, history, natural history, and rt pea- That glorious banner that springs like a cat music. From year to year during the ome of Into the air for Daniel Pratt. seventies new courses were introduced, hose to There never was nor ever will be and these were amplified until aspira- Such a mighty man to stand like thee, in they I say, most magnificent Daniel Pratt, tion culminated for a time in the produc- Above the throne where Plato sat Chinese professor. The details of Eng- changes are a matter of record, and I of new So he sung and the students ap- have no space for them here. The en- that I plauded the poor old man to the echo. trance examinations were made to cover a mem- In my time, too, there was a Johnny a broader field, and experimental prog- d a suit Cocoanut who met us as we came ress was the watch word of the time hung it from recitations with cocoanut-cakes with the authorities. In a tone of e build- just before the noon meal, and a boy contemplative criticism the Harvard I at that who played tunes on his teeth in Advocate remarked that the only con- often a Harvard Square by sucking in his servative body connected with the uni- dolence. breath. I recall, too, a malodorous versity was the students. However un- in front goody who made herself famous by scientific, from an educational stand- coppers calling at the chamber-door of one of point, the matter and manner of the mbridge her charges, when he slept too late in instruction then given may seem as e slogan the morning, "Git up, yer lazy divil, compared with that of to-day, we were ht every git up." fortunate in our instructors. Many of is books From the beginning of the academic the men whose pre-eminent scholarship 560 Harvard College in the Seventies has gained for the university repute on to the extent they do now. I do not both sides of the water were then in mean that if an undergraduate broke their prime. Of course the classes a leg and sought his professor or tutor from '71 to '80 were, SO to speak, sub- for advice or sympathy he did not get jects of experiment, for old methods it but there was certainly less work- were in process of being exchanged for ing together in the matter of studies, new But we had the benefit of the and consequently more formal inter- ability and knowledge of Professors course. The recitation in most cases, Child, Lane, Norton, Goodwin, Gurney, at least where I was concerned, was Cook, Böcher, Shaler, Dunbar, Trow- the sole medium of contact, and the bridge, Henry Adams, J. M. Pierce, expression "Not prepared," on the one A. S. Hill, and Palmer. If I have side, and "That is sufficient," on the omitted any names which should be other, uttered in varying keys calcu- mentioned I beg their owners' pardon. lated to produce repulsion, were too I remember well how interested I was often the Alpha and Omega of ac- in the history courses of Professors quaintance. What infinite gradations Gurney and Adams, which were con- of meaning those expressions Not ducted after the then new method of prepared," and That is sufficient," lectures with outside work by the class. were susceptible of Only Mephis Dr. Peabody and Professor Torrey were topheles could hope to compete with still actively instructing and were much some of the faculty of my time in the beloved. I used to wonder sometimes way their Shibboleth was uttered, and that men who applauded loudly at the to the sensitive ear there was often an mention of their names should put off entire Wagner tragedy in the phrase preparation in their courses until the "Not prepared," though to an inex- night before examination - day. Pro- perienced listener it might convey fessor Lowell still had a few courses in merely an impression of bravado. To Spanish and Italian. I remember go- be sure there were individual instances ing up to his house in June, 1876, to where instructors and students affiliat- be examined in Dante. I was a can- ed more closely, as for instance the de- didate for the degree of Ph.D., being lightful Field Lectures in Geology of one of the earliest applicants for that Professor Shaler, of which I heard at degree. My course of study for three the time, though I did not take his years had been in English, German, elective but there was comparatively and Italian literature. As it happened little of that spirit of mutual interest, I was very well up in the "Inferno" and and of co-operation in work which I the Purgatorio," but I was a little weak believe distinguishes the university to- on the "Paradiso," especially the later day. I remember the solemnity of the cantos. I took counsel with myself occasions when one was sent to the and made up my mind that I would black-board to demonstrate a problem not be caught napping in case treach- in trigonometry or physics concerning ery should be practised on me. Conse- which one knew nothing. I can see quently the night before, I made myself again, as plainly as though it were ves- thoroughly familiar with Canto 33, the terday, one of my classmates in this last canto. In the presence of two men plight draw with the chalk simply a like Professor Lowell and Professor huge square and walk back to his seat Child, who was to sit with him in judg- with the dignity of profound hopeless- ment on me, I naturally felt a little ness. nervous, but my opinion of my own There was no Freshman Society in talents rose considerably when Pro- my day, and the only two Sophomore fessor Lowell, in an off-hand manner, Societies were the Institute of 1770 and told me to begin at the last canto. the Everett Athenmum. The Juniors Later you know he became a distin- had the Hasty Pudding Club, the Pi guished diplomat. Eta, and the Signet. The O. K. was I do not think that it was the fashion the literary Society. At it we read pa- in my time for instructors to interest pers and consumed beer and little cakes themselves in the students individually cut in the form of O and K. There were Harvard College in the Seventies 561 not the Glee Club and the Pierian Sodality, Selwyn's theatre where the combination roke and two Religious Societies, the St. of Tennyson's "Dora" and the bur- Paul's and the Christian Brethren. The lesque "Black-eyed Susan," in which get only secret societies were the A. K. E., Stuart Robson played Captain Cross- ork- and the Med. Fac. The Alpha Delta tree and Kitty Blanchard appeared in dies, Phi wax-merged in the A.D. Club, which tights, drew the same students, like a nter- was founded just after I entered col- magnet, across the bridge again and cases, lege. There were several members of again. I was immersed in studying was my class who were members both of law at the time the Soldene troupe I the the Porcellian and the A.D., but '73 carried by cyclone the class of '77, but e one was the last class in which men were I believe that the college authorities 1 the allowed to belong to both. The A.D. retain keen recollections of the occur- calcu- had quarters on Brattle Street, just be- rence. The troupe went from Boston e too yond Harvard Square, two rooms, in to Cincinnati, and the first words which f ac- one of which we sat and played whist Emily Soldene is said to have uttered ations and the other a sort of pantry in which on alighting from the train were, "Is "Not we kept the crackers and cheese. But there a University here?' eient," we were very proud of our club and we I was the witness also of the last ephis had capital times there. I judge from "Mock Parts," a custom which deserv- ) with what I hear that the A.K.E., or "Dicky," edly was voted out of existence by the in the is substantially what it was in my time. Class of '72. It had been the habit for d, and The oath which I took on the night of many years to hold a sort of travesty on ten an the initiation not to divulge its secrets the Junior exhibition (which has also phrase binds me now, but I can see no objec- ceased to be), at which ceremonial one 1 inex- tion to referring to a pleasantry prac- of the Junior class delivered from the convey tised on me on the occasion which I window of Hollis Hall an address sup- o. To remember more vividly than the other plemented by satirical and bitter stances horrors. I was sitting blind-fold on a "roughs" and personalities on other affiliat- chair, believing that the worst was over, members of the class sent in anony- the de- when two upper class men, whose voices mously. I remember listening to the logy of I recognized, approached me and told Mock Parts of the Class of '71, and eard at me to open my mouth. I did SO and being shocked by the cruel thrusts ake his one of them placed a large plug of which usage permitted to be made at ratively tobacco between my teeth, and told me those who were unpopular. Others interest, to masticate it until I was given leave evidently sympathized with me, for the which I to stop. I was an innocent boy ; I had next class did away with the practice rsity to- never smoked or chewed in my life, forever. y of the and I shall always remember the ex- The only college newspaper when I to the perience of that burning mouthful to entered was the Advocate but the Ma- problem which I was obliged to hold fast until genta - afterwards the Crimson - pres- icerning late in the evening. ently became a rival. and later the Har- can see Early in my college course a reading- vard Lampoon, which was edited at first vere yes- room was started by the students in lower by students, but from 1876-1879 by a in this Massachusetts. I was one of the officers. board composed chiefly of recent grad- simply a We provided the magazines and leading uates. After this it was again con- his seat newspapers, and it presently became a ducted by the undergraduates. The hopeless- popular and successful institution. A promising Frederic Wadsworth Loring, Telegraph Club was also established in who was killed in the West by Indians Society in my time. The Pudding and the Pi Eta shortly after graduation, was one of the phomore theatricals were then as now prominent editors of the Advocate from the Class 1770 and factors in the social life. "Running" for of '70. At the annual dinner of the e Juniors the Pudding was then in its glory. The editors of the Advocate in May, 1876, b, the Pi names "Lyon's and "Kent's will re- Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes read his ). K. was call to men of my time many a game poem, "How the Old Horse Won the e read pa- of billiards, and those who sought Bet," when he told us : ittle cakes amusement in town must have vivid Moral for which this tale is told, 'here were memories of the Parker House and of A horse can trot for all he's old 562 Harvard College in the Seventies There were no class officials in my removed our rubber ball to Cambridge day except the captain of the ball nine Common, where we played energetically and of the crew, who were chosen at for a year or so, at the end of which we the beginning of the year at a meeting were turned off by vote of the Cam- in Holden Chapel. The class-day offi- bridge town authorities. By this time cers were the same as at present, and the game had become SO well estab- they were generally chosen without lished that we were able to insist on much friction, but the Class of '77 came our right to play on Jarvis field. The to loggerheads on the subject in conse- game played by us was one which had quence of a strife between the society originated with the old Oneida club of and non-society men. A committee of Boston some ten or fifteen years previ- graduates was invited to intervene, but ous, and it was generally in use at the in the end '77 had no class officers and schools and colleges of Massachusetts, no Class day. It was called Corporation New Hampshire, and Vermont. One of day instead, and Professor Lowell in- the salient features of the game was the vited them to breakfast at Elmwood. rule that a player could run with the I have the impression that, apart ball only when chased, and he must stop from the small contingent who were as soon as pursuit ceased. Dribbling active candidates for the crew, or nine, was forbidden. The ball was kicked a the older classmen when I entered col- great deal, and there was much running lege were lazy as regards exercise. It and dodging. There were eleven men is my recollection that some of them on a team, and the members were con- spent much time in drifting from room siderably lighter men, as a rule, than to room and in coloring meerschaums, those who play nowadays. In October, and that those who took themselves 1873, a convention of the colleges inter- seriously did not know what to do when ested in football was held and an asso- they had studied enough. Certainly, ciation formed, but Harvard declined between the years 1870 and 1880, a to take part in it or to join, alleging marked change took place in the mat- that the game as played by the other ter of athletics, so that by the end colleges was SO different from ours that of the period in question it had be- a compromise was out of the question, come the habit of the large majority, and also claiming that our game was instead of a small minority of the stu- more "scientific," an assertion which dents, to take part daily in some form excited Yale. The rules of the other of outdoor exercise. The beginnings colleges, though differing in details, of this change occurred while I was an were substantially the English Associa- undergraduate. I happened to be one tion rules adopted in 1863. It was of the party who owned the first ten- found that the game played by McGill nis set at Harvard. We set it up and College, Montreal, usually styled the played on it back of College House. I Rugby game, differed less from ours happened, too, to be one of the half- than did that of any other college, and dozen men who revived football, which an arrangement was made under which, had been dormant at Cambridge for in 1874, the McGill team visited Cam- some years. It was in my Sophomore bridge and played two games-one ac- year, I think, that a party of us took a cording to our rules and one according black rubber football, such as we had to theirs. The teams met on May 14th been accustomed to use at school, and and 15th, two elevens on the first day went out and played. Our example at- and two tens on the second. My tracted others, and presently we had a brother was captain of the Harvard following of some twenty-five or thirty team. Harvard easily won the game men. We played at first, I think, on played according to our rules, and that the vacant lot at the side of the Scien- played according to the McGill rules tific School, for it was claimed that, with resulted in a draw. After it the Adco- baseball and cricket already in posses- cate remarked "The Rugby is insome- sion of Jarvis field, there was no room what better favor than the sleepy game for us there. The faculty, however, played by our men." In October, '74, would not let us stay; accordingly we we sent a ten to Montreal, which proved Harvard College in the Seventies 563 bridge cically victorious, and for several years a In the autumn of '74 the first field ch we match with McGill was a regular event. meeting of the new Athletic Associa- Cam- In November, '75, the first football tion, the precursor of a long line of time match ever played between Yale and similar contests, was held on Jarvis estab- Harvard took place at Hamilton Park, field. The sports included a hundred- ist on New Haven. Fifteen men played on yard dash, in which eleven sprinters The each side, and the game was substan- participated a running high jump a h had tially the Rugby game. It was divided one hundred-yard hurdle race; throwing lub of into three half hours, and Harvard won. a baseball; a two-mile run, with seven previ- Yale did not score, and her defeat was contestants a half-mile run ; a three- at the ascribed to the fact that the rules were legged race and a three-mile walk. To new usetts, to her. In November, '76, a quote from the records of the day One of second match was played, this time be- "The weather was true Indian summer as the tween two elevens instead of fifteens, -a perfectly clear sky, with a bright ih the by request of Yale, and on this occasion sun and very gentle wind. It was evi- st stop the blue prevailed. I regret to state dent that the Field Committee had bbling that the Advocate had the poor grace made every needful preparation for the cked a to declare that Our men have re- afternoon's performances. A quarter- inning turned with the feeling that they owe mile track, quite smooth but rather 1 men their first defeat, not to any superiority soft, had been laid out, surrounded by in their opponents' play, but to an e con- a rope while a stouter rope, stretched , than offensive combination consisting of the around the entire field, with the aid of etober, Yale eleven, backed by, first, a culpa- six policemen, kept the populace at a inter- ble ignorance or misinterpretation of proper distance. Directly opposite the asso- the rules: second, an equally culpable spectators seats a judges' stand was eclined carelessness in the arrangements on placed, while in the centre of the field leging the field ; third, to an unruly and un- were the hurdles and jumping-poles, other restrained partisan crowd." The refusal with a hundred-yard track marked out rs that of Yale to play with more than eleven between them." It was an important estion, men and Harvard with less than fifteen, day in the history of athletic sports at prevented a match in '77. Yale's ar- Harvard. ne was which gument, as voiced by the Courant, was: In the matter of baseball, the seven- other We are the champions of last fall, ties were years of much activity and details, having won with eleven men and the success. A great many men played for ssocia- Rugby rules, and all teams who wish exercise in my time, whether they were [t was to contest the championship with us candidates for the team or not, and McGill should challenge us to play with eleven there was plenty of material from which d the men and the Rugby rules." In reply to choose a winning nine. My partic- the Advocate I ours said Harvard having ular class contributed the pitcher and ge, and beaten all her opponents, Yale included, catcher of the nine which won in '72 which, with fifteen men in '75 and '76, was and again in '73 the series of games Cam- the champion in the fall of '76, and had with Yale. In neither instance was a therefore a right to keep to fifteen men. one ac- third game necessary. The later years ording She had been playing all the fall of '76 of the seventies saw the Harvard nine, y 14th with fifteen men, and wished to play under the leadership of Captain Thayer, Yale with that number but Yale in- st day repeatedly victorious against the blue sisted on eleven men. Harvard made My in fiercely contested games, the mem- arvard the concession." So there was no game ory of which stirs the blood in the that year. But in '78, after parley, game veins of their now more than forty-year- d that Yale consented to play with fifteen old contemporaries. The Harvard nine men, and the match came off in Boston I rules in these years played with professional Advo- on the South End grounds. It was a as well as college teams, and made tours fierce contest on a rain-soaked field, and isome- in various directions to meet doughty was won by Yale by a single goal. This y game adversaries. No gambling or jockey- er, '74, time the Advocate admitted that, though ing features were then conspicuous no proved a disappointment, the game was fairly newspaper lives of the players exagger- won. ated beyond all semblance to truth the 564 Harvard College in the Seventies importance of the undertaking. The well on in the seventies the classes nine were simple-minded, earnest young were still small enough for a man to men who were fond of baseball for its know all his classmates by sight, and own sake and determined to beat Yale. the majority of them pretty well. As I Why we won then and do not win now remember us, we were an energetic lot, puzzles many brains wiser in athletic and, despite the statement I have lore than mine. I suppose the reason quoted as to our conservatism, were is that then we played better ball than as ready as the authorities to try new Yale and now Yale plays better ball ventures. Those who did not study than Harvard. Naturally the best hard went in for something else with players win. enthusiasm. I was well fitted when I As to boating, the seventies saw sim- entered, and was able to keep about the ilar activity on the water, and though middle of the class by skimming like in the early part of the decade Harvard a swallow over the surface of my work. took the wash of some of the fresh- I hope that is not possible now. My water colleges for a considerable period, senior year I, like many others, turned '77, '78, and '79 were among the most over a new leaf and did a little better, brilliant in the history of Harvard ath- SO that when I graduated I was anxious letics. In those years the eight-oared to do better still, and accordingly took crew under Captain Bancroft won a course for the Doctor of Philosophy three successive victories against Yale. degree, living in Boston and coming In '71, '72, '73, '74, '75, and '76, races out now and then to consult Professor were rowed at Ingleside, Springfield, or Child, whose valuable, friendly counsel Saratoga, under the auspices of the I have always remembered with grati- National Rowing Association of Amer- tude. When I entered the law school ican Colleges. As many as ten or in '76 I found it a veritable bee-hive. twelve crews took part in these con- Everybody was ardently in earnest, and tests, and fouls and consequent bicker- it was interesting to see what a change ings were numerous. Harvard never had come over many of the men who came in first, but she thought herself had not been conspieuous for hard first in '73 for about three minutes, work as undergraduates. The leaven only to find herself third. That was of the new administration was working. the day of the famous diagonal line. It is not easy to describe the more In 1875 the Harvard color, which since elusive features of college life in my 1864 had masqueraded under the name day, the friendships formed, the walks of *Magenta, owing to some difficulty and talks, the grapplings with the prob- or carelessness in getting the proper lems of existence in company or by shade of handkerchief for the crews, one's self. These are matters which was definitely established as crimson. count, perhaps, for more than anything These were active days on the Charles else in the experience of every stu- for miscellaneous oarsmen. Class and dent. I refer to them to indicate that, scratch crews abounded and sunk each though we were bovish, we were, as a other from time to time, and every one rule, right-minded and eager at heart tried to row. At one period, in '75 I to do well, and thoughtful withal when think, club crews, made up from differ no proctor's vicinity catered to our taste ent sections of the yard, and named for mischief. I am sure that when the after the dormitories, Holworthy, Weld, corner-stone of Memorial Hall was laid Holyoke, and Matthews, took the place in October, 1870, some of us envied the of the class crews for a time. Sliding glory of those in whose memory it was seats were first introduced in the seven- done, and felt that we had been deprived ties, 'and eight substituted for six oars by fate of an opportunity. We were by in the University boat in 1876. no means a morbid lot, however. In- There was much sociability among deed, feeling that we had just missed the students in my day. There was the great chance, we may have been considerable loafing in one another's disposed, after the manner of those who rooms, and sitting round doing noth- missed the last car from Scollay Square, ing. I dare say there is still. Until to take things as comfortably as we Harvard College in the Seventies 565 could under the circumstances. Some tunes accumulated, had scarcely begun asses of us read a good deal, but our miscel- to be felt. Society in New England at n to laneous reading was rarely directed by the time of the civil war stood for no- and As I suggestions or hints from our instruc- ble ideals and great purposes. That tors. The college library was then a C lot, grand generation has passed away. Its have place for storing books instead of cir- great men are dead many of its theo- culating them. as at present, and was ries seem a little nebulous to us now. were comparatively little used by the stu- We have entered on a new phase of new dents. The Harvard Advocate, in bid- study civilization, and new problems bred of with ding farewell to my class, said "No democracy and unrest confront us. Yet hen I longer will they sport at pitch-penny I believe that work as earnest and ut the in front of Holworthy, or pass ball in more intelligent than the work of the like defiance of proctors all over the yard. past is being done in the world to-day, on work. But, seriously, few classes have ever and that much of it is being done at graduated more beloved by their fellow- Harvard. I do not think that the Uni- My urned students or esteemed by the faculty versity should be held responsible for than '73." This was a little stiff per- that which should be learned at the better, uxious haps, but I cannot allow such a tribute mother's knee and impressed on the y took to my class to lie buried in the files of growing boy by parental precept and more than twenty years ago. osophy example. If the student is extravagant As I look back on my college days it and self-indulgent it is because his :oming strikes me that we were boys. Honest, elders_are. If the tone and aspirations ofessor ;ounsel energetic, square-trotting, manly boys, of society and the homes of this country grati- but still boys. The fault was not are at fault, young men will be sent to wholly ours; the apparent aim of the school Harvard unable to appreciate the ben- authorities was to keep us so, and one efits which are offered to them. But ee-hive. of the most significant and valuable of est, and when we come to compare the Har- the results of the policy adopted by vard of to-day with the Harvard of change President Eliot and his faculty is the the seventies, I cannot but feel that en who trust which is now reposed in thehonor from the point of view of a liberal edu- r hard of the students and the breaking down leaven cation the young man of to-day, if he of the barriers between the instruct- will choose wisely, and make the most orking. ors and the instructed. We were spied of his time, has a grand chance. His e more on and watched. Proctors dogged our faculties are stimulated in a way in in my footsteps at night and stalked between which mine never were. He is allured, e walks the tables on examination-day. What not clubbed into the path of knowledge e prob- wonder that the Freshmen and Soph- and wisdom. The methods of teaching i or by omores "ragged" signs from the lamp- s which are charged with sympathy, and the posts and the shops out of deviltry, standards of mental excellence have anything and that even Juniors wore top-boots been greatly raised. Competition is ery stu- lined with "cribs," in order to baffle fiercer, and, to excel, the mental athlete ate that, the argus - eyed ? It was anything to needs the full energies of a healthy ere, as a get the better of our tutors, and with body and a well-trained mind. In the at heart them the presumption seemed to be plethora of choice and the abundance hal when that a student was not to be trusted. of the interests of university life, some our taste It is evident to me that the relations of when the may go miserably astray in the twilight was laid the undergraduates of the present day but even in the sixties all did not to their instructors is very different, nvied the hearken to the inspirations of the hour, and that, as a consequence, the Harvard and in the fifties the connection of some ry it was man of the nineties is more disposed to deprived with the college was abruptly severed. put away boyish things and take advan- e were by Daughters of Time, the hypocritic Days, ever. In- tage of the opportunities offered him Muffled and dumb like barefoot dervishes, for culture. And marching single in an endless file, st missed We were energetic, honest, and manly Bring diadems and fagots in their hands. ave been boys, and we were simple in our habits. To each they offer gifts after his will. those who The material wave which swept over Bread, kingdoms, stars, and sky that holds by Square, them all. the nation, as a result of the great for- I, in my pleached garden, watched the pomp, ly as we 566 Golf Forgot my morning wishes, hastily which will send them out into the world fit to Took a few herbs and apples, and the Day control events and do battle for our motto Turned and departed silent. I, too late, Under her solemn fillet saw the scorn." Veritas. But the University cannot evolve a noble life from a shallow soul. It says Harvard University to-day offers young choose, and it is for each to declare whether men a chance to train themselves for the he will havé the sky or the herbs and apples. work of life such as it never offered me and We who were undergraduates twenty years the men of my time. The students have a ago must needs envy the men of the nineties gymnasium for the mind and for the body their greater privileges. GOLF By H. J. Whigham IT is natural that a game which has fore, it will be well to confine ourselves to formed the chief recreation of the Scottish the more recent incidents in the growth of people for several centuries should have by the game. more especially those which have this time acquired a large literature of its to do with its spread in this country. For own, SO much SO that two of the best vol- even Mr. Horace Hutchinson's excellent umes in the whole domain of sporting his- work in the Badminton series was contrib- tory are devoted to this subject. It will uted before England became thoroughly be unnecessary and superfluous therefore converted. Nine years Ago, at the English to enter upon a full description of the universities, not only was the game played game's development in the remote past, for by a very small body of undergraduates are not its annals written in the pages of over the half-inundated cricket fields dur- the Badminton book upon golf and did not ing the winter months, but the ignorance Sir Walter Simpson go back farther yet and displayed by all who did not belong to this invent a pretty legend to explain the ori- devoted band was simply appalling to one gin of the pastime? All this has been done who had been born and educated north of for us already. It is needless to recount the Tweed. The point of view taken by how the popularity of the game began in most Englishmen was well expressed when the seventeenth century seriously to men- it was proposed about a year later that ace the profession of the soldier and the the members of the team selected to repre- pursuit of religion how the great Mon sent Oxford in the inter-university golf trose preferred a friendly contest at Mussel- match should be allowed the privilege of burgh to raiding the base Lowlander, or wearing a half-blue"-the full blue" how Charles I. forfeited his crown and his being the reward for services in the Rowing life because he allowed the Irish Rebellion Eight, Cricket Eleven, or football teams. to break out while he was sacrificing his The president of the "blues" committee royal duties to indulgence in this ancient was at that time one of the best all-round sport. More recent passages in history tell athletes in Oxford, and he very strongly the same tale. The one fact of importance objected to extending any university rec- which has been related of the predecessor ognition to the exponents of a game which of Queen Victoria on the throne of Eng- -as he put it-did not induce perspira- land is that he was elected captain of the tion. In other words, he confirmed the St. Andrews Golf Club, and it is certain to- general opinion of outsiders that golf is day that Mr. A. J. Balfour would refuse not an athletic pursuit at all, but merely a the premiership of the British Government mild recreation for old men. if he could by so doing become the amateur Now, although it is perfectly true that golf champion of Scotland and England. children of ten and octogenarians can In order, then, to avoid returning over trudge round the links and enjoy the fresh ground that has been SO often trodden be- air and the mild exercise involved in tap- SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE VOL. XXI MAY, 1897 NO. 5 UNDERGRADUATE LIFE AT HARVARD By Edward S. Martin [1856-1939] WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY W. II. HYDE AND HOWARD PYLE I F anyone started out to write about the from Boston and the towns and cities im- people of the city of New York and mediately tributary to it. Six or seven hun- their customs and manner of life, he dred come from outside of New England, would hardly think it necessary to and of these about one hundred and tifty say that there were many different sorts or seventy-five come from New York and of people there who were busy about its suburbs. New England, outside of many different sorts of things, and lived eastern Massachusetts, sends the rest. various lives under conditions of wide di- These eighteenhundred young men possess versity. It is understood that in a big eighteen hundred different outfits of per- city these differences of people and aims sonal idiosyncracies, and besides that are and circumstances always exist, but it is exponents of exceedingly various systems not SO well appreciated to what degree of raising. The lads who come from a long analogous diversities exist in a great col- distance are apt, though by no means sure, lege. We are all ready to think, for all to be sons of well-to-do parents, and inured that some of us know better, that a college- from childhood to the comforts and in boy is just a college-boy, and that one col- many cases to the luxuries of life. A great lege-boy is about like another, and that many of those who come from the Boston they all go to college for about the same district are in a similar predicament, but a purpose, and pursue it in about the same large proportion of those who live within Note: way. There is an approximation to truth easy reach of Cambridge are sons of peo- in that supposition, but not a very close Martin graduated ple who have little money to spare, and one. The extremes of humanity in a big who have to count carefully the cost of the town are, of course, vastly farther apart education they give their children. In this in 1877. He was a than any two lads in a Harvard class, but great collection of young men there are still the difference between Harvard un- lads who are used, when at home, to dine Freshman during dergraduates is SO considerable that it in a dress-coat, and very many others who must be appreciated if one is to form any never possessed a dress-coat and see no G.B.D.'s senior just idea of the elasticity and comprehen- immediate prospect of requiring one year. Herein siveness of the bond that includes them there are lads with good manners and lads all. In the academic department of Har- He describes the with nomanners at all; lads who have been vard there are nowadays nearly eighteen taught to keep clean and lads whose ablu- hundred young men. Rather more than Harvard culture RVI. tions are infrequent and perfunctory lads half of them come from places SO near who are used to society and lads who are m she was of the widdle Cambridge, that they can spend their Sun- not ; lads who are eager after knowledge days at home. Pretty nearly half come for learning's sake; lads who covet it be- Seventies. See also Copyright, 1897, by Charles Scribner's Sons. All rights reserved. Robert grant's companco article in same issue. 532 Undergraduate Life at Harvard The Johnson Gate (West) Erected cause knowledge is power : lads whose par- individuals of the same breed than a group ents are anxious that they should learn as of Harvard Freshmen. There is less differ- much as possible because a smattering of once in their manners. their dress their talk, knowledge is elegant. And. of course, and they may even have come to hold a there are lads of strong character and weak good many sentiments in common. Big lads ; lads whose minds have matured and as she has grown to be. multifarious as her lads who are still very young: lads of good brood is, and in spite of the strong centrif- morals and lads with an inclination toward ugal tendencies that separate her children unwholesome experiment : lask with an and send them each about his proper busi- acute interest in athletics and physical ness, Harvard still stamps her own indi- prowess. and lads who are indifferent to viduality upon them. in faint lines, it may muscle or speed: lads for whom the seri- be, but distinctly enough for practised eyes ous business of life has already begun. and to detect. others for whom the material conveniences There was an old Harvard and there is have been provided in advance and who a new. and the line of separation is SO re- seek mainly such a training and such ex- cent that a graduate of less than twenty periences as may best enable them to profit years standing can remember when it be- by what they have got. The usual length gan (1) appear. It came with the elective of time that a lad spends as an undergrad- system. and has developed year by year as uate in college is four enough that system has developed. and as students even under the most favorable conditions names have multiplied in the Harvard cat- to make him over and turn him out a new alogue. Twenty years ago there were still man. Accordingly, as lads differ widely classes and class-feeling at Harvard. Most when they enter Harvard, they also differ of the studies of Freshman year and nearly widely when they are graduated. But they half of the Sophomore studies were pre- are perceptibly more alike than they were. scribed. There were then about two hun- They do not live together four years un- dred students in a class. There were some der conditions approximately similar with- lectures which a whole class attended in a out gathering some things in common. A body, but for general purposes of instruc- group of Harvard seniors look more like tion each class was divided arbitrarily on been The Flower Rush on Class Day. 534 Undergraduate Life at Harvard proportion of them by sight. Each class had its together, and was thus divided off conveniently for inspection ac cording to its sen iority. Most lads came to college with some ready made friends, and those who came from the larger schools had a con- siderable squad of more or less inti- mate associates to start with. The members of these bands of school mates were as signed to different divisions accord ing their names and shared with one another the information they curfes got about new men. Abbott, who had been at school with Smith and took his meals at Vestibule, Memorial Hall, showing Memorial Tablets on the Right the same club- table with him, an alphabetical basis into divisions of thir quickly formed theacquaintance of Adams, ty or forty men, who recited together. At Arbuthnot. Allardice, Bates and Barstow, that time all of a Freshman's class-room and imparted his views about those young associations were with Freshmen. So were gentlemen to Smith, who reciprocated by most of his other associations. He first got putting Abbott in possession of his impres- to know the members of his division by sions of Rathbone, Robinson, Sands, Saw- name from hearing their names called in verand Thompson. Lawrence at the same the recitation-room. Presently, if he was club-table, presently knew Knowles, all the of a reasonably social turn, he had scraped Lowells, Lane. Mullins, Marvine. Notman, acquaintance with most of the men of his and Pope : and Abbott and Smith learned own division. To some lectures half the very quickly what he thought of them. It class, or even the whole class, went together. seems to a retrospective graduate that in The roll-call at such lectures helped to Harvard College in those days about three identify the members of the class. At pray- fifths of the cursory talk of average under- ers, too, the Freshman saw his classmates graduates was about one another. It began all together, and usually his devotions did when sub-Freshmen met to be examined not absorb him SO much but that every for admission, and it continued until gradu- morning he looked a good many of his ation. The amount of attention that men fellow-worshippers over. At prayers, too, paid to one another and the time they de- every day he saw nearly all the undergrad- voted to estimating one another's intellec- uates in college, and came to know a large tual, physical, social, and moral qualities, Undergraduate Life at Harvard 535 and discussing details of conduct was ex- traordinary, It cannot be said that every and estimates were in a constant state of man in it class knew every other man, but revision and reconstruction. In those days the apparatus for bringing men of the same the sentiment called class -feeling flour- class together was efficient, and it did usual- ished. Menknew their classmates, and knew Ivhappen that by the end of Freshman year their class, though their acquaintance was by no means limited to it. After Freshman Morning Prayers-Appleton - Chapel. nearly every man believed that he knew, year, especially, they began to know the or knew about, every man in his class men in other classes, and often to form whose acquaintance it seemed likely to be worth his while to make. Men were mis- friendships with them. But they always felt judged, misunderstood, overestimated and a strong interest in their own class, bragged underestimated ; but acquaintance was about it as a class, and believed it, if pos- sible, to be the best class in college, or very general and was constantly ripening, certainly better than the classes immediate- 536 Undergraduate Life at Harvard what best suits his taste, inclinations, and pur- poses. Most of the elect- ive courses are open to students of several classes and tograduate students, and when a Freshman has sorted out the studies he purposes to pursue, he finds himself in the lect ure or recitation room with an unclassified body of learners, most of them no doubt Freshmen like himself, but very likely with plenty of Sopho- mores too, and possibly with other upper . class men and graduate stu. dents. Compulsory prayers have passed out of existence, and he rare- ly or never sees his own class all together at one time. Indeed, there is not a lecture - room in Harvard College that will seat all the members of the present Freshmen class at once. He rarely even sees a group of men together in any class- room of whom he can be sure that all of them are his class-mates. Instead The Delta Phi Club. of reciting day after day throughout a college ly ahead of it and next behind it. They year with the same squad of youths, here. knew it could cheer louder than any other cites with four or five different sets, each class, and SO far as demonstrated facts al- of which is composed of men who happen lowed, they tried to believe that it had the to have chosen the same course as he. It best ball-nine and the fastest crew. \ Har- is possible, in the course of a year or two, vard class in the centennial year of Ameri- under favorable conditions to learn to know can independence was still a family, not a good deal about two hundred men, but very closely united, but still conscious and to get the run of four or five hundred men appreciative of a tie which was recognized under conditions that are not particularly as existent, even though it did not bind favorable is, obviously enough, impractica- very tight. ble. Nowadays a Harvard class has come to But though the tie of class has been SO be a much larger and looser aggregation stretched and honey-combed at Harvard of individuals, and the facilities for knit- that it does not serve the social purpose it ting it together have almost disappeared. once did, it must not besupposed that every Between four and five hundred men now Harvard man goes his own gait without enter college together. Only a single study, definite ties of association with his fellows. English, is prescribed to all of them. All The Harvard " Club Book and the Har- the rest they select, each man choosing vard "Index" for last year record the ti- HOWARD PYLE. UNDERGRADUATE LIFE IN 1679. " We found there eight or ten young fellows sitting around, smoking tobacco, with the smoke of which the room was so full, that you could hardly see. 538 Undergraduate Life at Harvard tles, and in most cases the membership of out club-rooms. Finally there is the Med. someninetvorganizations of students, some Fac. and such social apparatus as Harvard primarily social, some remotely so, but all has these various organizations constitute. of them serving in different degrees tobring There are enough of them to cover a good men together. In this list arethe half-dozen deal of ground if their membership was organizations which are devoted 10 the in- widely enough distributed. but, as a matter terests of the college press the score. or of fact, the societies that are of the most thereabouts. devoted to sports and athlet- use in promoting acquaintano and social ies the five or six devoted to music : the relations affect only a small proportion of school clubs, as the Andover, Groton, St. the undergraduates. \ few men belong 11) Mark's and St. Paul's clubs, where the tie more clubs than they have time to attend to, and it large majority is a common experience of their fellows belong to in a preparatory school none at all. What ( 011 the clubs of locality. as cents the majority sposi the Canadian. Southern. sibly of the most impor and Maine clubs the tance but as long as religious societies. half a there social mas hine dozen of them the clubs at Harvard it is as well based on an interest in 10 look it over and see a particular study. as the how 11 work, and what English, Classical. and il does Natural History clubs When Thomas Bul- the clubs where French finch. of Boston. enters and German are spoken: Harvard with some four the political clubs the or five hundred other clubs in derogation of young men. he finds strong drink the de- himself in possession of bating clubs many oth- a good many ready er clubs devoted to other made social advantages interests, and finally the He has been fitted for half-score or SO of clubs college at a good private chiefly social. somelarge, school in Boston. where some small, whereof the other lads of his year whatever other excuse were boys whom he had they find for being. the known ever since they chief basis of member- were all in knickerbock ship is general affinity. ers. .\ dozen of them In this latter group be- enter at the same time. long the Hasty Pudding They are sons of well-to- and Pi Eta, the Porcel- Suit Worn by Barnabas Hedge. a Mem do people in Boston so- lian and the A. 1)., the ber of the Class of 1783. at the Grad Institute of 1770 and uating Exercises of the Class ciety, and are a reasona- bly good-looking, civil- its shadowy satellite. the Dicky; the Alpha Delta Phi, the ized squad of youths, They organize them- Delta Phi, the Zeta Psi, and the Theta selves into a club table, and take their Delta Chi, all of which have houses or meals together at the best boarding-house rooms where the members meet and spend they can find or afford. They not only more or less of their time. These last four know one another pretty well, but they clubs are all of comparatively recent origin. all have more or less acquaintance with So is the Delta Upsilon, which differs from the upper classmen. and most of them them in having a larger membership, and, have cousins or brothers or old family at last accounts, in allowing considerations friends in college. So Thomas steps in- of scholarship and literary proclivities to to a ready - made circle, and proceeds influence its choice of members. Like it to take notice how he may profitably en- in that respect are the O. K. and the Sig- large it. He has talked Harvard college net, societies of age and standing, but with- pretty steadily with his pals for some years. Undergraduate Life at Harvard 539 and has a fairly accurate knowledge of the tened eagerness would be discerned and salient social facts about it. He is a fair remembered to his social detriment. Being student, and has a good preparation, and a of a social turn. however, Thomas does tolerably well-trained mind and if he was make acquaintances. some by hook, and ambitious to be a high scholar he could someb casual crook. but most of them by probably be one, but college offers him SO more formal processes of introduction. much besides high-scholarship that seems Some of his friends in the upper classes worth his while. that he is quite satisfied to have him in their minds, and pay him the be a fair scholar only. and (1) devote a con- civility to call upon him. He has some- siderable share of his attention to the ex- thing to say to new acquaintances, and perience of other sensations and theaccom- has been used to having views and ex- plishment of other ends. He has a good pressing them. and his manners are good, equipment of energy. both physical and in- and more than all he has in fair measure tellectual. and is a lad of force. a good deal that balance of faculties that is called of it being still undeveloped. Besides the common sense: and SO it happens that he necessary book-learning which he got at usually leaves an agreeable impression be- school, he acquired exceptional proficiency hind him. He studies intelligently but not in manipulating a base-ball. He enjoys to such excess as to prejudice his interest playing base-ball and intends to playin col- in the social side of college life. When lege, and his pals know of his proficiency. spring comes he plays base- on his and think and talk a good deal about it. class-nine. and such men in his class as Wherever Thomas goes. to his lectures and care for athlet- recitations, to Jarvisand the Soldiers' Field, ics get to know to his meals and his room, to other fel- him by sight. lows' rooms, to thy billiard-room in Har- So do men in vard Square most affected by Freshmen. other classes and to punches, and in and out of Bos- whose interest ton, he sees new faces and takes note of in base ball is them. He has a room in a private dormi- acute. H e tory where several of his club-table com- doesn't neces- panions also live. and he gets to know by sarily become sight other men in that building. He and popular because his pals presently form relations with other he is a base-ball squads of youths from other schools who player, but he constitute other club-tables, and with becomes con- whom they discuss issues of class politics. spicuous enough At the class-meeting Thomas's crowd run to promote the him for captain of the ball nine, but a big- establishment of ger crqwd from another school down him his identity and and get their man in. Still Thomas's name to make the men has been spoken in the meeting and he who direct the has made one or two more acquaintances social destinies there. It must not be supposed that he is of the place or ever becomes while in college over- ready to make acquaintances. He is polite The Porcellian Club and civilly responsive, but is hardly more likely to speak to a) man whom he not know in the ward or in a does Cambridge street-car than you would be to speak to a stranger on Broad- way or in an elevated railroad train. He is especially strict with himself at first about scraping an acquaintance with a man, and especially an upper- class-man, whom he wants to know, for fear that any betrayal of unchas- 540 Undergraduate Life at Harvard aware of his existence. The upshot of it takes the place in him of his own. When is that Thomas, becoming conspicuous Thomas Bulfinch, after his name has been enough to be discerned, and being agree- spelled out in the yard at night by the able enough to be liked, and being sat- Sophomore members of the Institute, is isfactory in most overt particulars, pres- seen leaving newspapers at Sophomores' ently finds himself doors in the early the possessor of a Journal 1799 morning, wheeling coveted distinction baby-wagonsalong in being one of Massachusetts the ten Freshmen Avenue, and doing elected members other such humble of the Institute of offices, no body 1770. who knows Har- The precise rela- vard College will tion of the D. K. have any doubt E. society, vulgar- that he will pres- ly known as the ently be a member 'Dicky," to the of the "Dicky." Institute, is a se- From that time on In Noyes's room the awful pot appeared." ret which is shared it is plain sailing pretty equally be- Drawing by Washington Allston, class of 1800. Reproduced in the Souvenir of the Hasty Pudding Centennial. for him. There is tween the members no bushel over his of the society, and the newspapers of Bos- candle. It has been put in a candle-stick, ton. The newspapers explain annually and set forth, and if it does not shine it will that the Dicky" be because of a de- is a society behind fect in luminosity, the Institute, and and not from any that the first two- lack of fit position. thirds or SO of the When Thomas hundred men who returns to college are elected into the in the beginning of Institute become his Sophomore members of the year, he occupies a "Dicky." The place of considera- newspapers are ble social power, quite confident that for it falls to him the first ten of the and his nine peers Institute are also of the Institute to the first ten of the select the next ten "Dicky," and when of their class-mates members of first who seem most tens are seen short- suitable for mem- ly after their elec- bership of that so- tion doing all man- ciety. With four ner of fantastic or five hundred things about Har- men to choose vard Square, and from, whom do even in Boston, the they select? Nat- explanation is that urally their choice these young men Programme of a Pi Eta Entertainment. is limited to the are "running for Drawn by F. D. Millet. men they happen the Dicky." Judg- to know, and per- ing from outward manifestations this "run- haps between them all they know half ning" seems to be a process of probation the class. Thomas's special interest in wherein the candidate is handed over to this process of selection is to look after tormentors whose will for the time being the interest of those of his particular fa- 540 Undergraduate Life at Harvard aware of his existence. The upshot of it takes the place in him of his own. When is that Thomas, becoming conspienous Thomas Bulfinch, after his name has been enough to be discerned. and being agree spelled out in the vard at night by the able enough 10 be liked. and being sat Sophomore members of the Institute, is isfactory in most overt particulars, pres seen leaving newspapers at Sophomores' ently find himself door 111 the early the possessor of il morning wheeling coveted distinction Journal 1799 baby wagonsalong in being one of Massachusetts the ten Freshmen Avenue, and doing elect members other such humble of the Institute of offices. 110 body who known Har 1770. The preciscrela vard College will (1011 of the 1). K. have any doubt E. society, vulgar- that he will pres ly known as the ently be a member Dicky," to the of the Dicky Institute, is it S('- From that time on In Incess room the awful put appeared cretwhich is shared it is plain sating Keji pretty equally be Padding for him. There is tween the members no bushel over his of the society. and the newspapers of Bos. candle. It has been put in a candle stick. ton. The newspapers explain annually and set forth, and if it does not shine it will that the Dicky" be because of il de is a society behind feet in luminosity. the Institute. and and not from any that the first two- lack of fit position. thirds or SO of the When Thomas hundred men who returns to college are elected into the in the beginning of Institute become his Sophomore members of the year. he occupies a "Dicky." The place of considera- newspapers are ble social power. quite confident that for it fall- to him the first ten of the and his nine peers Institute are also of the Institute to the first ten of the select the next ten "Dicky," and when of their class-mates members of first who seem most tens are seen short- suitable for mem- ly after their elec- bership of that SO tion doing all man- ciety. With four ner of fantastic or five hundred things about Har- men to choose vard Square, and from. whom do even in Boston, the they select? Nat- explanation is that urally their choice these young men Programme of a Pi Eta Entertainment. is limited to the are "running for Drawn by F. D. Millet. men they happen the Dicky." Judg- to know, and per- ing from outwardemanifestations this "run- haps between them all they know half ning" seems to be a process of probation the class. Thomas's special interest in wherein the candidate is handed over to this process of selection is to look after tormentors whose will for the time being the interest of those of his particular fa- Undergraduate Life at Harvard 541 Strawberry Night at the Hasty Pudding Club. miliars whom he likes the best. He sees to have things all their own way in Sopho- it that as many men as possible from his more year ; neither do their members neces- club-table get into the second ten. The sarily abuse the advantages of their posi- beneficiaries of his influence, on being ad- tion, but their position is advantageous, mitted, aid him as far as they can in getting and they profit by it. a due number of their pals and his into the Early in Sophomore year, Thomas, con- third ten, SO that in due time the whole club- tinuing his triumphant social career, is in- table is taken into the Institute, and a fair vited to be a member of one of the small proportion-perhaps all of them get in clubs made up mainly of Seniors and Jun- early enough to share in the advantages of iors, which take in a few Sophomores. the shadowy Dicky. And as it happens He joins, say, the Delta Phi. It affords with Thomas's club-table, SO it happens him the conveniences of a pleasant club- with other club-tables, made up of men house and the society of three or four mem- from other schools. The club-tables do not bers of his own class, ten or twelve Jun- Undergraduate Life at Harvard 541 Strawberry Night at the Hasty Pudding Club. miliars whom he likes the best. He sees to have things all their own way in Sopho- it that as many men as possible from his more year: neither do their members neces- club-table get into the second ten. The sarily abuse the advantages of, their posi- beneficiaries of his influence, on being ad- tion, but their position is advantageous, mitted, aid him as far as they can in getting and they profit by it. a due number of their pals and his into the Early in Sophomore year. Thomas, con- e third ten. SO that in due time the whole club. tinuing his triumphant social career, is in- table is taken into the Institute. and a fair vited to be a member of one of the small proportion-perhaps all- of them get in clubs made up mainly of Seniors and Jun- early enough to share in the advantages of jors, which take in a few Sophomores. the shadowy, Dicky. And as it happens He joins, say, the Delta Phi. It affords with Thomas's club-table, SO it happens him the conveniences of a pleasant, club- with other club-tables, made up of men house and the society of three or four mem- from other schools. The club-tables do not bers of his own class, ten or twelve Jun- 542 Undergraduate Life at Harvard iors, and a like number of Seniors. Very is left in college to which he considers it likely also it relieves him of the risk of suf- an imperative necessity to be joined is the fering inconvenience from the enforcement Hasty Pudding, and into that he will glide of theno-license lawwhich prevails in Cam- in due time to a certainty. and at no nec- bridge, and that is a consideration, for it essary cost of the slightest intermediate of should be known fort. If his aspira that there is no tions are satisfied public place in H.P.C. he will pay such Cambridge where attention as IS nec- two sojourners essary to his stud- ylawfully share ies, and spend the a bottle of beer greater part of his over their lunch. leisure in clubs. Thomas finds the He will find con. society of the Del. genial society in ta Phi club-house them, and will agreeable and its probably make privileges handy. friendships whi and it is possible will be a pleasure that he might to him in after life. spend too much Heiswell situated of his time there if to have a certain it did not happen kind of fun. He that while his hab- has the usutruct of its as a Delta Phi one complete set clubman are still of the i.il privi- in a formative leges of the Har- state he learns vard system. un- ACTING MANAGER W. DAVIS that he is one of hampered by any three or four gen- PIANIST reasonable posst tlemen who have bilities of reverses been chosen to SIACO MANACET J.T.WHEELWRICHT! or any irksome re- represent the NOV.23 sponsibilities Sophomore class about anything in the A. 1). Club. Hasty Pudding Club Poster. 1876 but his personal Being already an comfort He active member of one club and two socie- must study enough to keep up with his ties, two certainly. and all presumably. with classes, or else he will be dropped. but club-rooms to maintain. Thomas blinks a even if that happens he will always enjoy little at the prospect of incur- some of the most agreeable priv- ring liability for another set of ileges that can belong to a grad- club dues, especially as he has uate. There will always be a about as much present use for couple of pleasant houses in two clubs of the same general Cambridge where he will be character as a cat traditionally welcome and will receive polite has for two tails. Nevertheless, attentions from agreeable young he bows gracefully to the SVS- fellows. whether he comes out tem, and promptly joins the .1. to a dinner, or to class day or D., thereby securing another Silver Medal Bearing the commencement, or stops on his Seal of the Pi Eta So set of club-house privileges and ciety way in town after watching further advantages of social in- some game on the Soldiers' tercourse with selected outfits of Seniors Field. It is not surprising that some men and Juniors. after achieving membership in the small Thomas has now been in college only a clubs take little thought thereafter about year and a half, but his social career is the further extension of their experience practically complete. The only club that of Harvard life. Into the clubs they go, Undergraduate Life at Harvard 543 and there they stay, content with ease and inherited vigor to permit his powers to good company, as calmly and ingloriously stagnate, he will still keep in the ring, for all as a billiard-ball in its pocket, their main that there are cushioned seats reserved for use in the college microcosm being to af- him in private boxes among the spectators. ford observers awful examples of Harvard He will still, in spite of his embarrassment indifference. of social opportunity, pay decent attention The small clubs are not conducive tosus- to his work as a student, he will play base- tained effort in the public service on the ball if his efficiency in that continues to be part of their members, but, after all, their so exceptional as to make his services de- seductions are not necessarily irresistible. sired by the captain of the University nine; One of the More Luxurious Rooms (Claverly Hall). Young men of energy and ambition may when he gets into the Pudding he will act find it amusing on occasions to sit on the in theatricals perhaps, and he will try gen- edge of a table and throw dice for drinks, erally to keep his finger in such of the col- but they will not be content to settle down lege pies as come within his reach. If he is to that sort of thing as a steady occupation. recognized as a representative man of en- For superior men who are too active to be ergy and influence he may be chosen into pocketed, the clubs are pleasant without the Signet or O.K., even though he has no being unprofitable. It usually happens, in special turn for letters, and has evaded the spite of the apparently haphazard system importunities of the editors of the college by which the small clubs are recruited, that papers. When his class graduates, he will a good many superior lads get into them, very likely figure as one of its class-day who continue to be forces in the college marshals, and what is more important, he during all the remaining years of their will carry away with him, along with some course. It is the instinct of leaders to lead, scholarship and friendships and associa- and lead they will if for nothing more tions of value, a considerable share of true than for leadership's own sake. There are education which will be useful to him in usually such leaders among the Harvard transacting the various business of life. clubmen, but they are leaders because it is Harvard will have been a generous mother in them, and rather in spite of their being to Thomas somewhat too indulgent no in the clubs than because of it. Supposing doubt, but still truly munificent. that Thomas is a young fellow of too much If Thomas's luck had taken a slightly dif- 'ndergraduate Life at Harvard 543 and there they stay, content with ease and inherited vigor to permit his powers to good company, as calmly and ingloriously stagnate, he will still keep in the ring. for all as a billiard-ball in its pocket, their main that there are cushioned seats reserved for use in the college microcosm being to af him in private boxes among the spectators. ford observers awful examples of Harvard He will still. in spite of his embarrassment indifference of social opportunity, pay ent attention The small clubs are not conductivetosis to his work is a student, he will play base- turned effort III the public service on the ball if his efficiency in that continues 10 be part of their members. but. after all. their so exceptional as to make his services de- seductions are not necessarily irresistible. sired by the captain of the University nine: One of the More Luxurious Rooms (Claverly Hall) Young men of energy and ambition may when he gets into the Pudding he will act find it amusing on occasions to sit on the in theatricals perhaps, and he will try gen- edge of a table and throw dice for drinks. erally to keep his finger in such of the col- but they will not be content to settle down lege pies as come within his reach. If he is to that sort of thing as a steady occupation. recognized as a representative man of en- For superior men who are too active to be engy and influence he may be chosen into pocketed. the clubs are pleasant without the Signet or (). K., even though he has no being unprofitable. It usually happens, in special turn for letters, and has evaded the spite of the apparently baphazard system importunities of the editors of the college by which the small clubs are recruited. that papers. When his class graduates, he will a good many superior lads get into them, very likely figure as one of its class-day who continue to be forces in the college marshals, and what is more important, he during all the remaining years of their will carry away with him, along with some course. It is the instinct of leaders to lead, scholarship and friendships and associa- and lead they will if for nothing more tions of value. a considerable share of true than for leadership's own sake. There are education which will be useful to him in usually such leaders among the Harvard transacting the various business of life. clubmen, but they are leaders because it is Harvard will have been a generous mother in them, and rather in spite of their being to Thomas somewhat too indulgent no in the clubs than because of it. Supposing doubt, but still truly munificent. that Thomas is a young fellow of too much If Thomas' sluck had taken a slightly dif- 544 Undergraduate Life at Harvard ferent turn he might have gone in the Zeta oped and supplemented to some extent, but Psi and Porcellian clubs, and SO into the its enlargement has not begun to keep Pudding: or he might have failed to pace with this large increase of member- reach either A. D. or Porcellian, but still ship. There is the less need that it should have been a member of one of the younger have kept pace with it fully because the clubs, and still a member of the Pudding; bulk of the increase is due, not to Har- or he might have taken a different course vard's reputation as a sor ial centre. but to at the start and brought up in the Pi Eta or the opportunities she offers to students. Delta Upsilon clubs, in either of which he Hundreds of men come to her every year would have found plenty of companions. for purely scholastic purposes, to learn And again it might have happened to him, what her professors teach, and with nomore as it does actually happen to two-thirds of idea of such a course of social, athletic, his classmates, to go through college with and convivial experiences as our young out joining any club or society whatever, man, Thomas, has gone through than of except such as are based on a common in- going to the moon. Some of these men are terest in some study, or some school, or unsocial persons, who are satisfied to go locality, or in some form of religion. If their own gait on their own hook: others this latter experience had been his there are unsocial because their work as students would have been nothing deplorable about engrosses their energies: others because his fate. In Harvard College proper money is scarce with them as well as time. twenty years ago there were less than eight The command of a reasonable amount of hundred students, At the beginning of the money does not secure social success to its present year there were 1,754 The social possessor at Harvard, or in any college. apparatus of the college has been devel- but it does give opportunities. .\ student whose means are very nar- row. often has (1) supplement them by money-getting work. which occupies the hours that his studies leave him. If he takes a scholarship his rank must be high, and high rank involves hard work and de votion to one's list. He is not only more frugal but bus. ier than his fellows whose allowances are bigger. He avoids even harmless dissipa- tions, because he cannot af- ford them. Consequently, so far as he seeks society at all, it is the society of men of like aims and conditions with himself, as being more col- venient for him, and more congenial too, as well as more feasible. A man does not have to be joined to a club or a society before he can con- verse with his fellow. The clubs have their uses, but probably the most satisfac- tory talk that goes on be- tween undergraduates is not the talk of the clubs, but the seasoned communications A Room in College House. born of intimacy and affinity Undergraduate Life at Harvard 545 A Room in Holworthy. which pass from man to man by gaslight at Harvard. He is the right man in the in the college rooms. A man may be right place. He may choose all knowledge too poor or too busy in college to form to be his and the best the university has a large acquaintance, but not to make will be spent to aid him in making good friends and to get the good of friendship. his title to his property. He has every- That the richer and the poorer lads are not thing to work for, everything to work with, ordinarily thrown more together at Har- and much fewer distractions than his more vard may be a misfortune to both of them, affluent fellow. He is the especial pride but it is one that they both bear with equa- and pet of all the benefactors the college nimity. The man who has a scholarship and has ever had. All the prizes that are in- lives in College House has, usually, begun trinsically valuable have been until this the serious work of his life. He hasn't be- year for him and for no one else. He is gun altogether from choice, but partly from not an exception for whom, allowances th necessity, and his environment and its op- are made and who suffers by contrast. portunities are presumably-satisfactory to He is, apparently, the rule, and his breth- re him. He didn't come to college to have ren are the exceptions-very numerous re fun, but to work. He finds all the work he to be sure-and allowances are made ot can do, and as much chance for recreation somewhat grudgingly for them. It is or as he can improve besides. As a student not the poor student who suffers because n- he is in the position which his brethren the present social apparatus has been out- he of the clubs will be in a year or two later grown SO much as the student who is not ut when they enter the professional schools. too busy to have social aspirations, or too C- There the more sensible of them will real- poor to cultivate them, but whose reason- ize that their success in life depends on able inclinations are never quite satisfied not what they are able to do with their heads, because the fact of his presence in college the and they will put away childish things and does not transpire in the right quarter at ity apply themselves for all they are worth. the right time. It will be remembered Let no one be sorry for the poor student that when Thomas Bulfinch got into the VOL. XXI.-56 'ndergraduate Life at Harvard 545 A Room in Holworthy which pass from man to man by gaslight at Harvard. He is the right man in the in the college rooms \ man may be right place. He may choose all knowledge 100 poor or too busy in college 10 form to be his and the best the university has a large arquaintance. but not to make will be spent to aid him in making good friends and to get the good of friendship. his title to his property. He has every- That the richer and the poorer lack are not thing to work for. everything to work with. ordinarily thrown more together at Har- and much fewer distractions than his more vard may be it misfortune to both of them, affluent fellow. He is the especial pride but it is one that they both bear with equa. and pet of all the benefactors the college nimity. The man wholasawholarship and has ever had. .\ll the prizes that are in lives in College House has, usually, begun trinsically valuable have been until this the serious work of his life. He hasn't be year for him and for no one else. He is gunaltogether from choice, but partly from not an exception for whom allowances necessity, and his environment and its op- are made and who suffers by contrast. portunities are presumably satisfactory to He is apparently, the rule. and his breth. him. He didn't come 10 college to have ren are the exceptions very numerous fun. but to work. He finds all the work he to be sure and allowances are made can do, and as much chance for recreation somewhat grudgingly for them. It is as he can improve besides. is a student not the poor student who suffers because he is in the position which his brethren the present social apparatus has been out- of the clubs will be in a year or two later grown SO much as the student who is not when they enter the professional schools. too busy to have social aspirations. or too There the more sensible of them will real- poor to cultivate them. but whose reason- ize that their success in life depends on able inclinations are never quite satisfied what they are able to do with their heads, because the fact of his presence in college and they will put away childish things and does not transpire in the right quarter at apply themselves for all they are worth. the right time. It will be remembered Let no one be sorry for the poor student that when Thomas Bulfinch got into the Vol.. NXI. 56 ( 546 Undergraduate Life at Harvard through college alone, but they split up into small groups They form friendships and they find their satis- factions, but some of them make not more than a score of itc. quaintances all the time they are in col. lege. 4/1 is the press ence of such men in considerable number at Harvard thatmakes it evident that the present societies are very imperfectly rep resentative. Twenty years ago when the Hasty Pudding and In Editorial Cannot of The Daily rimsell Pi Eta clubs had Institute and presumably into the Dicky elected its many men from il claim as also, he bestirred himself to get all the best they could. they were reasonably sure fellows - that is, the fellows most congenial that they had liken in nearly all the men to him - into those societies. So did the in that class not otherwise provided for, other club-table representatives. who got whose idiosyncrasies seemed adapted (1) in with him. By the time the club tables the requirements of their membership. were sufficiently represented. and the fel- These club took in in those days about lows who happened to know one another three-fifths of it class: now. they and were duly provided for. the Sophomore Delta I psilon between them like in hardly societies were full. ()f course. in a col. one third The evil result of this differ lege. where no man knows more than il once is that a good many men who would third of his classmates, and where the class as a social unit has passed away. it is perfectly possible for social gems of a highly desirable ray to be entirely over- looked. This seems to happen pretty often, Lads 'in to college from small schools, un- allied with any strong company. and without social connections of any sort, and miss as- sociations which would be both pleasant and profitable to them, not from personal unfit- ness, or from individ- ual defect, but because their qualities are not discovered in time. Such men do not go The Weld Boat-house indergraduate Life at Harvard 547 have like to be in the Pudding or some other of tages. It in it condition of great freedom the organized clubs and societies. and who whi h a really sturdy chick may appreciate. are qualified for membership of them. don't It IS doubtless due to the failure of get in : the good result of it is that failure Harvard's older clubs and societies to pro- to get into the societies and clubs no vide for the wants of the growing family longer necessarily implies a serious dis- that so strong a movement has lately de- paragement of a man's social qualities. veloped 10 start a large new club which When two-thirds of all the men in college shall admit not less than a thousand mem- are left out of all the purely social clubs bers. and which shall practically be open and societies it makes it easy not to be in to any member of the college who desires any of them. The bigger the crowd is that to join it and who is able to pay its very the clubs exclude the more salubrious and moderate fees and dues. Such a club, it cheerful it is for the excluded. It is pleas- is believed. would afford a common meet- ant oftentimes to be in the coop, but the ing-ground for all the members of the position outside of the slats has its advan- university who care to rub against one an- 548 Undergraduate Life at Harvard An Anxious Parent Sees the Dean other. and would meet a want which in lie place in Cambridge where it graduate felt to be rather urgent in Cambridge of a can get a comfortable dinner and find public place where the ordinary incidents shelter for the night. Buston is SO near of civilized life in the way of food. drink that old Cambridge has never developed it (possibly). newspapers. shelter, and com- good hotel. If college men have it dinner panionship could be experienced. Dr. to give or visiting strangers 10 entertain. Birkbeck Hill, in his recent book about they do it at a Boston hotel. I inless an Harvard. laments the lack there of anything undergraduate belongs 10 some undergrad corresponding to the common rooms of uate club he cannot buy a bottle of beer Oxford. wish," he writes, "some without sending to Boston. Beer in smol generous and worthy benefactor would 10 affect the livers of some persons 1111 rise ; some hospitable man who knows how favorably, and it IS undoubtedly liable at much a pleasant meal removes awe and times to be consumed in excessive quanti gives us suppler souls." who would pro- lies by individuals especially in youth vide Harvard with a hall for the profes- but whether the waste of time and energy sors, assistant professors. tutors. and in- that would result in having beer and other structors, a noble kitchen. a good cellar. a potable fluids procurable in Cambridge.is a stock of old wine. and a half dozen Com- more serious evil than the waste of time mon Rooms. Perhaps, large though the and money and the dearth of certain social staff is, one Common Room would suffice opportunities which is incident to the prac- at first till the art of using it had been ac- tice of keeping all the Cambridge been in quired. Let Harvard once get Boston. IS it nice question. two or three Common Rooms built. and \ great undergraduate social club in hospitable customs will begin to form." Cambridge might possibly help (1) ame- This lack which Dr. Hill deplores, a uni- liorate the embarrassment to which Har- versity club of the right sort might con- yard is subject just now. because of the tribute very materially to supply. If it difficulty of providing suitable food at did no more than serve the purposes of moderate cost for her growing children. the Princeton Inn, at Princeton, it would Students who can pay well for their board be helpful, for at present there is no pub- do well enough at their private boarding- Undergraduate Life at Harvard 549 houses, but those whose expenditures are thing like the degree that it deserves, but more limited suffer much inconvenience. the majority of Harvard men nowadays Memorial Hall takes care of at least a do appreciate it. They are interested in third more men than it has room for, and their daily work, and in the enlargement of five or six hundred men who would like to their intellectual horizon which follows the share the competition for meals which attention they pay to it. And then, a col- takes place there cannot be admitted even lege room is a delightful place. Its OC- to that privilege, but keep their names on cupant for the time being is its master. the waiting list until a vacancy occurs. He can do as he will in it lock his door The Foxcroft Club, where life can be sus- and be not at home admit all comers tained at smaller cost than at Memorial sit alone and read or study, or sit with his Hall, is also overcrowded, but hopes, not congenial friend and talk out whatever he confidently as yet, to be presently en- may have the good fortune to have in his larged. Such a university club as is pro- mind. One Harvard graduate certainly, posed certainly would not undertake to who found many pleasures of very varied provide cheap board to undergraduates, sorts in college, remembers very few with but even if it only afforded an occasional such a sense of solid comfort duly taken as change of diet to those of its members certaintalks had in collegerooms with good who boarded at Memorial or Foxcroft, it men though young, about letters and life might make their condition more agree- and people, the immediate environment, able. and the greater world on the brink of which Because the organized social apparatus all college men stand. Music has charms, of a great college is tangible and in sight superlative charms, in college too. In this there is always danger of having it engross same graduate's memory there are few much of the observer's attention. It is musical associations more consoling than a relief to turn from the whole scheme of the memory of what he heard, half asleep clubs and societies, and the hopes and in a chair before a fire, while a good mu jealousies of their members. and would-be and wouldn't-beme bers, to those ele- ments of Harvard life which are out- side and indepen- dent of all of them. Every Har- vard graduate, whatever pleasure he may or may not have had in clubs, must look back with satisfac- tion experiences to which they con- tributed nothing. Honest study is like any other form of virtue in being its own re- ward. There is a satisfaction in it that of course many youths fail to appreciate or d cultivate in any- Interior showing the Mantel of the Hasty Pudding Club. :- VOL. XXI.-57 550 Undergraduate Life at Harvard sician, who was his classmate, sat at his experience has found that altruism can piano in the corner. Some of the calmest best work. Under the supervision of this and most peaceful memories of college director, students visit charitable institu- are the best. The more boisterous pleas- tions and learn how they are conducted ures we smile to recall, and wonder as we they also serve the Associated Charities remember them at the vigor and the folly as visitors to the poor, provide entertain- of youth. But about those quieter streaks ments for hospitals and asylums, manage of happiness there was no folly and they boys' clubs and lending libraries, and serve involved no remorse. their brethren in other ways. Another A Harvard professor tells with satisfac- field of philanthropic labor is the Prospect tion a story that illustrates the number of Union in Cambridgeport. an enterprise of different interests that may prosper simul- the university extension pattern, where taneously at Harvard nowadays with- working people who want to know go to out at all interfering with one another. evening classes and learn. The classes, One night a year or two ago, Mr. David almost without exception, are taught by A. Wells gave a lecture in a large room in Harvard undergraduates who give one Sever Hall, on some subject connected evening a week (1) the work. The other with political economy. On the same main attraction of the Union is its weekly evening a mass-meeting of students was lectures, most of which are given by mem. called in Massachusetts Hall, to determine bers of the Harvard Faculty. It is stated what action should be taken at a critical that since the Union began in 1891. every juncture in intercollegiate athletics. The member of the Faculty from the President professor started rather late to hear Mr. clear around to the President again, has Wells, and as he went he lamented to him- lectured there several times. self that the mass-meeting would draw SO One dark night, just about twenty years great a crowd that the lecturer might have ago, before Harvard had experienced the to talk to empty seats. When he got to fundamental changes which have made her Sever, he found the lecture-room SO full what she is just now, some young gentle. that he had to stand up. He got tired of men, whose identity was never established, standing after awhile and went away, and painted in large greasy black letters on the as he came through the yard it occurred front of University Hall the words The to him to look in at the rooms of the University is going (1) Hell." There have Classical Club. There he found twenty- always been persons. some of them sons of three men sitting around and discoursing Harvard, some not, who have been in sin- upon such matters as the members of a cere accord with this sentiment. Doubtless classical club discuss when they meet. there always will be such. Dr. Cotton Ma The mass-meeting was thoroughly attend- ther was of that mind and very discontent- ed too, and the professor went home very ed with his alma mater, when he wrote in much impressed with the idea that Har- 1717 to Elihu Yale suggesting that if Gov- vard had come to be big enough to take ernor Yale should make an important gift thought about several things at once. to the struggling college about to be moved An example of the comprehensiveness from Saybrook to New Haven, he might of the interests of Harvard students ap- reasonably give name toit. George pears in the Student Volunteer Work," Whitfield was of the same persuasion, in in which a considerable number of under- 1740, when he wrote that the light of the graduates engage. It might be called an New England universities has become elective course in sociology, for that very darkness-darkness that may be felt nearly describes it, except that the work that "bad books have become fashionable done does not count toward the A.B. amongst them and Tillotson Clarke degree. The work has an organized com- are read instead of Shepard Stoddard." mittee and a salaried Director who knows Some people may be of that mind even about the organized charity work of Cam- now, and think, perhaps, that Harvard has bridge and Boston, and who is qualified by outgrown her backbone and is ready to special knowledge and long experience to tumble apart by her own weight. Others steer young men who wish to learn to grieveover the dissolute tendencies of some help their fellows, into the courses in which of her scholars, and sigh for the olden time Undergraduate Life at Harvard 551 The Tennis Courts when discipline was strict and manners it, expecting to see something curious, as it godly and simple. There is more or less to is the only college or would- academy of mend at Harvard as in other places, but the Protestantsin all America, but wefound there seems good ground for the opinion ourselves mistaken. In approaching the that she never was SO useful or flourishing house, we neither heard nor saw anything as now, and that the standard of morals, mentionable but, going to the other side manners, and erudition among her students of the building, we heard noise enough in wasnever SO high. One gets the impression an upper room to lead my comrade to sup- from reading some of the old laws of Har- pose they were engaged in disputation. We vard that in her early days her students entered, and went upstairs, when a person devoted four-fifths of their time to pious met us and requested us to walk in, which works, and that butter rarely melted in we did. We found there eight or ten young their mouths. But laws are one thing, and fellows sitting around. smoking tobacco, the observance of them is quite another. with the smoke of which the room was SO Wherever one gets an eye-witness view of full, that you could hardly see ; and the Harvard undergraduates, whether one or whole house smelt SO strong of it, that when two centuries, or more or less, ago, they al- I was going upstairs, I said, this is certainly ways appear to be young men. One of the a tavern. We excused ourselves, that we earliest impartial observations of Harvard could speak English only a little, but under- was made in 1679-80 by two Frieslanders, stood Dutch or French, which they did not. who made a tour in the American colonies, However, we spoke as well as we could. e their record of which has been found and We inquired how many professors there e translated. Theystarted at six in the morn- were ; and they replied not one, that there ing to go from Boston to Cambridge, and was no money to support one. We asked n madethetrip in two hours in spite of having how many students there were. They said is lost their way. They said We reached at first, thirty, and then came down to o Cambridge about eight o'clock. It is not a twenty; I afterwards understood there rs large village, and the houses stand very were probably not ten. They could hardly e much apart. The college-building is the speak a word of Latin, SO that my comrade e most conspicuous amongthem. Wewentto could not converse with them. They took 552 Undergraduate Life at Harvard us to the library where there was nothing not proved able to supply them with cheap particular. We lookedover it a little. They board of attractive quality at a satisfactory presented us with a glass of wine. This is price. all we ascertained there. The minister of Where SO many men are working on in- the place goes there morning and evening dependent lines, with SO much to keepthe to make prayer, and has charge over them. apart and SO little, comparatively, to draw The students have tutors or masters. ()ur them together, one may reasonably wonder visit was soon over, and we left them to go whether such a thing as a common Har and look at the land about there." vard spirit any longer exists. It does ex- It is proper to say that these visitors hap- ist, SO men say who abide by the univer pened upon Harvard at an unlucky time, sity, and who ought to know. They see when she had no president, and her affairs it and feel it. It does not penetrate all in- were at a particularly low ebb. Nearly fifty dividuals in the same degree, but it is reck. years later "grave excesses, immoralities oned with and observed as a definite force. and disorders" SO afflicted the college, that The men best qualified to judge of it insist the record of some of them is set down in that it makes for veracity, for a high sense President Quincy's History.' One of honor, and for good manners. Indiffer- special trial at this time was the tendency once has sometimes been charged against of the people of eastern Massachusetts to Harvard, and perhaps not without some crowd to Cambridge to spend Commence basis ; but not indifference to truth. That ment week, and have all the fun they could. is her quest in science and in philosophy, For a time the overseers combated this and the basis of her law in matters of con tendency by all possible restrictions and duct. Veritas was not written on the Har prohibitions, but the colonists fairly beat vard shield for nothing. The Harvard them, and Commencement continued for a spirit may need to be awakened, and nour. century afterward to be a high Massachu- ished, and kept alive, but it is worth keep setts holiday, earnestly kept, and not with- ing alive. for truth is its most pervasive ele. out a considerable admixture of revelry. ment. It is one merit of Harvard (ii) All through the eighteenth century and lege," says Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, down to 1849, when commonswere discon- 'that it has never quite sunk to believing tinued and the college ceased to try to feed that its only function was to carry a body its scholars, there was a succession of diffi- of specialists through the first stage of their culties about food. The commons fare, it preparation." No ; it has never come 10 seems, was always pretty bad, and the stu- that. There is more to its work. and it dents were dissatished with it. Dr. 1. P. impossible that anyperson with even Peabody, of the Class of 1826, tells, in his il moderate share of imagination could Reminiscences," how it was in his day, spend a week in Cambridge without be The food," he says, "though not deficient coming aware of it. If there is one Har in quantity, was SO mean in quality, SO vard prospect which is fitter than another poorly cooked and SO coarsely served, as to to deepen this perception into a convie. disgust those who had been accustomed to tion, it is the sight of that simple marble edecencies of the table, and to encourage shaft which stands under a tree near the a mutinous spirit, rude manners, andungen- entrance of the Soldiers' Field. It bears tlemanly habits ; SO that the dining-halls the names of the men whom the Field were seats of boisterous misrule, and nur- commemorates--names written before on series of rebellion." From 1849 to 1865 tablets in Memorial Hall and below them there were no commons, and all students runs Emerson's quatrain, chosen for this boarded where they might. In 1865 the use by Lowell Thayer Club was started for the benefit of men who wanted to board cheaply. It Though love repine and reason chafe, There came a voice without reply- merged into Memorial Hall when that was " Tis man's perdition to be safe. opened. Now, as has been said, the college When for the truth he ought to die." has outgrown her dining-halls, and needs more of them. vateenterprise and capi- The lines read calmly enough on a page tal successfully supplement the efforts of of a book, with other quatrains crowding the college to lodge its students, but it has them, but on that stone in that field-with Memory 553 a hundred youths, earnest in their sports of a perpetual voice, resonant, clear, sweet, on one side, and on the other the roofs and blending with all other sounds, and yet al- gables of Harvard, and beyond the tower ways audible, always inspiring, always in- of Memorial Hall - they seem the message perative and irresistible. Windi arving on Holden hapel MEMORY By Charles C. Nott. Jr. UPON a night long after I had died I rose and passed the portals of Her heart. Therein no wreck nor ruin I espied, But fair and quiet its dim-lit chambers lay And a sweet silence breathed in every part. And I. who once had dwelt there, stood and sighed And thought, " While I have slept in the cold clay, How soon the stains of grief were washed away, That soon some tenant new might here abide." And as I thought, one quietly entered in, And in his hand, the key to every door. I bowed my head and turned away and said : in Pardon me if I return here from the dead ; n is I dwelt here once, though I dwell here no more." But he the keys did place my hands within, And said, " Whate'er thy steward's is, is thine My name is Memory. and this place is mine." ge ng ith Vol.. XXI-58 EWS American Review of Reviews 69 rence France is bound (1924). of all the Continenta as she is, indebted ans. She will insist that the matter of reparations by British yielding in ROOSEVELT AT HARVARD And an absence 1876 Donald's BY J. LAURENCE LAUGHLIN nch would hold to (Instructor in Political Economy at Harvard, 1878-'83) le justice-might easily Advisor to T. losevelt ald's hold upon French HEN Roosevelt was at Harvard the had SO remarkable a development for the complicate Anglo-French W Golden Age of scholarship was then last thirty years in all the universities of flourishing. To see him in his environment the country. tly reminded my readers and to watch its effect on him is itself a While in history Gurney and Torrey were m of British concession revelation of character, since at that time princes of the blood, Henry Adams came sfy the French would be his acts were unconscious and no one ex- as the paladin of new adventure. He had e proposal of Bonar Law pected anything unusual from him. Even the dash and spirit of the iconoclast. go, namely, to cancel all of if there is no visible evidence of a direct He held the first seminar for research in lebts to Britain save only influence on him of a very distinguished history in this country. He tied up Ameri- yment which, added to group of scholars, it is can history not only with 1 Germany's annual pay- quite possible that he, no British institutions but ations, would meet the less than many other also with those of our 3 made by Britain to students, insensibly ab- Teutonic forebears. Such sorbed into his veins an men as these added a new ; to the United States ethereal ichor which in touch to the temple of 1,000,000 now and will after life nourished many learning by which Har- maximum of $184,000,000. a lofty ambition. vard had already won the $625,000,000 which it distinction and on which many will pay under the Harvard's "Golden Age" the university is still uld be 22 per cent., or As a freshman Roose- receiving credit. , $137,500,000, leaving a velt entered the univer- The Overseers at that $23,500,000 and ultimately sity in 1876, just as a date were presided over Since both Italy and new régime inaugurated by Charles Francis in sums nearly as large. by President Eliot had Adams, our Ambassador on which Britain is now got- into fair working at the Court of St. James' ed States, it will be seen order. The new captain during the Civil War, uction would be enormous had already introduced whom I remember urging o practical cancellation. the elective system and in an address the unwis- as the Bonar Law proposal had enlisted some for- dom of too great an ex- rance and Italy will pay by ward-looking members of tension of the franchise. to Britain proportionate his faculty such as C.C. Certainly Roosevelt took :laims upon Germany, the Langdell, Charles F. little heritage from that insaction is patent. Dunbar, and Henry THEODORE ROOSEVELT AS A source. But the xeig very grave question as to Adams. The potentiali- HARVARD FRESHMAN held over the university nald will be able or willing ties of this situation are (From a photograph loaned by his sister, by those Overseers was nar Law proposal. At all Mrs. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, in the so interesting that one memorial museum at New York City) truly more imposing travelled from London. to might be tempted to than usually falls to the an statesmen have now to linger too long on them. They involved lot of an institution of learning. Among ris, and having dealt with epoch-making changes in education for law, others are to be found the names of Richard German reparations and economics, and history. The appointment H. Dana, I Elliot Cabot, Oliver W. the investigation of the of Dean Langdell in the Law School brought Holmes, Ralph W. Emerson, Henry Lee, organization of world peace, in the case-system, revolutionized the James Freeman Clarke, Senator George o consider the closely allied teaching of law throughout the country, Frisbie Hoar, E. Rockwood Hoar, Alex- rld debts. And not unui and attracted the attention of foreign ander Agassiz, Edward Everett Hale, and ad on this matter can jurists. With the creation of the first Phillips Brooks. Here was a list which nal judgment passed upon professorship in political economy at Har- suggests a roll-call of New England's wit, the last year in European vard for Dunbar in 1871, there began the eloquence and culture. These were the modern teaching in economics which has men who held the power of approval or 391 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS the educational policy of the in appearance with a splendid Jovine head covered by thick white hair and beetling eye-brows. As a great scholar, he had no Faculty in Roosevelt's Time little contempt for the pretensions of raw om the members of the faculty, students. In the class-room he asked an that one must seek for the explanation of a subjunctive ending: to his which were likely to affect evident satisfaction all the best men failed through direct contact. A glance to give a correct answer; but when a stupid aculty, which disclosed the pos- fellow replied: "I don't know," Sophocles instruction open to him, shows broke out: "That is right. It is a typo- sive array at once of learning, graphical error." Lowell had no faith in nd genius. It is worth while to the elective system. His friend the bar here the men who were then keeper of the Parker House, he said, had a purses of instruction. In the scheme for getting rich by feeding tame re G. M. Lane, W. W. Goodwin, ducks on wild celery, which gave the fine hocles, and William Everett; in flavor to wild ducks. Later Lowell asked guages, Dr. F. H. Hedge, Jamcs him if it worked. "No," he sadly replied; well; Ferdinand Bôcher, Francis "the damned things won't eat it." By A. S. Hill; in history, E. W. this parable Lowell implied that the average . W. Torrey, Henry Adams, and student was unfit to choose his intellectual cvane; in natural history, Asa pabulum. . Goodale, W. G. Farlow, N. S. It would be difficult to conceive of a 1 William James; in philosophy, more alluring bait set to draw young wen, Andrew P. Peabody, George students toward literature in Roosevelt's , William James, and Charles F. first year than the series of readings economics). Also there were offered in the evenings to all members of ibbs and John Trowbridge in the university. Greek Plays and Plato by enjamin Peirce and his son, J. M. Professor Goodwin; Homer by Asst. Profes- Highest Honors mathematics, and Charles E. sor Palmer; Lucretius by Asst. Professor was soon (1878) t the fine arts. Everett; Cervantes by Professor Lowell; only in the Class ese men came many a flash of Dante by Professor Norton; Molière by In the faculty An example of a zeugma by Professor Bôcher; and Chaucer and Shake- Assistant Profes "I am under the impression it speare by Professor Child. Could anything (Law), William nd a shed." Professor Evangel- be more enticing? Yet little Holden Chapel, John Trowbridg olides Sophocles was picturesque with its old-fashioned coat of arms over George H. Palm its door, was never crowded, To one now left is day, possibly because of the larger classes and of a wider training, such past eighty, wh letters as in phil affairs are largely attended. great admirer of Those were indeed halcyon days at Andrew Lan One wonders if they can be re- Palmer's translat peated. In 1876, the future presi- dents of universities then enrolled rhythmic prose, a as candidates for the degree of in the nineties to Ph.D. included G. Stanley Hall Contact with (Clark), E. A. Birge (Wisconsin) In Roosevelt's and Isaac Sharpless (Haverford). the Adams was not in In the same year, and among earliest doctors created by Har The year following history were turn vard, were Judge Robert Grant, Senator Lodge. Although Professor Ernest Young, Henry Cabot Lodge, and myself. not become intim the college days, it is There was then seen about a young man named near their paths C yard blond C ON WINTHROP STREET, IN CAMBRIDGE, Lowell who (in 1877) Highest It is clear that took RE ROOSEVELT LIVED WHILE AT HARVARD in and now campaign Lodge Honors Mathematics upstairs, corner room-with four windows-facing the President of Harvard. Kittredge, Inducing Roosevel as a sophomore, was then getting career in politics, t photograph was taken last year, for the Roosevelt Memorial Association) and align himself S ROOSEVELT AT HARVARD 3 splendid Jovine te hair and beetline t scholar, he had e pretensions of ss-room he asked inctive ending: to 1 the best men failed er; but when a stupid 't know," Sophocles right. It is a typo well had no faith His friend the bar House, he said, had ch by feeding tame which gave the fine Later Lowell asked No," he sadly replied won't eat it." By plied that the average hoose his intellectual ult to conceive of a set to draw young ature in Roosevelt's series of readings THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S ROOM WHILE AT HARVARD gs to all members of (From a photograph loaned by his sister, Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Cowles) k Plays and Plato by omer by Asst. Profes- Highest Honors in Classics. Paul Shorey lican organization. To this influence wa S by Asst. Professor was soon (1878) to win Highest Honors not seemingly due his steadfast adherence t by Professor Lowell; only in the Classics but also in Philosophy. party organization, which later led hir Norton; Molière by In the faculty, the younger men were into the support of "Bull" Andrews an Chaucer and Shake- Assistant Professors James Barr Ames Bursum in New Mexico, and "Gas ild. Could anything (Law), William James, W. G. Farlow, Addicks in Delaware, which SO man : little Holden Chapel, John Trowbridge, Henry Adams, and people objected to. 1 coat of arms over George H. Palmer. Of all these the only never crowded. To- one now left is Professor Palmer, already A Mediocre Freshman Record because of the larger past eighty, who is as distinguished in Into these surroundings as one of 23 a wider training, such letters as in philosophy. Roosevelt was a freshmen Roosevelt came in the autumn o gely attended. great admirer of Palmer. He was furious 1876. In that nondescript region betwee indeed halcyon days. at Andrew Lang's patronizing scorn of Harvard Square and the Charles River ; if they can be re- Palmer's translation of the Odyssey into which included the "Gold Coast" alon, 876, the future presi- rhythmic prose, and made a visit to Palmer Mt. Auburn St., he found modest quarter ersities then enrolled in the nineties to express his indignation. at 16 Winthrop St. where he lived during S for the degree of ed G. Stanley Hall Contact with Henry Cabot Lodge the four years of his college life. On hi last birthday (Oct. 27, 1923) a tablet with A. Birge (Wisconsin), In Roosevelt's time at Harvard, Henry an inscription written by President Elio harpless (Haverford). Adams was not in residence after 1876-1877. was placed on the house: year, and among the The year following, his courses in American ors created by Har- history were turned over to Henry Cabot judge Robert Grant, Lodge. Although Roosevelt probably did HERE LIVED nest Young, Senator not become intimate with Lodge in these THEODORE ROOSEVELT t Lodge, and myself. college days, it is interesting to note how DURING then seen about the near their paths came together thus early. FOUR FORMATIVE AND 1 young man named It is clear that as early as the Blaine FRUITFUL YEARS in 1877) took Highest campaign Lodge had great influence in AS A MEMBER OF HARVARD thematics and is now inducing Roosevelt, if he hoped to have a UNIVERSITY Harvard. Kittredge, career in politics, to leave the independents 1876-1880 pre, was then getting and align himself with the regular Repub- THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS ork of the freshman year was language. This was the only case in which ported by his uncle this as an early exar not much can be learned as to Roosevelt's choice fell upon one of the older his "constitutional dis ces from the courses he took. professors. All his other instructors were W. H. Hudson says truction in Latin and Greek, (except possibly Dunbar) the younger men. "immense self-confid thematics, Physics, and Chem- As a diversion in modern languages, he striking resemblance record was not high. With a began Italian with a course on Gozzi, letter written by T f 57 for the year, he ranked as Silvio Pellico and Toscani's Grammar. his mother (October class. Fruitfulness must have In both German and Italian he received a ther sources than scholarship. year at Harvard: mark of 82. Then, as was to be expected, come very well this two courses in natural history appealed to His Paces" as a Sophomore work nearly as hard him. In the one on Physical Geography, any other day-six, phomore year only one-third Meteorology, and Structural Geology he Some of the studies a was required. Consequently was given the highest mark for the year ing, however, especial egan to show his predilections. (92). The other was an elementary course and Metaphysics. T ble that from now on mathe- on Zoölogy, in which he received 97, the hard, requiring a go never taken. To an impulsive, highest mark of the year. they are even more the severely logical processes tics did not appeal. This High Marks in Political Economy Natural History cour SO from the fact that C showed itself distinctly in Now came a new departure. For the on many points with Strange as it may seem, in first time his mind turned from the languages we are reading (Mil) forcible and energetic nature and natural history to those subjects of justification, howeve in him something remotely public interest with which his future was to egotism it must be eeling influenced him strongly. be SO much occupied. He selected a course least in the case of Mi ied him and developed an al- in Political Economy, then known as when serious criticism imagination. A sticky memory Philosophy 6. Although Professor Dunbar some parts of his very ) doubt aided him in his pen- had been appointed in I871, there was no Moreover, the studen modern languages. In this separate department of Political Economy think for himself. year he got his highest mark until I879-80. Previously, economics had course on German Historical been briefly taught by Francis Bowen, the came out less well (51) in a Professor of Philosophy, and for a time the he French Literature of the new subject found shelter in his department. asia may be Century, and thereafter took Roosevelt's first introduction to that field nch. Apart from his required was announced in the catalogue as: "Po- elevated plate istory, Rhetoric, and Themes, litical Economy.-J. S. Mill's Political ourses gave him the opportu- Economy.-Fi Legislation of the as many lou fy his characteristic and life- United States, Professor Dunbar and radiate for natural history. It goes Dr. Laughlin." Professor Dunbar gave from ng that he was in tall clover lectures on the public finance of the Civil junction 1 James in his course on the War in which he was a master. To me Anatomy and Physiology fell the duty of conducting recitations and Koush and es. At this time also, he got discussions on Mill's original two-volume se in Elementary Botany with treatise. Inasmuch as the work was exact- which run Farlow. He was now showing ing, Roosevelt's mark for this year of 89 Oxus ( d with a percentage of 84 for was high. In addition, he had the pre- stood 26th in his class. scribed. course in Metaphysics on Ferrier's Ocean) so Jarim Lectures on the Greek Philosophy, con- ns Shown in Junior Year ducted by Professor Palmer, in which he Alia is for got 87; and in Prescribed Logic 85. So far , a student does not show his a until the junior year. By as scholarship was concerned, this was by the sevelt began to disclose the red-letter year, in which he gained a percent- Urals, can i which affected his whole future age of 86 and stood 13th in his class. was a formative and fruitful How he himself regarded work of the to cut igh one-third of the work was this year recalls the attitude of Herbert Spencer to his early studies. When which free choice allowed him to belongs dvanced German course on Spencer, as a mere youth, was reading he PAGE FROM A NAT the, and German Lyrics given Arnott's "Physics" with his uncle, of BY THEODORE RC ) "elder scholars," Dr. Hedge, strongly dissented from the doctrine the original in the Ro fach" was theology and not inertia set forth by the author and sup House, ROOSEVELT AT HARVARD WS the only case in which ported by his uncle. He himself notes this as an early example of what he calls Honorable Mention in Natural Histor Il upon one of the older constitutional disregard for authority." other instructors were In his senior year, 1879-80, practic W H. Hudson says it also disclosed his all the work was elective. He was fre bar) the younger men. "immense self-confidence". There is a modern languages, he express his own preferences as to subj striking resemblance to this revelation in a and instructors. In Italian he took a CO a course on Gozzi, Toscani's Grammar letter written by Theodore Roosevelt to on Manzoni, Modern Plays, Alfieri, 1 Italian he received a his mother (October 8, 1878) in his junior Tasso, with a mark of 70. In Poli year at Harvard: "My studies do not Economy 3, he studied with Professor I as was to be expected, :al history appealed to come very well this year, as I have to bar Cairnes's "Leading Principles of Pc work nearly as hard on Saturday as on 1 Physical Geography, cal Economy," McLeod's "Elements Structural Geology he any other day-six, seven or eight hours. Banking," and Bastiat's Harmonies Ec Some of the studies are extremely interest- est mark for the year miques, in which he got 78. His ru S an elementary course ing, however, especially Political Economy passion for natural history, however, and Metaphysics. These are both rather :h he received 97, the him to give half his time to it. I hard, requiring a good deal of work, but practically every normal student then ear. they are even more interesting than my Harvard he chose the now famous Nat Political Economy Natural History courses; and all the more History 4, Geology, under Professor Sha SO from the fact that I radically disagree I departure. For the receiving a mark of 91. The other co on many points with the men whose books ned from the languages was Advanced Zoölogy with Dr. Faxor we are reading (Mill and Ferrier)." In to those subjects of which he won a mark of 89. His percent which his future was to justification, however, of such obvious for the year was 81, and he ranked 4 He selected a course egotism it must be remembered that, at in his class. For the four years he ha least in the case of Mill, the time had come my, then known as record of 80, and was graduated 21st when serious criticism had battered down ough Professor Dunbar a class of I7I. some parts of his very symmetrical system. in I87I, there was no It is significant that the only distinct Moreover, the student was encouraged to of Political Economy in scholarship awarded him at gradua think for himself. iously, economics had was Honorable Mention in Natural History by Francis Bowen, the During his whole stay at Harv 11) hy, and for a time the he never elected a course in Hist elter in his department. ana may be roughly divided mild nor in English. In those days roduction to that field classmates, Albert Bushnell H the catalogue as: "Po- 3 elevated plateaus sepurated by Robert Winsor, Curtis Guild, 1. S. Mill's Political Josiah Quincy, were receiving pr il Legislation of the as many lower plains. These for elocution, but Roosevelt ne rofessor Dunbar and entered those contests. In a rofessor Dunbar gave radiate from a knot out life his speaking was marked lic finance of the Civil the junction of the Haridoo vigor, force, and pungent epitl as a master. To me rather than by rhetorical artif ducting recitations and Kouth and Himalayas, from Once, while in the last days of S original two-volume term as President, and after Ta as the work was exact- which run this three rivers election, he was taxed with t rk for this year of 89 idity in attacking the tariff qu tion, he had the pre- Oxus (noto Our) Indus (.5 to Indian tion, when he instantly repli etaphysics on Ferrier's Ocean) "That's Taft's skunk." In so Jarim ( n.e to Lake lop. reek Philosophy, con- word was packed a whole volu Palmer, in which he Alia is bounded an the of political policy. ribed Logic 85. So far concerned, this was a mest by the line of the fault Social Activities ich he gained a percent- It is obvious that Roosev the Urals, continued southward so 13th in his class. showed no marked intellect regarded the work of as to cut off asia Minor, power nor scholarship in colle e attitude of Herbert He was an average B man. I arly studies. When which belon. to Europe, and equally obvious, also, as we e youth, was reading A PAGE FROM A NATURAL-HISTORY EXAMINATION know, that the qualities wh with his uncle, he PAPER BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT, IN HIS JUNIOR YEAR make for scholarship are not th from the doctrine of (From the original in the Roosevelt Memorial Museum, Roosevelt which necessarily make for lead the author and sup- House, New York City) ship. Many a high scholar 1 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS er life to win even slight recog- as follows: "I have begun studying fairly example of the one ile, as in the case of Coolidge, hard now, and shall keep it up until Christ- result of the new int aining has been of great value mas. I am afraid I shall not be able to the action of the un man, it has not been, as in the come home for Thanksgiving; I really have bringing Hugh Mo cKinley and Harding, a pre- my hands full, especially now that my Newcomb, each to gi the highest political success in Political Economy Professor wishes me to Of especial value y. Leadership depends much start a Finance Club, which would be discussion of papers 1 quick intelligence, a knowledge very interesting indeed, and would do us selves. Early in the dices and weaknesses of human all a great deal of good, but which will also had been read. In : of character, personal magnet- take up a great deal of time." The presi- of them was by Rober especially, courage. Clearly, dent of the club was J. G. Thorp (of 1879) Roosevelt on "Taxat little in the life of an under- and the secretary was A. B. Hart. The posed that evening disclose or to develop these meetings were held in the rooms of the addressed by a futu department on the first floor of University United States and h not appear that he had any Hall, on the window sills of which, along- There was also an in arity with his class. "Bob" side the wide front steps, was placed the the occasion of the course, received the highest "shingle" of the club as a means of an- George. I can recal popularity in being chosen nouncing a meeting to members. That members gathered in all; but, while Roosevelt stood "shingle" is now hanging on the wall of whom George spoke place on that Committee, he Professor Hart's office in the Widener talk there was a g ted. He was, however, elected Library. which the students fr place on the Class Day Com- The lecturers invited by the club stirred ments with the speak October, 1879, he was chosen up a wide interest in economics. Few of us fairly good grind i of the Advocate. His family had known William G. Sumner person- principles of economic gave him all the social activity ally. The vigor of his writing had given us George did not show e for. A contact with other the impression of a very austere person- give-and-take. It is S was afforded in a small way ality. At Yale a student who had been cidence that only se ching a class in the Sunday invited to supper with Sumner's family 1886) Theodore Roose Christ Church in Cambridge. came bursting into his chum's room late on lican candidate for M he old church near the college a wintry night, shouting: "Fellows, Billy City against Henry ch Phillips Brooks, when invited Sumner is kind to his family." Although candidate, and Abra ficial preacher to the university, on the subject of "The Relation of Leg- candidate of the Unite e would be of infinitely more islation to Money," Sumner's lecture dis- tudents at Harvard if he should played not only force, but eloquence and Interest in Hunting, Bc voluntary relation to them of a felicity of style. It was a pleasure, also, to Having had a delica Christ Church, than to be the come into contact with the unusually years, Roosevelt's in eligious adviser at the university. agreeable personality of Gen. Francis A. sports came from a C ys of "Fundamentalists," it is Walker, who spoke on "The Principles of build up a vigorous boc ding that in Roosevelt's senior Taxation." His experience in the army his membership in th rector (whose creed was "as with Hancock, his administrative ability, interest in boxing. It a thread") drove him from his his work on the census, and his suggestive, that his eager enjoyment hool because he was not a economic mind created a desire to know with his innate passion n" of the Episcopal Church. him. About that time he was delivering a and both combined to course of lectures at the Lowell Institute in open-air life. In ested in a "Finance Club" Boston on "Money." Likewise, in the friendship with Harry Roosevelt's junior year, in order case of Edward Atkinson we came to know significant. It was he interest of my students in an active business man who, without credit. Minot, even conomics to public questions, I academic training, had attempted to form- was marked by unu o a group of them the advantage ulate economic theory. He had a genius originality of mind. a Finance Club for the purpose for lucid exposition, SO that his lectures days he worked out ion and of inviting outside on "American Competition with Europe, and to speak at the university. now have on my shelves original proofs of alge "Capital and Labor," "Railways, attracted osevelt there were among them "The National Banking System," lasso from Thoreau's adley, J. G. Thorp, A. B. Hart, many students. Later, the lecture one permanent inter- of Cicero. His tt, W. H. Rhett, Josiah Quincy which stirred up the most on knowledge of birds n P es G. Washburn. The plan est was that by Col. T. W. Higginson tie the between appealed to Roosevelt, for he "Young Men in Politics," which led to him the the after summer excu is sister in the autumn of 1878 formation of a Harvard Union at the end of th S ROOSEVELT AT HARVARD begun studying fairly example of the one at Oxford. Another which was followed by the publication o eep it up until Christ result of the new interest in economics was brochure on birds under their joint auf shall not be able to action of the university authorities in ship. In the record of Roosevelt's jour ksgiving; I really have bringing Hugh McCulloch and Simon as a naturalist, and on his hunting ex] ecially now that my Newcomb, each to give three lectures. tions, there is a very familiar resembl rofessor wishes me to Of especial value was the writing and to the serious accuracy of the descript ub, which would be discussion of papers by the members them- in that "Catalogue of Summer Birds." ed, and would do us selves. Early in the first year five papers od, but which will also had been read. In February, 1879, one A Serious Student of time." The presi- of them was by Robert Bacon and Theodore Roosevelt being a member of the Po J. G. Thorp (of 1879) Roosevelt on "Taxation." We little sup- lian Club, it might have happened that as A. B. Hart. The posed that evening that we were being supposedly gay existence in it might 1 in the rooms of the addressed by a future President of the set a premium solely on having a g rst floor of University United States and his Secretary of State. time. His scholarship, as we know, fel sills of which, along- There was also an interesting meeting on in his senior year, but there is good evide steps, was placed the the occasion of the presence of Henry to show that there was in him a la b as a means of an- George I can recall the small group of desire to get some real value out of to members. That members gathered in University Hall to courses. Of the things that showed inging on the wall of whom George spoke informally. After his seriousness I cite only one: In his ju fice in the Widener talk there was a general discussion, in year I had an interesting conference V which the students freely exchanged argu- him. He came to me to discuss whethe ed by the club stirred ments with the speaker. They had had a would be better for him to specialize economics. Few of us fairly good grind in the fundamental natural history or to take more econom G. Sumner person- principles of economics. As a consequence, He gave no indication that he was think is writing had given us George did not show to advantage in the of a public career. My advice was t very austere person- give-and-take. It is an interesting coin- the country at that time especially need tudent who had been cidence that only seven years after (in men trained to think correctly on pul with Sumner's family 1886) Theodore Roosevelt was the Repub- questions and that those questions W is chum's room late on lican candidate for Mayor of New York nine-tenths economic. I can not say t uting: "Fellows, Billy City against Henry George, the Labor my advice influenced him, but he did C is family." Although candidate, and Abram S. Hewitt, the tinue his economics in his senior year. The Relation of Leg- candidate of the United Democracy. Nor could one say that in after life Sumner's lecture dis- Interest in Hunting, Boxing, and Bird Study always thought correctly on economi ce, but eloquence and In public office, in order to get things do was a pleasure, also, to Having had a delicate physique in earlier it is too often supposed that econor with the unusually years, Roosevelt's inclination to outdoor considerations must be sacrificed to politi y of Gen. Francis A. sports came from a conscious purpose to expediency. Yet he did not forget on "The Principles of build up a vigorous bodily strength. Hence college courses in economics. After he h perience in the army his membership in the gun club and his left the presidency and was contributi administrative ability, interest in boxing. It happened, of course, editor on the Outlook, when I was in char sus, and his suggestive, that his eager enjoyment of hunting jumped of the campaign of education for the p ted a desire to know with his innate passion for natural history sage of the Federal Reserve Act, I had me he was delivering a and both combined to enhance his zest in interview with him in order to secure ] the Lowell Institute in an open-air life. In this connection his support for the measure. On sending Likewise, in the friendship with Harry (Henry D.) Minot my card, he appeared at the other end inson we came to know was significant. It was much to Roosevelt's the open floor entirely covered with desl ; man who, without credit. Minot, even in his early years, holding up my card at arm's length, a ad attempted to form- was marked by unusual precision and shouting: "There's the fellow that taug ory. He had a genius originality of mind. In his pre-college me Political Economy." In conferenc 1, SO that his lectures days he worked out for me voluntarily after explaining the measure and aski petition with Europe," original proofs of algebraic theorems. I him for advice how to proceed, he sai or," "Railways," and now have on my shelves as gifts from him a "Have it associated as little as possib king System," attracted Tasso from Thoreau's library and an old with Aldrich's name. Although Aldric Later, the one lecture text of Cicero. His precocious, scientific bar Root, was the ablest man I knew : most permanent inter- knowledge of birds naturally created a Washington. Have it come up from t l. T. W. Higginson on strong tie between him and Roosevelt, and small bankers of Florida or Oregon litics," which led to the to the summer excursion in the Adiron- Then, as we finished, he added: "I will o rvard Union after the dacks at the end of their freshman year, all I can to help you. I wish I could o 398 THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS more. I could make a speech on the free active life on the development of the indi- coinage of silver; but when you get me into vidual. Certainly, the slight contact of compound differentials and finance"-here instructors in the class-room with students his voice rose into his characteristic falsetto has much less influence on character and as he pointed his finger upward-"I am development than the constant attrition TH all up in the air." To which I replied: of students with one another. Men fre- "That does not speak well for your teaching quently go through a university without at the university." "On the contrary, getting educated, and men who have never Mr. Laughlin," patting. me cordially on seen a university are admittedly educated, the knee, "that was the best course I had and have the power to think in a subject. at the university." It was a bit of kindly The contact with other students, which jollying. is conceded to be the stronger force, is A MERICANS, as thought to wh after all only the world of active life Beveridge once called Qualities of Leadership Brought Out in petto. government. While e after College The case for academic training as a give at any time an al All in all, Roosevelt showed no more preparation for politics, therefore, is not a names of the Presiden than average ability in his college years. strong one, except SO far as the university Coolidge, there are fev He was not in any way distinguished. may possibly work for character rather dren in the country There was needed the collision with oppo- than for scholarship. Of course, inherited names of half a dozen nents and the struggle against difficulties traits have their effect on the final resultant. the twenty-nine incu to bring out the essential characteristics of But one can not study the older portrait of unless they included his nature. Not until his election to the Roosevelt without seeing that at graduation pants who have succee New York State Assembly, and especially the real personality was almost wholly Yet it is an unique in his New York mayoralty campaign (in undeveloped. There was already the im- of modern democratic which he was defeated by Mr. Hewitt) petuousity and the hint of the coming marked social import did he begin to display those qualities of egotism. He later saw himself objectively weight is nil. That is force, driving power, combativeness, and and admired what he saw. There is, velt referred to it whe intense energy, which were SO marked in however, no revelation in the earlier face missioner in New Yo: his later years. He realized, what few of of his almost uncanny power to understand that it would be his o our politicians grasped, that courage was a what was going on in the mind of the com- the Presidency. great political asset. mon man and to touch the spring which Bryce, who wrote m There is no trace in the face of Roosevelt would make him act according to his wish, sympathetically in as shown in his class photograph at gradua- nor his capacity to seize upon the dramatic monwealth of our polit tion (1880) of the qualities just mentioned. moment for presenting his purpose. The any other of our forei Indeed, a comparison of the outward dramatic and political instinct is born, preters, gives a chapter personality of Roosevelt in college and in not made. The face at graduation is a to every other feature his prime raises a very interesting question clean sheet on which were later written the organization, but dism as to the relative effect of academic and hard lines of ambition and political combat. dency with a few scatte confined to the use of 1 quotations from the C nounces it originally an Woodrow Wilson in HARVARD Government" says of The chief embarrassm FINANCE office is, that in explain to be said about it on Meeting there is to say," an CLUB Judgment of the office i this evening His chief dignity, nex the Senate, lies in the ci 7.30 o'clock. awaiting the death President." President Secretary The Vice-President OC national life for whi- THE "SHINGLE" OF THE HARVARD FINANCE in any European go CLUB, OF WHICH THEODORE ROOSEVELT WAS to that of the heir app ONE OF THE FOUNDERS IN 1878 remaining monarchie conceived originally or n Dell'alfe Horve Houghton lifter to., 1937. JOHN JAY CHAPMAN of her hillers Boston: NEW ENGLAND MEMORIES (INTERLUDE) The portion of the 'Retrospections' to be inserted here, article in the old North American Review. Now Frere's transla- in the interval, as it were, between the years before and tions were published in 1847, when Norton was twenty years after the illness that cut his life into two parts, may be taken old. The other day I walked into the Athenxum Library in as looking both backward and forward. We have seen that Boston and asked, But how did you acquire that large case in his opinion all autobiography is dated by the time of its containing the library of George Washington?' The custodian composition rather than the time with which it is concerned. replied, Professor Norton many years ago raised the money to buy it and present it to the Athenxum.' Norton was a man This, like the rest of the "Retrospections," was written while who started things, and must be thought of as a citizen of the his life was nearing its end. It is, however, SO characteristic Franklin type rather than the Ruskin type - in spite of the of Chapman, even in its mistakes, and SO illuminative of a preciosity which came over him later. This preciosity repre- vanished Boston under a piercing scrutiny from without, sented a reaction against his theological inheritance, and he that it must be preserved. became, as it were, a puritan turned aesthete. He retained the battling qualities of his origin. Harvard In the eighties Professor Norton was in his academic bloom It was a good day to be at Harvard in the eighties. The an institution. His personal eccentricities and his habit of Professors, Norton, Goodwin, Lane, Royce, James, Shaler, articulate speech - every consonant a triumph, every vowel a Palmer, were domestic and approachable. The examinations jewel - combined with his function as the prophet of culture, were easy. I should now be declaring that examinations meant led him into extravagances that delighted everyone. A younger little to me, but that in my breakdown of fifteen years later contemporary of his, Frank Sturgis probably a cousin I dreamed every night that I was passing an examination. used to give a lecture (unfortunately I never heard it) in imi- The tension, however, came from my own nervous disposition tation of Charles. Sturgis would dress himself like Charles, rather than from the rigor of the work. walk on like Charles, take his seat on the platform with the The studies were prescribed for the Freshman Year, and after care of a character in a play by Ben Jonson, and begin in a musi- that, one had a large liberty of choice under Dr. Eliot's Elective cal, modulated, deliberate voice - 'I purpose this afternoon System. The elder tradition of a University as a place where a to make a few remarks on the hor-ri-ble vul-gar-ity of EVERY- man could get an education if he wished one was given its THING. Norton attended the lecture and enjoyed it as much chance. In those days the professors had a leisurely and social as anyone. He was indeed crusted all over like an armadillo relation to their classes, partly because the classes were com- with comfortable scales, and he would have patronized Michael paratively small; partly because the students had chosen their Angelo. His mission was to promote beauty in its every form, own teachers and wanted to learn. The old Medieval System beauty of manners, of thought, of conduct. He was the Bal- was in force and there was life in the work. I chose my courses dassare Castiglione of his day. But let us not forget that he somewhat at random one under Goodwin in Aristoph- was also the friend and helper of all classes of men. At his lanes, one under Lane - think it was Horace- one under country house in Ashfield he used to give an annual harvest- Child - Chaucer, and one about the British philosophers, with home dinner to his country neighbors,2 and on every Christmas Palmer. As for Norton, he had a sphere of his own, and every day at Shady Hill in Cambridge he gathered to his board such one came under his influence. students as he believed to be far from their homes and in need Our Charles Eliot Norton was a man of remarkable force, of the comforts of a friendly household. His sister, Miss Grace of remarkable goodness, of untiring public spirit. I have been Norton, was quite as remarkable as himself, a quiet, old running across traces of his activity ever since leaving college. dowager, who lived in a large house of her own, and by her For instance, in the Memoirs of John Hookham Frere, the trans- lator of Aristophanes, I find Norton quoted as one of the early It would be more accurate to say collected. critics to praise Frere's work, about which Norton wrote an The 'Ashfield Dinner' was in reality a local festival in which George William Curtis and other 'summer residents' also bore an important part. 190 191 JOHN JAY CHAPMAN NEW ENGLAND MEMORIES (INTERLUDE) manners, brains, and experience of the great world always His rooms had low ceilings, were walled with books, and suggested the dowager the dowager of diamonds and real darkened by large, distressing steel engravings of the great lace, the dowager of the elder world. She had known every philosophers - Locke, Kant, Hegel, and the rest, into whose one of importance for fifty years and corresponded with the company Palmer lured the serious-minded youths and charged great men of her times. She was at home with old and young, them with capsules of religious poetry - Wordsworth, Herbert, and in her later years became the cynosure to whom intellectual Vaughan, etc. He told me once that Wordsworth was 'the foreigners brought letters, and with whom she struck up fashioner of his soul,' which seemed to me a dreadful way of friendships. There was a naughty side to her; indeed, there saying it. He used to give readings from his translations of was a bad little girl side to her, an unexpected savagery and out- the Odyssey in a lyrical falsetto monotone that suggested that rageousness which made you angry for a minute, till you saw peculiar limbo of moral feeling which foreshadows suicide. He that she was good granite. Both she and her brother Charles was an anchorite, but there was a wellspring in him - hidden, were first cousins of President Eliot, and all three were as tough blocked up, and subjugated, filled with the junk of philosophic as boxers, and sometimes gave you an unexpected uppercut thought and moralism. This wellspring broke out later, as which was not quite within the rules. we know; but it could be felt even in the days of his first widow- I somehow came to know Miss Norton quite well while I erhood when I was at Harvard. Palmer had not only a wide was an undergraduate, and I recited to her in her parlor my but a lasting influence upon his scholars, and he kept them in Ivy Oration, the conventional pasquinade of Class Day, in sight after they left the University. There was a power in him. order to be sure that I had not over-stepped the limits of pro- The course I took with him was on the English philosophers, priety in my sallies. For many years after graduation I cor- Locke, Berkeley, Hume, etc., and I owe to Palmer a philosophic responded with her, and I used to lay traps for her in literary experience that left a permanent trace in my mind - an im- criticism, into which she plunged like a walrus. For instance, pression, a preoccupation, that I never quite got rid of. It I made use of the word 'suppliance' (in the sense of something came about in this way. We had polished off Locke and were supplied) in a note to Miss Norton, and received an avalanche making a flight over Berkeley in order to reach Hume. In of contemptuous abuse in her reply. Thereupon I produced a dealing with Berkeley, Palmer outlined Berkeley's paradox as large piece of wrapping paper a yard square. In the centre of in the nature of the human intellect, and how we possessed no this I drew a rectangle two inches by two and inscribed in it acid or touchstone that could test the validity of our own the words, Ham. I, 3, 9. I folded the paper up small and mailed Reason. Our explanations of any problem were, for laught we the missive to her. In order to solve the riddle she was obliged could find out, merely a part of our dream. This was news to to unfold the thing and consult a copy of Shakespeare. me, and I said to myself, 'Very well; until one can get past this To show the kind of savage she was, during the Great War barrier, I do not intend to burden my mind with philosophy. I wrote some extremely gloomy verses called 'May, 1918, This idea has been with me - you might say - every minute which were to appear in the Atlantic. One of her cronies, a since then. Palmer gave no explanation of the paradox, but reader of the Riverside Press, showed her a proof of my verses, stated it clearly; and it was worth while having gone to Har- upon which she wrote me an outrageous letter, a savage and vard to hear the case honestly stated. From time to time in impertinent diatribe. Miss Norton's rare interest in my ex- after years, when I met a competent metaphysician, I would cursions into different fields of writing was of great importance enquire of him whether any progress had been made in the to me, and her sometimes boisterous frankness an inspiration. solution of Berkeley's riddle, and received always the same I have read in the books that a friendship between a lady of the reply, that no answer had been found. It was due to Palmer great world and a young aspirant in any field of art has a that when at the age of sixty-eight, I ran across Lucian's good sort of spiritual influence on each of them. apostasy as to the validity of geometry, the idea was familiar Professor George Herbert Palmer was a kind, a holy, and a to me. The strange point was that between the dates of these gloomy man. He followed up the students who took his courses. two philosophers, no one else had noticed this discovery. 192 193 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ACADIA NATIONAL PARK BAR HARBOR, MAINE March 17, 1936. Old Corner Bookstore, Boston, Mass. Dear Sirs: I note in the New York Sunday Times (March 15) an editorial article entitled "Socrates at Cambridge" mention of an article by Daniel Gregory Mason, "Harvard in the Nineties" in the New England Quarterly which refers to Josiah Royce, the philosopher and others of his time. The writer in the Times does not refer to the date of this issue of the New England Quarterly but I would assume it to be the current, or latest number, probably January. Will you kindly look this up and obtain for me the issue of the New England Quarterly in which this article appears and mail it to me? Yours sincerely, GBD-0 jeoge 3.Dour O down to the country home. And the After that they had a "talk," and Hon- way John put in all the time he could or told her husband all the bitterness that spare from business during her absence had been in her heart so long. was a wonder. He shandoned his club. John did not make many promises-it "Busy," he said, curtly, to inquiring was not his way-bu he said. feel like friends. He rented a cozy cottage, with a man who has been roughly awakened a little lawn in front and a nice yard at from a sound sleep but it is better to be the back. It was a long way out, to be awake." sure, but not too far for a twice-a-day Always after that talk he gave Hon trip. He moved the furniture from the or a generous allowance for household flat into it, making such additions as were expenses, and she not infrequently sur necessary. Then he went after Honor prises him with something he wanted, and the baby. She was surprised and bought with money she had saved out of pleased that he should come after her, that allowance. He got so in the habit and as they were driven away from the of spending his evenings at home alone depot she told him she was " glad to get with his family, or with the nice people that Honor got together at her modest home." 'We'll take a little drive, he said, little evenings," that it became quite a when she noticed that they were rolling calamity to him when he was forced to out of town. At length they stopped at the be absent. In time a stout German girl coltage. An intuition of the truth came was added to their household, so that Hon- to Honor before she reached the door, and or need not be too closely eora fined. when John led her into the parlor-there The Kents gave a little dinner, one were "pariors" in those days-she sat night, at which Mr. Bates was present. down on the most convenient resting The shrewd old law yer's sharp eyes miss- place, which happened to be the piano- ed none of the details in his host's house stool and ened. that make up a happy married life; but " Don't you like it III said John. when chance favored him he said, I Like it! It's a p-p-paradise 133 she suppose, John, that these days you won- sobbed: and then she put her arms around der how you ever came to be such a fool." his neck, and oned harder than ever. And John answered, You are quite There were tears in John's eyes as he right." velue of a university p 390. HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 1890. BY CHARLES ELIOT NORTON. H FROM whatever side one approaches generous youth trained to the perform- Cambridge, the tower of the Haryard ance of duty, and prompt to offer life, Memorial Hall is seen dominating the with all its promises and all its hopes, a landscape. It is an appropriate emblem willing sacrifice to the public good. The of the university. No other building in walls of the central hall are lined with in- the United States is so rich in tender and scriptions that celebrate lofty virtuels, and noble personal and patriotic associations with tablets on which are recorded the associations which, connecting the life names of those sons of Harvard who of the university with the life of the na- died for their country in the war of re- tion, and indicating the intimate relation generation. In the whole world there between ideal studies and unselfish char- is no other such impressive and affect acter, afford a perennial in iration to ing tribute to the virtues and services of high conques It is the monument of youth. Through this hall every day Charles Eliot Norton. "Harrard University in 1890." P. 581-592, RPER'S MAGAZINE majority of the undergraduate students growth of the university has not yet pass and repass to and from the great ad. been fully recognized by the country joining dining hall, whose windows are Old conceptions, true of the Harvard of filled with the images of the scholars and forty years ago, have not yet altogether poets and heroes of past times, and whose given place to a correct understanding of walls are adorned with the purfraits of its actual character. False conceptions the worthies of the university who have of it still prevail among large and influs. served the cause of learning or of the ential sections of the community. It has state. He must be of a dull spirit who is not yet secured from the nation the affec- not moved by the silent and familiar ped tion, respect and confidence which it de serve of such incentives to excellence, and serves, and which it will not fail to obtain who at times does not feel his heart glow in proportion as its true character becomes and quicken with the thought that, as a known. member of the university, he is an asso- While ex orience is making it more ciate. with in whose charaoters and plain from year to year that the success lives the worth of its teachings and influ- ful working of popular institutions is de ence been expressed, and that he is pendent on popular education, it is also surrounded by a cloud of witnesses who proving that the quality and sufficiency claim of him that he show himself worthy of that education are dependent upon in- to belong to their company. fluences that proceed from the superior in- The importance of the relation of the stitutions of learning. It is by means of university to the state, typified in Me- the higher education which these offer. or morial Hall, and conspicuously shown aim to offer to the limited number of during the war, has been more obvious their-students, that the sources of the gen- in the years that have followed, during eral intellectual and moral life of the which the university has shared in the community are in large measure supplied, growth of the nation, and exhibited and it is not too much to say that they changes corresponding to those which consequently possess an importance be- have taken place in the community at yond that of any other of our national in- large, Its preceding history is that of stitutions. But the influence of most of preparation for this evolution. As the them is hampered by narrow means, local chief and oldest seat of learning in New limitations or sectarian restrictions. The England, and especially as pro-eminent in services which the numerous smaller col Masanchusetts, and intimately connected loges perform in their respective localities with the State, its local foundations were are great, but it is impossible for them to solidly laid, and its superstructure/munch offer to their students the advantages of a in accord with those fundamental princi- truly liberal education. There are few ples of the commonwealth which have colleges in the United States that have RO largely contributed to the shaping of such a position and such means as might the character of the United States. The justify them in claiming to do this, or to foundation was laid in 168 and in 1650 be regarded as national institutions, of the charter was granted by the General Court, higher education. under the seal of the Colony of Massis In order to provide a liberal education, chusetta Bay, establishing Harvard Col. the term liberal must apply in the fullest lege as a "for the advance sense to the institution itself. This must be trient of all good literature, arts, and ser free from every bond of party or sect, open ences and this charter. with an appen upon equal terms to all students of what dix passed in 1657, is now in force pre ever race or social position.) It must at sisely as first drafted, the venerable ford such assistance to poor students of may-en- P. 582 (bottom) who at times does not feel his heart glow in proportion as its true character becomes and quicken with the thought that, as a known. member of the university, he is an asso- While ex erience is making it more ciate with men in whose characters and plain from year to year that the success lives the worth of its teachings and influ- ful working of popular institutions is de- once basebeen expressed, and that he is pendent on popular education, it is also surrounded by a cloud of witnesses who proving that the quality and sufficiency claim of him that he show himself worthy of that education are dependent upon in- to belong to their company. fluences that proceed from the superior in- The importance of the relation of the stitutions of learning. It is by means of university to the state, typified in Me the higher education which these offer, OF morial Hall. and conspieuously shown aim to offer to the limited number of during the war, has been more obvious their students, that the sources of the gen- in the years that have followed, during eral intellectual and moral life of the which the university has shared in the community are in large measure supplied, growth of the nation, and exhibited and it is not too much to say that they changes corresponding to those which consequently possess au. importance be have taken place in the community at yond that of any other of ur national in- large. Its preceding history is that of stitutions. But the influence of most of preparation for this evolution. As the them is hampered by narrow means, local chief and oldest seat of learning in New limitations, or sectarian restrictions. The England, and especially as pre-eminent in services which the numerous smaller col- Massachusetts, and intimately connected leges perform in their respective localities with the State, its local foundations were are great, but it is impossible for them to solidly laid, and its superstructure framed offer to their students the ad vantages of a in secord with those fundamental princi truly liberal education. There are few ples of the commonwealth which have colleges in the United States that have so largely contributed to the shaping. of such a position and such means as might the character of the United States. The justify them in claiming to do this, or to foundation was laid in 163 and in 1650 a be regarded as national institutions of the charter was granted by the General Court, higher education. under the seal of the Colony of Massa In order to provide a liberal education, chusetts Bay, establishing Harvard Colo the term liberal must apply in the fullest lega as a corporation "for the advance sense to the institution itself. This must be ment of all good literature, arts, and set free from every bond of party sect, open encess and this charter, with an appea- upon equal terms to all students of what dix passed in 1657, is now in force pre- ever race or social position It must at cisely as first drafted, "the venerable ford such assistance to poor students of source of collegiate authority at the good character and capacity as may en- ture were so constructed as to admit of share of the opportunities it offers. And present day. Foundation and superstrue able them to secure a full proportionate extension without essential change of it must be so amply endowed as to main- plan They have been adapted and en: tain varied. disinterested, and able instruc- larged to answer to the new and increas tion in every important branch of learn- ing noeds of new times, and never in any ing Moreover, its life must be recog the preceding period has the enlargement nixed as an integral part of the life of been 60 rapid or NO great as in the last state, through definite, long established twenty years. This broad nationalizing traditions of close association with it; and P. 583 HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 1800, 689 must have-proved the worth and power for the foundation of a new institution used at whom hts it has nurtured, and by the sex: to strengthen and enlarge the old. For, it discipline by the character of those which could move wisely have been vices which they have rendered to the however serviceable such a new institu- tion may become, the fact is not to be community Age adds to the influence and authority overlocked its establishment in rol vies of a great institution of learning. The a discipation of wealth and of energy. more increase in the sum of the associa Whatever is generous in the object of tions that attach themselves to it from the founders would be far more effect age to age strengthens the force of its ap: tively promoted if the wealth and ener- peal to the imagination, the culture of BY required for the foundation and cal- which is one of the chief ends of its exist- rying on of the new institution were once. Time, too, increases its resources. concentrated and applied in an already Many well devoted personal says the existing school of learning. The Jam- of 1000, "have been and entable waste involved in the needless daily are moved and stirred up to give duplication of the instruments of study, and bestow sundry gifts, legacies, lands, of buildings, libraries, and laboratories, and revenues for the advancement of all would at least be avoided. But more good literature, arts, and sciences." The than this, and of more essential impor- stream of such bounty wideus as it flows. tance, no new school of learning in a TO With the natural growth of the commu- gion where an old and vigorous.one ex- nity the number of students increases. ists can share in those traditions and But though this be true and though the associations of inestimable value in edu- of growth late than ever before it has not kept ing-which inhere of in the an ohiefssources institution that of of Harvard has been more rapid cation-stimulating elevating and refin- pace with and the in growth power in of numbers, the nation. in has the higher intellocute long been one and moral life of which of the wealth, main reasons of this fact are to be community, and the support The found in the general conditions of Amer- the affections of many successive These gener- are lean rather society than during in the the special past twenty conditions years of ations things.that have neither been money no engaged more good the university The fact, therefore, is not will can supply. an exceptional one; it is true of all the Competition among institutions than in of leading institutions of pure learning 'in learning is of no less importance the mainten- the United the higher States, true education, of the, and whole it is sys of anoe other "fields of a high of activity standard for of accomplish+ tem of import to the nation at large than ment, here, no less than elsewhere, far, and greater to the individual institutions themselves. competition may be pushed too Yet though their growth has not been to the injury of all the competing parties, comparatively in equal measure with that In the case of these institutions the dan- of the nation, itchas been positively great ger is not greater that through excessive mong the obvious minor causes of the competition the supply of pupils may be comparatively slow growth of the older so divided as to be insufficient in any colleges must be reckoned the establish- one among them for its healthy life, than ment of a great number of local institut that the supply of competent-tenchers tions more or less fitted to supply the de may be insufficient to meet the demand mand for the higher learning in the Te: for a strong body of instructors. P. 583 (bottom) ence Time, too, increases its resources. concentrated and applied in an already lam- Revard charter of 1650, **have been and entable waste involved in the needless 1.Many well-devoted persons," says the existing school of learning: The daily are moved and stirred up to give duplication of the instruments of study, and bestow sundry gifts, legacles, lands, of buildings, libraries, and laboratories, and revenues for the advancement of all would at least be avoided. But more good literature, arts, and sciences. The than this, and of more essential impor- stream of such bounty widens as it flows. tance, no new school of learning in al re With the natural growth of the commu- gion where an old and vigorous.one ex- nity the number of students increases ists can share in those traditions and But though this be true, and though the associations of inestimable value in edu- growth of Harvard has been more rapid nation-stimulating, elevating and refin- of late than ever before, it has not kept ing-which inhere in an institution that pace with the growth in numbers, in has long been one of the chief-sources of wealth, and in power of the nation: the higher intellectual and morallife of the The main reasons of this fact are to be community, and in the support of which found in the general conditions of Amer- the affections of many successive gener ican society during the past twenty years, ations have been engaged. These are rather than in the special conditions of things that neither money nor mere good the university, The fact, therefore, is not will can supply. an exceptional one: it is true of all the Competition among institutions of leading institutions of pure learning in learning is of no less importance than in the United States, true of the whole-sys other fields of activity for the mainten- tem of the higher education. and it is of ance of a high standard of accomplish- greater import to the nation at large than ment, but here, no less than elsewhere, to the individual institutions themselves, competition may be pushed too far and Yet though their growth has not been to the injury of all the competing parties. comparatively in equal measure with that In the case of these institutions the dan- of the nation, it has been positively great. ger is not greater that through excessive comparatively slow growth of the older so divided as to be insufficient in any Among the obvious minor causes of the competition the supply of pupils may be colleges must be reekoned the establish- one among them for its healthy life, than ment of a great number of local institu- that the supply of competent teachers tions more or less fitted to supply the de- may be insufficient to meet the demand mand for the higher learning the To- for a strong body of instructors. irious where they have been fou nded, and But while the multiplication of col. thus tendings to diminish the resort of leges and an-called universities has of late youth to the older and better equipped, the done something to check of the normal more distant and exacting institutions. growth of the older schools of learning, The founding of many of these collages is a much more essential and important natural result of the material and ratel cause of the comparative slowness in the fectual a conditions of the community, and increase of their students is to be found may, perhaps, be generally serviceable to in the general tendency of our recent civy the when as in such a case as he-terial aims. and to turn the most active of education tis-only to be ilization to concentrate interest upon mar recent regretted establishment of Chick Univer and energetic intelligence of the commu- Macy at Worcester, means are employed mily to the pursuit not of knowledge and P. 584 TARPER'S WITH window but of wealth, and to the attain order to HOUSE to ment of what are eatoome to be BY her in Vistination from the ideal objacts entoryous Un life. This tendency is no leas obvious in the the Old World than in the New. It is doubleds as regular indi- outelse-the life the most marked characteristic of our age: of the community this to be regretted. It must be rockoned with in all our con- nagarations of the state of modern society the difficulty in au the fact in our political eneculations, in our enti- that the standard for entrance to the un- mates of the worth of life in our own dergraduate department of our universi- times. It may be deplored by those who lies has during the same period been con. cherish the high opportunities of human siderably rained with the effect of increase raduate existence, but it must be accepted as the ing the average age of the under inevitable and irrealatible drift of the age, students by one or two years. The read and those who hold life as meaning more justment of the proportions of time given than bread must act themselves, not to the to general culture and to special training, -vain work of stomaning the current, but and the best distribution between them of Ho directing its force that in the long of the period allotted to education, Gone run itimay be rendered beneficial to those of the most serious problems for those objects for which the best men in all times now engaged in the conduct of our uni- have striven. It is vain to keep-back versities. The lead in raising the stand foundation of the Nile, but some of the st. Arth of our professional schools, as well as of the undergraduate department has perabundant waters may be NO turned as to fertilize the sanda, and to change the throughout been taken/by ward. flood from an instrument of ruin,to a But while the universities must re- means of welfare. Egypt, said Herodo spond, If they are to perform their great public function Bright, to the demands this, is the gift of the Nile. One of the results of the rapid and of the community they are also required brilliant development of the material re- to recognize its needs, and more especially sources of the world, and of the natural those Which must be supplied its higher desire which it has stimulated in all life is to be duly maintained they must classes to secure a share in the growing guide and load, not more follow the wealth, has been the increased eagerness general direction of the national progmest their proper work is not oalyo of tenoli of youth to enter as an early age upon the pursuits, professional or other, which ing, but of inspiration It is for lead directly to the obtaining of a livell. them to enforce the upon their hood and the acquisition of money. The students, and through them the dom- time spent in acquiring general culture munity fords no solid basis for permanent that mere material prosperity at and mental resources that have no imme- disto relation to getting on in the world welfare of B nation. The continu- seems as If wasted to those whose desires shee of this prosperity depends on the are set upon speedy advancement in the intelligence and character of the people, carber of fortune, and they turn from the and thus the institutions that are devoted college or university to the professional to the cultivation of the intelligence and school or the business office. This diapo of the morel faculties are-even from a material and selfish point OF view, the sition has been confirmed by the conta most portant institutions of the soun spondingly rapid development of seleise and those which have the highest daring paint half-century, which has - of alliama.com P. 584 (bottom) PRODUCTION same given than bread must set themselves not to the to general culture and to special training, e vain work of stemming the current, but and the best distribution between them of so directing its force that in the long- of the period allotted to education, is one run it may be rendered beneficial to these of the most serious problems for those objects for which the best men in all times now engaged in the conduct of our uni. have striven. It is vain to keep-back the versines. The lead in raising the stand- inundation of the Nile, but some of the Sti- and of our professional schools as well perabundant waters may be so turned as as of the undergraduate department has to fertilize the sands, and to change the throughout been taken by Harvard. flood from an instrument of rain to a But while the universities must TO means of welfare. Egypt, said Herodo- spond if they are to perform their great tus, is the gift of the Nile. public function anight, to the demands One of the results of the rapid and of the community they are also required brilliant development of the material TO to recognize its needs, and more especially sources of the world, and of the natural those which must be supplied If its higher desire which it has stimulated in all life is to be duly maintained They must classes to secure a share in the growing guide and lead, not morel follow the wealth, has been the increased eagerness general direction of the national progress of youth to enter at an early age upon Their proper work is not oniyone of teach the pursuits, professional or other, which ing, but of inspiration as wells It is for lead directly to the obtaining of liveli them to enforce the conviction upon their hood and the acquisition of money. The students, and through them upon the com- time spent in acquiring general culture munity, that mere material prosperity at- and mental resources that have no imme- fords no solid basis for the permanent diate relation to getting on in the world welfare of a nation. The very continu- seems as if wasted to those whose desires ance of this prosperity depends on the are set upon speedy advancement in the intelligence and character of the people, career of fortune, and they turn from the and thus the institutions that are devoted college or university to the professional to the cultivation of the intelligence and school or the business office. This dispo- of the moral faculties are, even from a sition has been confirmed by the corres material and selfish point of view, the spendingly rapid development of science most important institutions of the coun during the past half-century, which has try, and those which have the highest led to a higher standard of nurely pro- claim on the support of all who are-en- fessional training, and to the consequent gaged it the acquisition of wealth no less Hecensity for a longer period of prelimi than of those who-cherish high ideals of many professional study than was former. national character who believe in the suc requisite The term of study in the premany lot apirimal ileventent, and professional schools now needed to equip who know that wisdom exalteth them the student for his work is longer by one to honor that hold her fast." year as least. often by lvro years, than was But Whough the resor of youth to the deemed necessity years ago A higher institutions of learning is by DO steady presente is exerted for the lessen means what it ought to be. compared 10g of the of general education in the growth in wealth and the in- HARVARDIUNVERUTY IN 1890: 084 population of the country nor tion for their sons, send them to college what a needed for the protection of its for this end quite as much 98 with an material interests and for the millore a salid education. and supply them mout of its civilization yet the number of with incomes far beyond their egitimate young menewho yearly frequent them is needs These youths form a small and not unconsiderable in the present year unfoctunate section of the college com- 1680, there are 2079 enrolled at Harvard, munity, exposed to extraordinary tempts of whom 1871 are in the undergraduate tion and often unfitted by domestic train department, They from forty States ing to resist it They naturally fall into and Territories of the Union, and few extravagant expenditure that leads to self from foreign countries. They represent indo gence, waste of time neglect of pp. every grade in society, from poor to rich: pertunity and in some cases to immoral tevery varioty of creed. Orthodox, Liberal, habits. They set a bad example which is Roman Catholic, Agnostic, Jew every not without effect. They raise the stand- shade of political opinion: and they meet and of expense even for those who are and mingle on terms of even more com. supplied with but a moderate and appro- plete equality than those which common- priate income. In the courses of study by exist in society There is no commu- which they nominally pursue they are a nity in which artificial distinctions have hinderance to the progress of the industri lessinffuence, and probably there is noone members of the class. They contrib of the larger colleges of the land in which ute little or nothing to the welfare of the simple collegiate divisions, such as those college. But. on the other hand, they of the annual classes and of college socies themselves not infrequently derive dis- ties, have less effect in creating distine- tinet benefit from their college.experience tions in the ranks of the students. Stu- They could probably find nowhere else so dent life at Harvard is essentially and little false regard for wealth; they are healthily democratic. In all departments, for the time members of a community in slike of study or of sport, there are no which other distinctions have a legitimate marked distinctions except the natural superiority; they are made aware of the ones of character and capacity The rich existence of higher ideals than those estidont undoubtedly has some advan- which riches constitute or enable their tages over the poor but they are for the owner to attain: they are subjected to a most part either strictly personal as in discipline which the outer world of socie the ability to spend more for amusement ty does not afford: the existence and the and in the gratification of special tastes, power of things of the intelligence are on they esable him to belong to the more forced upon their attention. and it not in- expensive and exclosive, but otherwise in frequently happens that some intellectual general less desirable clubs. If he be an interest is awakened in their minds, and attractive fellow in bearing and manners, they leave college with some mental re they assist him in gaining a more or less sources and some respect for the nobler factitious popularity But the disadvan use and ends of life, which without a col- tages of narrow means are less obvious lege course, they might never have gained. and Less felt at Harvard than in society One fact of much importance which at large, and a youth of independent and has been very noticeable in recent years reasonable character need never suffer is the marked improvement in the general there from any hurt to his feelings be- spirit and temper of the underg traduate sause of his poverty Of course, in col- body This seems mainly due to three fere world, there are heart-burn- causes-the raising of the average agriof nes produced by the differences in wealth the students: establishment of the elec. and social position. but. on the whole the tive (patenx which requires each of them to the each other selec and determine biscounte of studys 585 (better Roman Catholic, Agnostic, Jow every not without effect. They raise the stand shade of political opinion; and they meet ard of expense even for those who are and mingle on terms of even more com. supplied with but a moderate and appro- plote equality than those which common printe income. In the courses of study Ly exist in society There is no commu- which they nominally pursue they are a nity in which artificial distinctions have hinderance to the progress of the andustri less influence, and probably there is no one ous members of the class. They.contrib of the larger colleges of the land in which ute little OF nothing to the welfare of the simple collegiate divisions. such as those college on the other hand, they of the annual classes and of college socie themselves not frequently derive dis- ties, have less effect in creating distino tinet benefit from heir college experience. tions in the ranks of the students, Stu- They could probably find nowhere else ao dent life at Harvard is essentially and little false regard for wealth they are healthily democratic In all departments, for the time members of a community in alike of study or of sport, there are no which other distinctions have a legitimate marked distinctions except the natural superiority; they are made aware of the ones of character and capacity. The rich existence of higher ideals than those student undoubtedly has some advan. which riches constitute or enable their tages over the poor, but they are for the owner to attain they are subjected to a most part either strictly personal, as in dise line which the outer world of socie the ability to spend more for amusement by does not afford: the existence and the and in the gratification of special tastes, power of things of the intelli genee are or they enable him to belong to the more forced upon their attention, and it not in expensive exclusive, but otherwise in frequently happens that some intellectual general less desirable clubs. If he be an interest is awakened in their minds, and attractive fellow in bearing and manners, they leave college with some mental TO: they assist him in gaining a more or less sources and some respect for the nobler factitious popularity. But the disadvan use and ends of life, which without a col- tages of asrrow means are less obvious lege course, they mug ht never havegained and less at Harvard than in society One fact of much importance which at large, and a youth of independent and has been very noticeable in recent years reasonable character need never suffer is the marked improvement in the general there from any hurt to his feelings be- spirit and temper of the undergraduate cause of is poverty. or course, in col. body! This seems mainly due to three logo, as in the world there are heart-burn- causes the raising of the average age of logs by the differences in wealth the students the estab lishment of the elec and social position. but. on the whole, the tive system which requires each of them to relations the students with each other select and determine his course of study; maniy and determined by and above all, to the policy introduced manners rather than by and now firmly established at Harvard of totaling the students as capable of self- is more government and responsible for their own teath in BELL consult Nowhere else: is the student have so more trusted than at Harvana Heas treated not as a child, but all and the good results which Var 5X6 HARD NEW the have followed from this policy are abvi some of the ous in the improved order. the MARATHON display OH which was INFO industry. and the resoler commission aborished authority that prevail throughout the with to law ALL university Among twelve or filteen customs the prevalent hundred pouths most 07 them public spirit of good feeling and good sense. leased from the discipline of school the imitations into certain still or the immediate control of their parents, exhibit something of stupid folly and 00- there will of course, be some incapable casionally of brutal of meetin the responsibility of indepen but they do not belong properly without dence, and of making good use of its op present order of things and their sup portunities. There are some men who pression way be looked for before Inno never outsrow a childish habit of mind. All a result of the common sense not Buttes a whole, with few exceptions the right feeling of the students themselv students show themselve worldy of the The intention to behave like gontlem confidence reposed in them Even those is strong among them. and the spurit who enter college children in disportion entleman kness is. perhaps - as vigorous soon learn the folly of prolonged childish among them and as widely diffused as news, and acquire a manlier-temper The in society at large, The aense of honor test to which the students are subjected is apt to be blunt outside as well as in by becoming at once masters of their own side collage-walls, and it is not to belox- lives: a severe one. Some fail under peeted that students should have a keen it: but its effect in developing moral ohar or perception of the fine and incessant 10 acter, through the sense of personal re- quirements of personal honor than that spousibility, is unquestionably beneficial which prevails in the world from which to - a great majority. Harvard College they come. is not the place for a youth of weak The dependence of health and vigor of will OF of convictions in regard right mind upon health and vizor of body is and wrong that rest on artificial sup- now the fundamental proposition in every ports. Parents who wish their sons to rational scheme of equestion: The pro- be constrained to virtue by external obser vision made at Harvard for the exercise vances and formal penalties should not required for health and for normal paysi send them hither. It is indeed true that cal development is probably as thorough the domestic training and the hool edn- complete, and intell igent as can be found estion of the actual generation of meri in any institution of learning. It maria can children are often inmentably want- new stage in the improvement of the ing in respect to the simplest elements of university as a place of education, and sound character and many parents look there is nothing in which therlife.of the to the college to make good defects due student of to-day differs more widely to their own inefficiency or nerlect. But from that of preceding generations of this is enharge which the college cannot American undergraduates than in the undertake by direct-means It must as- attention given to the care of the body, sume that the youth of eaghteen or nine in the large share which athletic sports teen years old who enters its gates no long. hold among college interests, and in the er needs to be treated BM an infent. Usu strong feeling aroused by athletic compe- ally this assumption is correct. It would titions, The rivalry of the different uni- be difficult to findra better-behaved and versities and colleges in athletic contests better mannered body of afteen hundred reminds the scholar of the similar rival young men than the students at Dam- ries among the cities of Greace, but our Suences against food order in coliege sames wait still for them a. DOG (bottom) who may be looked for unfore long never outgrow a childish habit of mind as a result of the common - sepan and But, as a whole, with few exceptions the right feeling of the students themselve students show themselve worthy of the The intention to behave like gentlem confidence reposed in them. Even those is strong among them. and the spirit who enter college children in disposition remandiness is, perhaps, as vigorous soon learn the felly of prolonged childish among them and as widely diffused as news and acquire a manlier tomper. The in society at large. The sense of honor test to which the students are subjected is apt to be blunt outside as well as in- by becoming at once masters of their own side college walls, and it is not to be or lives is a severe one. Some fail under peaked that students should have is keen- it: but its effect in developing moral char en perception of the fine and incessant re acter, through the sense of personal re: quirements of personal honor than that sponsibility, is unquestionably beneficial which prevails in the world from which to a great majority. Harvard College they dome. is not the place for a youth of weak The dependence of health and vigor of will. or of convictions in regard r right mind upon health and vigor of body is and wrong that rest on artificial sup: now the fundamental proposition in every ports. Parents who wish their sons to rational scheme of education The pro- be constrained to virtue by external obser- vision made at Harvard for the exercise vances and formal penalties should not required for health and for normal plays send them hither. It is indeed true that est development is probably as thorough the domestic training and the school edu- complete, and intelligent as can be found cition of the netual generation of Americ in any institution of learning. It marks call children are of ften lumentably want a new state in the improvement of the ing in respect to the simplest elements of university as a place of education, and sound character, and many parents look there is nothing in which the life of the to the college to make good defects due student of to day differs more widely to their own me ciency or neglect But from that of proceding generations of this is excharge which the college cannot American under graduates than in the undertake by direct means. It must as attention given to the care of the body, same that the youth of eighteen or nine in the large share which athletic sports teen yearsoid who enters its gates no long hold among college interests, and in the or needs to be treated as an infant Usu- strong feeling aroused by athletic compe- ally this assumption is correct. It would titions. The rivalry of the different uni- be difficult to finded botter-behayed and versities and colleges in athletic contests botter-mannered body of fifteen hundred reminds the scholar of the similar rival- young men than the students at Came ries among the cities of Greece, but our bridge Offences against good order in college games wait still for their Pindar college are rare against good civin order to sing the spirit of beautifu youth with still rever The high spirits incident to its desire not upon valor and honorable youth sasionally manifest theisselves deeds and the dell fame that no. EXP exuberant display and in reckless con- companies them. duot. but lively animal spirits are not College-games achietic sports PM sharol the American take nt ORDER promotive of and there is too little rasher than the students too much of cenuino gayety and jollity and subordinate to them. They are the Hanvard students have Of gentlemen who do not aim at 587 HABY ⑉ paramon game. the expect Unit life of a great figure, but Brand its excel $1200 them-is.not easily about with in her de- your one orence the spirit animaling profes- hundred eighity full and smokers sport is obvious The of instruction. and the worth ed Sports part-of of three hours & week at on and amusement are les- ture. Therman intent of on made character is degraded in uate student should be to secure tion as the partic in it strive tion inthose branches-of know ledze likely for excellence other which may toberace serviceable.for the general enit be attained by a youth who does not are of his taind, and for providing him low it to become the ebief object of his with intellectual tastes and resources. It efforts, but who holds itsm its right place is a misuse ofrare opportunities if be con- as a pleasant and animating recreation fines himself to studies of a technically ands manly isument Fairplay, scientific character, or to such as partake honor to o cheerful acceptance of the character of the professional studies of defent of victory, to which be intends to give his later years are essential to contests be- uration for life in the world. It tween gentlement and it they cannot be may indeed be his mixfortune that secured in intercol contests, these obliged by row means to hasten 318 the entrance of the profession thatshell provide spirit into college athletics him livelihood, he is compelled to tended to promote the vice, now conv negient the generous and liberalizing mon, of botting upon the issue of the studies of letters and the arts, studies Harvard snow taking the lead known collectively under the fortunate wither reforro of the objectionable prac- term of the humanities, in order to con- lines that have lowered the character of centrate himself on special lines of pro collece athletic sports. fessional work. But everything is done But while staletica have of late occu- at Harvard to prevent or to liminish this med a larger share of public attention necessity by the provision of scholarships than the other parts of college training, by which a considerable part of the cost and have beened consequently to have of his education is lifted from the shoul- development in college ders of the poor, industrious, and capable life, the of larvard since the student. The cost of living at Harvard was asian of mental education on the most econo nical basis consistent and at learning and its advance toward with health and including the tuition fee Line position of B true university have of $150, may be set at from $400 to $475 been such 80 greatly to change its rein- a year. In this sump and not include the THE five position to all other institutions of a expenses of the long vacation or the multar_sort in the United States, The of clothes Every year not less than one twenty years have been B period of hundred and to Barrata from the tradition the aggregate amount of AT narrow cademic system to: a new, rying in individual amount from:$90.to liberal, and comprehensive system, in $300, are distributed to needy and merito- which the isteal os an American universi- nous students, so that the actual cost of type different ideal from the English or education Earvard for such a student, the German gradually working-ilself receiving scholarship of the average due The result is not yet complete, the value of 8236, need not be more than about not you realised, so far as the reali the same sum. Seldan, without excessive in ideal may be possible, labor, secure his degree of A.B. in three the it steady No years-nood if he has been wine in the se P. 587 (bottom ordered ter than that which to be meat serviceable for the Leult be attained by a youth who does not ure of his mind, and for providing him low DO becomio object of his with intellectual tastes-and Resources It efforts, but who holds in its right place in a misuse of rarie opportunities if he con ASK pleasant and recreation fines himself to studies of in technically ands maniy accem Fairplay, scientific character, or to such as: partake honor to opponents cheerful acceptance of the character of the professional studies of defeat modest of victory, to which ha intends to give his later years are conditions essential to contests be of preparation for life in the world. It tween gentlemen, and it they cannot be may, indeed. he his misfortune that, accured in intercollegiate contests, these obliged means to hasten his contests must cease. The entrance of the entrence to a profession thatshall provide professional spirit into college athletics him with livelihood he is compelled to tas tended to promote he vice, now com nerlect the generous and liberalizing mon, of betting upon the issue of the studies of letters and the arts, studies rames Harvard is How taking the lead known collectively under the fortunate in the reform of the objectionable prac- term of the humanities, in order to soon tices that have lowered the character of centrate himself on special lines of pro- college athletic sports. fessional work. But everything is done But while athletics have of late eeen- at Harvard to prevent or to diminish this inted a larger share of public attention necessity by the provision of scholarship the other parts of college training, by which a considerable part of the cost and hav consequently to have a of his education is lifted from the shoul- ionate development in college dera of the poor, industrious and capable life. the program of Harvard since the student. The cost of living at Harvard war as an institution of mental education on the most economical basis consistent and of learning, and its advance toward with health, and including the tuition fee the position of a true university have of $150, may be set at from $400pto $476 been such ⑉ greatly to change its cala a year In this sum are not include the five position to all other ins titutions of a expenses of the long vacation OTF the siost similar aut in the United States. The of clothes. Every year not less than one last years have been a period of hundred and twenty-fire scholarships, to Harvard from the tradition the aggregate amount of 829,590, and va al narrow academic system to a new, rying in individual amount from $90 to liberal and comprehensive system, in $360, are distributed to needy and merito- which the ideal of au American universi- nous students so that the actual cost of different ideal from the English on education at Harvard for such a student, the German gradually working iteelf receiving a scholarship of the average our The 18 not yet complete the value of $236. need not be more than about SD fareas the reali- the same sum. He can, without excessive nation of such er ideal may be possible, labor, secure his degree of A.B. in three bat the toward at is steady. No years, and if he has been wise in the age renster importance to the nation lection of his studies he will borable to on this enter one of the fessional schools al fax ready in possession of faculties disen lined last tal'sculture serious training of and his worth for the by of then- effnemento life. Line number of teachers living instrum P.588 tion the und SIGNATURE the graduate school is REGIST for-from one disposit hundred. and they are roughly divided of the s among the different branches of learning there is nothing in which a con as follows: treat in afforded to the Anoient History Languages and Literature. 16 of most foreign universities the add Language total and Arts on winded student who returns to Harvard Poficical 18 after the residence abroad finds in its open and Ethics 6 from ensation for in Natural Chemistry 24 foreign Heat of Bearning TORY Physical Science offer. In this immistration of its libra- Harvard has set needed and bone- The-courses of study offered this year ficial example to all other institutions of for undergraduate and graduate students learning. A natural doubt may how (not including the professional schools) ever mine as to whether a yourr studient are 516 in number. anaccaslomed to the use of books is likely impleprovision, on a sealenot attained to make judicious use tol the opportunity elsewhere in America, Is made for the thus put within his reach: but it is to be needs of scientific instruction in the bio remembered that his use will generally be logical chemical and physical labora guided in the first instance by the direct tories in the geolo teal and mineralogical tions of this instructors, and that be will oabinets, in the collections of natural his how to help hanwell tory and in the botames gardens. But in the vast choice set before him of the the pentre of the intellectual life of the books fitted for his needs or hisentorta in university is to be found in the library, ment which, under the charge of its present The advice and assistance of teachers eminent librarian, Mr. Justin Winsor, is not confined to the class opm or the mat administ sed with a liberality and efficient ter of studies. Under a provision lately ev unparalleled in anyicollegiate library put in effect every student on hisentrance in the world. The college library proper to college is referred to is member of the now contains about 270,000 volumes and Faculty who willact as this adviser in me. about 250.000 pamplels and if the libear gard toall matters in which homay stant ries of the separate schools and class in need of counsel such, for instanous 888 rooms be added, the total number of yol indicions scheme and choice of times falls little short of 360,600, The study, and the best use of op accessions to the library proper during portuni in collegation are the ten years from 1880 to 1889 inclusive in atter fi is social have been at the rate of something over economical, and moral interests The 11.000 volumes annually The number studentias Chans britt ghtat once into kind of persons making use of the library stead Ly and human relations represent ile increases from year to year. Fourteen alive of the sage authorities and no years.og BY per cent of the students made parent need be fraid last, int ding his use of it, in 1887.8 the proportion for the son to Harvard he should be lef without whole college had increased to 39 per cent. the help of judicious dasin erested, and for the three upper classes to 97 per cents friendly counsel in 1888 a the respective numbers were 87 The progress of the university as a true the per cont. and 95 percent A more strike school of learning has been nowhere illustration or the general intellectual more marked of late than in the improve activity of the under graduates could hard ment of its professional schools. In the Ly be found. Every student in allowed the and Medical schools this has been to take out three volumes at a time.and brou about mainly by theramided P. 588 bottom The courses of abut offered this year Darvara thas set: a and bene for undergraduate and graduate studenta ficial example to all other institutions of (not including the rofessional schools) learning. A natural doubt DHY how are 16 in number. ever, nerse as to whether a young student, Ample provision, en a nonie not attaines to the use of books is likely elsewhere in America is made for the to make judicious use of the opportunity needs of scientific instruction in the bio thus put within his reach but it is to be logical chemical, and physical labora remembered that his use will generally be tories in the geological and mineralogical guided in the first instance by the direc cabinets, in the collections of natural his tions of his instructors, and that he will tory and in the botanical gardens. But thus gradually learn how to help himself the centre of the intellectual life of the in the vast choice set before him of the university is to be found in the library books fitted for his needs or his entertain ment which under the charge of its present eminent librarian, Mr. Justin Winsor, is The advice and assistance of teachers administered with a liberality and efficient not confined to the class cooin or the mat- ov unpar lleled in any collegiate library ter of studies, Under a provision lately in the world. The college library proper out in effect every studen on bis on now contains about 270,000 volumes and to xollege is referred to remember of the about 280,000 pamphlets, and if the libra Faculty who will actors his adviser in TO Keen of the separate schools and class gard town matters in which the may stand FOORDS be added, the total number of vol in need of counsel such for instance as R umas falls little short of 360,000, The judicion scheme and choice uses of study, and the best use of accessions to the labrary proper during portunities in college the ten years from 1880 to 1889 inclusive havelbeen at the rate of something over in after-life in to his social pro- 11,000 volumes annually The number economical, and moral interests The of persons making use of the library stead- student is thus brought at once into kind. ily increases from year to year Pourteen 1x and tions with represent years age 67 per cent of the students made parent ative of need the be college afraid, authorities lest in sending and his no use of it. in 1887-8 the proportion for the whole college had increased to 89 percent son to Harvard, he should be left without for the three upper classes to 07. per cent. the help of judicious, disinterested, and friendly counsel. in 1888-9 the respective numbers were S net cent and 95 percent it more strik The progress of the university as a true school of learning has been nowhere illustration of the general intellectual activity all the under aduates could bard. more marked of late than in the improve Iv the founds Every eludent followed ment 01 its professional schools. in the law and Medical schools this has been to take out three volumes at a time and the as pitten hermay desire. brought about mainly by the reasing of The tots number of volumes taken out in the reg rements of admission to them. $88.66.689 in 1888 9 R was 68,892 by better methods and enteres scope of instruction, by the Introduction of thor Type and SPOOKS within the library and by annistin upon increasing fact a nocessi to coaper the to the-atmost Re: of a Regree the re: quired termed instruction now nd least be one-year twenty longer P.589 TARVARD UNIT IN 1890. a The change thus wrought in these special knowledge and no estimped in to schools is Pedical, and their example has make them the rivals of that done much to raise the standard of pro- could be brought into comparison with fessional education throughout the coun- them in any country. Such is the Muse In the Divinity School the change um of Comparative Zoology, whose TOTAL has-boen not less remarkable. The pro nificent collections, due to the genius, Peasons have been drawn without prefer the labors, and the liberality of the two ence from denominations of widely dif- Agassis, father and son afford to the fering creeds, orthodox and liberal alike; student of zoology means as ample and that have worked together in perfect as well arranged to assist him in the progr harmony; the long tradition of high ress of his studies as any museum in the learning in the profession has been main- world. such. too, is the Botanical Muse tained by them, while their number has um, established by the great master of been increased and the range of instruc- American botany, Asa - Gray, and pre- tion enlarged. The instructors, no less sided over by teachers worthy of their than the pupils, have felt the benefit of master: such are the Chemical Labora- these changes, and the spirit of energetic tory, and the Jefferson Physical Labora- industry which animates all the schools tory, in which the most modern means reacts to uta advantage upon the under and appliances are provided for the prose- graduate department cution of a science that with astonishing But the most important development rapidity is extending its triumphs in the of the university in late years has been conquest of new fields from nature: such that of what now known as the Grad- is the Observatory, for which the genms sate School, that is the department of and devotion of successive directors, and advanced studies pursued by grad es the generous endowments of private per who intend to devote themselves to Leach sons, have secured a position in the first ins. or to independent investigation and rank of astronomical observatories. All research in some one of the higherbranch these and other important subsidiary in 08 of knowledge, or to general self-cuit- stitutions are open to pupils prepared to ure. The importance of these studies as take advantage of the means of instruct essential to the progress of civiliz tion is tion which they offer. For students of felt in proportion to the growth of the other subjects in science, and of literate re nation in wealth and material power and philosophy advanced instruction is The United States cannot maintain an provided according to their needs and o equal position with other nations in this Sciency, while the resources which the except by the fostering of these library affords are even more importa at wheet intellectual pursuits, and no duty to the graduate than the underg aduate is more imperative upon our leading student. The school is rengthened X schools-of learning than to offer the best fellowships and scholarships which have attainable instruction in those studies by been endowed by benefactors of the uni which knowledge may be increased. the versity "for the encouragement to ber level of intellectual life elevated, and the row the terms of one of these endow consequent moral improvement of the ments, If of a higher, broader, and more community secured. The teachers capa thorough scholarship than is required or bio giving this indispensable instruc- expected of undergraduates in all sound tion are comparatively few, and the literature or learning." or, in the words of means for providing them with appropri- another of the deeds of gift, "for assisting ste-salaries, as well as with the leisure to support one or more pupils pret requieite for their own progress, are erably such as shall express the determine scenty as yet blevery American institu- tion to devote their lives to the advance tion of learning It is not elaiming too meat of theoretic science and original into Taryard It these no. investigation P. 589 (bottom ween increased, and the range of instruc- tion American botany, Ara Gray, and pro- enlarged. The instructors, no less sided over by teachers worthy of their than the pupils, have felt the benefit of master such are the Chemical Labora these changes, and the spirit of energetic tory, and the Jefferson Physical Labora industry which animates all the schools tory, in which the most modern means reuota to its advantage upon the under and appliances are provided for the prose graduate department cution of a science that with astomishi ng But the most important development rapidity is extending its triumphs in the of the university in late years has been conquest of new fields from nature: such that of what is now known as the Grad- is the Observatory, for which the genius note School. that is, the department of and devotion of successive directors, and advanced studies pursued by grad 68 the generous endowments of private per who intend to devote themselves to sons, have secured a position in the first ing, or to independent investigation and rank of astronomical observatories. all research in some one of the branch= these and other important submidiary in- es of knowledge, OF to general self-cult- stitutions are open to pupils prepared to ure. The importance of these studies as take advantage of the means of instruc- essential to the progress of civilization is tion which they offer. For students of felt in proportion to the growth of the other subjects in science, and of literature nation in wealth and material power. and philosophy. advanced instruction is The United States cannot maintain an provided according to their needs and pro- equal position with other nations in this ficiency, while the resources which the except by the fostering of these library affords are even more important highest intellectual pursuits, and no duty to the graduate than the undergraduate is more imperative upon our leading student. The school is strengthened by schools of learning than to offer the best fellowships and scholarships which have attainable instruction in those studies by been endowed by benefactors of the uni- which knowledge may be increased the versity, for the encouragement." to bar level of intellectual life elevated, and the row the terms of one of these endor consequent moral improvement of the ments, of a higher, broader, and more community secured. The teachers capa thorough soholarship than is required OF ble of giving this indispensable instruc- expected of Undergraduates in all sound tion are comparatively few, and the literature or learning," or in the words of means for providing them with appropri- another of the deeds of gift, `for assisting ate salaries, as well as with the leisure to support one or more pupils prof requisite for their own progress are erablysuch as shall express the determina scanty as yet every American institu- tion to devote their lives to the advance tion of learning It is not claiming too ment of theoretic science and original much to any that Harvard is in these TO: investigation." In the present year there least nob interior to any other are 112 students registered in this depar in the United States in certain ment and there seems to be good reason the distinctly leads the advance: to anticipate that its growth/will hene unhreese within the university forth be steady To raise the standard of only the schools of intellectual work in this country nearer but of to the highest level attained by it el to the of where to attract disinterested seholars a 890 ARPER'S NEW creater numbers men who pursne their for the ordering of the facts studies primarily for the sake of pure of the exact sciences so as to decriminate learning and not for a livelihood; schol the princinics or laws of which-each-fact BMS who in their turn shall lead the ad. is millustration. Mathematics physical vance of knowledge, and help to and natural science, philology in its widest the ever-increasing need of high acceptance, all mere knowledge, in fine.af ligenes and better culture, of com fords the material for the ultimate work of oriticism, efficient suggestion and Wise the imagination and it is therefore the cult- leadership inspolities and in society, men ure of the imagination which, if the ad- who shall keep alive in themselves and vanced courses of study in the university quicken in others the best ideals of indi are to be properly ordered, demands atten vidual and national life, who shall be fit- tion beyond that which, in the oldest and ted to guide and help and instruct and in- most famous institutions of learning has spire the youth of each generation-this is hitherto been accorded to it. The neglect the chief problem which Harvard and with which the studies directly contribu- other of our principal schools of learning ting to this culture have been treated is are now engaged in solving. easily to be accounted for historically, and (The real itality of a university de- the conditions of our actual civilization servin of this name depends, indeed. not are bardly more favorable for them than so much on the excellence and abundance those of the past have been. It is time, of the direct guidance. which it offers indeed, that their need has become more along the most advanced lines of the ever obvious with the splendid rapidity of the advancing forces of learning, as upon progress in mere knowledge characteris the spirit with which it inspires its stu- tie of our own times. Progress in know dents. The highest end of the highest ledge does not necessarily involve a cor. education is not anything which can be responding contemporarees progress in directly taught, but is the consummation intelligence, wisdom. and virtue: on the of all studies. It is the final result of contrary, its common, immediate, and di- intellectual milture in the development reet effect is to strengthen the forces of of the breadth, serenity, and solidity of materialism. and the chief efforts of ours mind, and the attainment of that com- higher institutions of learning should plete self-possession which finds expres- therefore be directed to provide such edu: sion in character To secure this end, cation as may serve more OF less to count one means, above all. is requisite, which teract this prevailing tendency. And has strangel enough, been greatly neg. this education is to be found and found lected in our schemes of education, name only, in the intelligent and comprehen- ly. the culture of the faculty of imagi sive study of those arts in which then nation. For it is by means of this fac- have bought to express themselves ulty acting in conjunction with and under their thoughts, feelings, and emotions the control of reason, that the true na- in forms of beauty. For it is these arts ture and relative-importance of the ob which set the standard of human attain- jeets of study are to be discovered and ment. and it is the study of them that at the attainment of knowledge for practi- fords the best culture of the Imagination eal use brought into connection with the This study should be regarded as the prop pursuit of truth as the intellectual basis er accompaniment and crown of all other of conduct. The largest acquisitions of studies. All others are enligh ned and knowledge remain barren unless quick- elevated by it. The studies that nourish ened by the imagination into vital ele- the soul, that afford permanent resources ments of moral discipline and growth of delight and recreation. that maintain The setivity of the imagination is needed idasis of conduct and develop those. stim- STO (bottom) ted to guide and help and instruet and in- most famous institutions of learning has Spire the youth of each generation-thi is hitberto been accorded to it. The beglect the chief problem which Harvard and with which the studies directly contribu- other of our principal schools of learning ting to this culture have been treated is are now engaged in solving. easily to be accounted for historically, and The real vitality of a university de the conditions of our actual aivilization serving of the name depends, indeed. not are hardly more favorable for them than so much on the excellence and abundance those of the past have been. It is true, of the direct guidance which it offers indeed, that their need has become more along the most ad vanced lines of the ever- obvious with the splendid rapidity of the advancing forces of learning, as upon progress in mere knowledge characteris- the spirit with which it inspires its stu- tie of our own times. Progress in know- dents. The highest end of the highest ledge does not necessarily involve a cer. education is not anything which can be responding contemporaneous progress in directly taught, but is the consummation intelligence, wisdom, and virtue: on the of all studies It is the final result of contrary, its common, immediate, and di- intellectual culture in the development reet effect is to strengthen the forces of of the breadth, serenity, and solidity of materialism, and the chief efforts of our mind, and in the attainment of that.com higher institutions of learning should plete self-possession which finds expres- therefore be directed to provide such edu- sion in character. To secure this end, cation as may serve more or less to cour- one means, above all, is requisite, which teraet this prevailing tendency, And has strangel enough, been greatly neg- this education is to be found, and found lected in our schemes of education, name only in the intelligent and comprehen- ly, the culture of the faculty of imagio sive study of those arts in which men nation. For it is by means of this fac- have straight to express themselves ulty acting in conjunction with and under their thoughts, feelings. and emotions the control of reason, that the true nas in forms of beauty. For it is these arta ture and relative importance of the ob which set the standard of human attain- jects of study are to be discovered, and ment and it is the study of them that at the attainment of knowledge for practi- fords the best culture of the imagination. cal use brought into connection with the This study should be regarded as the prop persuit of truth as the intellectual basis er accompaniment and crown of all other of conduct. The largest acquisitions of studies. All others are enlightened and knowledge remain barren unless quick- elevated by it. The studies that nourish ened by the imagination into vital ele- the soul. that afford permanent resources ments of moral discipline and growth. of delight and recreation, that maintain The activity of the imagination is needed ideals of conduct, and develop those synn not more for the interpretation of history pathies upon which the progress and well than for the appreciation of the signifi- fare of Society depend, are the studies that cancerol literature and the fine arts whose quicken and nourish the imagination and chief interest consists not in their works are vivified and moralized by it. The as independent products but as express greatent need of Harvard as of other uni- sions of the inner the and highest powers versities. at the present time, is that of an- of man k insneeded not more for the dowments for fallen instruction in the eggilion of the nature and the discovery learning which tends to the direct culta of the of social problems than vation of this faculty K.591 HARVARD UNIVERSITY IN 591 A striking illustration of the general other, so that the outward et of the intifference to it is afforded at Harvard by university should better for with its the disregard of the influence of architect- object as a place for the best location of are as an element in education, as shown the youth of the nation. Suo superb in the character of the buildings erected work of patriotism is hardly to in the last half-century, and which are expect ed in this generation. but at son time it evidences of the material prosperity of must be accomplished, by individ the university Harvard by no means or by public means, if the university is to stands alone in her neglect in this respect. fulfil one of its most important funet ths. No one denies that their surroundings Conspicuous as Harvard is, there no have a subtle and strong though perhaps wonder that she is the object of cons nt unconsciously received in fluence upon the criticism. So long as this criticism is disposition of men, No one denies that honest and founded upon knowl re, culture of the eye in the recognition and there is nothing but good in it. But he appreciation of beauties of form, color peculiar position which Harvard occu les and proportion is desirable; that the plea exposes her to much criticism that is im sure if not the happiness of life is in norant, unfair, and at times malevolent. creased by enjoyment of these things. Absolutely independent as she is in mat- No one denies. that uoble and beautiful ters of religion of sectarian relations, she buildings, in noble association and well lacks the support of any denomination, designed for the purposes for which they and is exposed to attack from newspapers are intended, become more and more which, nontinally religious, are actually impressive from generation to generation seotarian in character, and hayerat heart as they become more righly invested the special interest of denominational in with associations of human interest. The stitutions of learning. Her old motto, youth who surrounded by beautiful "Christo et Ecclesice, Harvard translates and dignified buildings to which inspir literally, To Christ and His Church ing memories belong cannot but be the Church that embraces all mankind. strongly affected, less OF more, conscious- Her position is not acceptable to sectaries, ly on unconsciously, according to his na- and the very strength which she derives tive sensibilities and perceptions, by the from it exposes her to many am embitter constant presence, of objects that while ed assault. Another but inferior source pleasing and refining the rey cultivate of unfair criticism has its origin in the his sensited beauty, and arouse not mere- disappointments which occur among the ly por emotion, but his sympathy with large body of her pupils and their friends. the SDIRE and generous efforts of his dis- Amontela thousand students there will tant predecessors His award nature always be a proportion of failures, and takes on an impress from the outer sight. another proportion to which the special He mayneed help at first to discern the opportunities of any given institution will expression in the work of the beauty prove unfitted. Both these classes are which it embodies, but he needs no help tempted to find excuses for their failure to feel its dignity and venerableness. The in defects of the institution, either ima- value of the influence of noble archi- ginary, or exaggerated and admitting of tecture, simple as it may be, at a grent remedy. A worthless student. who has seat of education, especially in our coun- made a sorry affair of his college course, try, is hardly to be overestimated and vents his spleen in misrepresentations of yet it has been either absolutely#disre- the college which could not save him in garded at Harvard, or, if recognized, the his own despite. But r'vard courts attempt to secure buildings that should publicity. She has nothing but gain to exert this influence has been little short anticipate from it. Even were it not so, total failure. If some great benefacto she would still court it; for her ruling the university should arise, ready to desire is not for her own credit and sue- unconsciously received influence upon the crificism. So long as this criticisa is disposition of men. No one denies that honest and founded upon knowl e, culture of the eye in the recognition and there is nothing but good in it. But he appreciation of beauties of form; color, peculiar position which Harvard occu tes and proportion is desirable: that the plea- exposes her to much criticism that is ig sure if not the happiness of life is in. norant, unfair. and at times malevolent creased by enjoyment of these things. Absolutely independent as she is in mat No one denies that noble and beautiful ters of religion of sectarian relations, she buildings, in noble association and well lacks the support of any denomination, designed for the purposes for which they and is exposed to attack from newspapers are intended, become more and more which, Fly religious, are actually impressive from generation to generation seotarian in character. and havecat heart as they become more richly invested the special interest of denominationa in- with associations of human interest, The stitutions of learning. Her old motto, youth viselives surrounded by beautiful "Christo et Ecclesia Harvard translates and diguified buildings to which inspir literally To Christ and This Church ing memories belong cannot but be the Church that embraces all mankind. strongly affected, less or more, conscious- Her position is not acceptable to sectaries, ly or unconsciously, according to his na- and the very strength which she derives tive sensibilities and perceptions, by the from it exposes her to many an embitter constant presence. of objects that, while ed assault. Another but inferior source pleasing and refining the eye, cultivate of unfair criticism has/its origin in the is senserof beauty, and arouse not mere- disappointments which occur among the ly pc emotion, but his sympathy with large body her pupils and their friends. the spren and generous efforts of his dis- Amongle thousand students there will tant predecessors. His inward nature always be a proportion of failures, and takes on an impress from the outer sight. another proportion to which the special He may need help at first to discern the opportunities of any given institution will expression in the work of the beauty prove unfitted. Both these classes are which it embodies, but he needs no help tempted to find excuses for their failure to feel its dignity and venerableness. The in defects of the institution, either ima- value of the influence of noble archi- ginary, or exaggerated and admitting of tecture, simple as it may be, at a great remedy A worthless student who has seat of education, especially in ON coun- made a sorry affair of his college course, Siny, is hardly to be overestimated and vents his spleen in misrepresentations of yet it has been either absolutely disre- the college which could not save him in garded at Harvard, or if recognized, the his own despite, But rvard courts attempt to secure buildings that should publicity She has nothing but gain to exert this influence has been little short anticipate from it. Even were it not so total failure. If some great benefacto she would still court it; for her ruling the university should arise, ready to with desire is not for her own credit and sue- work that should hand down his name in cess, but for the best progress of universi ever-increasing honor with posterity, he -ty education. Harvard has a least edu- bnight require the destruction of all the cated herself so far that jealousy is not a buildings erected in the last century ruling element in her character. I say and their reconstruction with simple and she courts publicity, but not that of ad. beautiful design, in mutually helpful vertisement and paffery. There is no harmonious, and effective relation to each institution of learning in the world that 512 more and fall them's from than that which to their calling and FOOTBLE and the makes Reports of her to relieve text from anxiet President Treasurer, the account and the years hen theysahall be longer of the heads of her dit service They afford ans But the true life of a university depends extense Phone possible of the finally that so much on the bundance-of MOUNT the university, and they its the character of those who for the asking use them on the spirit that animates its Treasurer is alwo, istrators and instructors and a ing document their individual capacity to exercise a II presents detailed account of the right in fluence upon their pupils. Har- finances of the university its invest vard has been fortunate in a long suc- ments, receipts and expendi tires. The cession of eminent teachers. the have won vango of such a statement consists not from generation to generation the respect only in its effect in maintaining public of their pupils, and have set to them an confidence in the careful management of example of devotion to duty and of sim the funds in the hands of the corporation plicity and dignity of life. It is a feee of but also in its laying open for public com: conspicuous good fortune that at the pre- men and criticism the cost of each depart sent time/when the transition is going on ment of the university and exhibiting its from the traditional methods and condi- needs well une eratood that a umi tions of a colonal college to the forms like hospital should always be and requirements of a national universi 1990 the sense at finding its income ty she has at her head one of the ablest. insufficient for the demander on it and most foresighted, and liberal minded of of equistantly expending all its available public servants Take means for the pr otion of the objects The steady and solid progress made by for which it exists The invested funds larvard during the past twenty years of of Harvari increase by gift or logacy to President Eliot's administration affords the amount of hundreds of thousands of the promise of future advance. No pause dollar annually, For the past five years is possible in the course of an institution from August 31 1884 to August 81.1889 which by its very nature is foreed to ad -the average amount of this annual in vance with the progress el knowledge Baid crease hasbeen $361.258 Large esthis.sum with the over-increasing demands of the the Harvard stands in need o much more community The standard of such a seat Her total invested funds amounted at the of learning is continually vising Each close of her last financial year to nearly forward step compels the next It can, seven millions dollars-a sum inade indeed never reach its aim, never perfect quate to supply the means for such ser ly Mulfil its function. Its ideal remains the community as she is prepared constantly unattainable, thoup h constant total for provided only that she has the In more clearly defined and more distinct income a paltry sum-sin.com ly visible. And yet the parmanent fea painson with the wealth of many of her tures of this ideal never vary. Theywoor its paltniness dis always the fair proportions of a school not only to them, but to the where truth is sought by research inquiry men of wealth in the nation at lar e, and speculation; where the youth of a n&- whose privilege no less than whose duty tionare taught to obtain mastery of them it is to provide from their supers indant selve by the discipline of character as well for the higher educal ion of the Rsbyan juisition of knowledge: wherethey Harvard needs at this moment, are helped to the understanding of their in order BE Talfill her anctions satisfac- nature ant duties as social beings and are downment of not instructed pton/vinatters serviceable 0.592(bottm-last) of her diff cabable effective service THE G They afford truelife of in depends exacts view as possible the not much on the of university and the its meansas.on the character of those who any one for the asking use them on the spirit that animates its the the Treasurer is alway istrators and instructors and and a interesting document their individual capacity to exercise a It presents a detailed coount of the right in tuence upon their pupils. Har finances of the university its invest vard has been fortunate in a long sue ments, receipts and expenditures The cession of eminent teachers, who have won value of such a statement consists not from generation to generation the respect only in its effect in maintaining public Lef their pupils, and have set to them an confidence in the careful management of example of devotion to duty and of sim. the funds in the hands of the corporation, plicits and dignity of life. All is a piece of but also in its laying open for public com- conspienous good fortune that at the pre menland criticism the cost of each depart sent time,when the transition is going on ment of the university and exhibiting its from the traditional methods and condi- needs. It is well understood that a um tions of 8 colonial college to the forms versity, like a hospital should always be and requirements of a national universi BOOT in the rease of finding its income ty she has at her head one of the ablest. insufficient for the demand upon and most foresighted, and liberal-minded of of constantly expending all its available public servants. means for the promotion of the objects The steady and solid progress made by for which it exists: The invested funds arvard during the past twenty years of larvard increase by gift or legacy tak President Eliot's administration affords the amount of hundreds of thousands of the promise of future advance. No pause de annuall For.the-past five years is possible in the course of an institution from August 1884, to August 31,1889 which by its very nature is foreed to ad- the average amount of this Annual in. vance with the program of knowledge and ereasehas been $361,363. large as this sum with the ever increasing demands of the is. Harvard stands'in need of much more community, The standard of such a seat Her total invested funds amounted at the of learning is continually rising Each close of her last financial year to nearly forward step compels the next It can, seven millions of dollars - 8 sum inade indiced never reach its aim, never perfect- quste to supply the means for such ser ly fulfil its function. Its ideal remains the community as she is prepared constantly unattainable, thoug constant provided only that she has the by more clearly defined and more distinct requisite income a paltry sum in com- by visible. And yet the permanent fea parsson with the wealth of many of her tures-of this ideal never vary They bear own in its paltriness dia- Aways the fair proportions of a school not only to them, but to the wheretruth is sought by research. inquiry, men of wealth in the nation at large, and speculation: where the youth of us privilege no less than whose duty tio are taught to obtain mastery of them- from their supera ndant selvesby the discipline of character as well for the higher education of the asby act disition o knowledge: where they Harvard needs at this moment, are helped to the MAR derstanding of their her functions satisfac- nature and duties as social beings and are endo ment of not instructed not only in matters serviceable live millions, with steady annu- to their individual interesta. but in the al in proportion to the steady nobler learning by which they are in: upon her enlarge spared to subordinate their personal con or her teachings corns to the rood of the community The which know- ideal university AB the training-place of provide sale the wisest strongest and best man Such teachers such as B university Harvard espires to become. OscarHardlin. College and Community in 1900 OLLEGE facultics, acutely sensitive to their own economic grievances, are likely now to look backward with nostalgia at the relative well-being of their predecessors. A glow seems to suffuse the professorial life of 1900, that alas was blown away by the winds of high cost of living. Yet the causes of contentment among such a group as constituted the Harvard faculty of 1900 were far too complex to be tied to the level of remuneration alone. It is true that among the vocal and literate group that inhabited the Cambridge of 1900 there was a pervasive si- lence about finances, except in the rare cases when the salaries of in- dividuals actually fell. The minutes of meetings, the correspondence official and private, the published recollections and unpublished diaries, even the diatribes of those who left the university with grievances, reveal scarcely a sign of discontent with the immediate economic situa- tion of the faculty - eloquent evidence of what a different world was about them. 1 Not that the compensation was particularly munificent, certainly not by present standards. In these affairs, President Eliot was prcj- udiced toward thrift. 'To his ascetic and devoted spirit, asceticism and devotion were required of the teachers of youth, and it mattered little, a critic pointed out, 'if they were prescribed by poverty instead of being elective. 2 In mild protest against these charges, the president pleaded extenuating circumstances, but admitted that he believed the 'profession to be one that called for altruistic conceptions of life and duty.' It was perhaps as a token of that belief that the Corporation Records displayed a mean salary in 1902 of $2,259 for assistant pro- fessors, of $3,000 for associate professors, and $3,940 for full profes- sors, to which sums, the more dutiful, if less altroistic, might have All quotations from original documents in the University Archives, including the Corporation Records, College Papers, and Eliot Papers, arc made with the con- sent of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, Arthur Stanwood Pier, The Story of Harvard (Boston, 1913), p. 199. Henry James, Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University 1869-1909 (Boston, 1930), II, 8:-82, note 2. Harvard Library Bulletin Pp : V. 12 (1958): Bloss Perry. And glady Teach: Reminiscences 5/04/20 Boston = HM , 1935. HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 223 I suppose I knew at that time the names of a few Harvard professors. The one most familiar to me was that X of Louis Agassiz, who had died in 1873. I had studied Goodwin's Greek Grammar, and was aware that Child is HARVARD: THE COCKPIT was an authority on English Ballads. I had read Professor Lowell's poems and essays, and knew that Longfellow and OF LEARNING Holmes had once been professors likewise. Asa Gray, the botanist, was a distant kinsman of ours, and I had seen I have been a looker on in the Cockpit of Learning these many years. ROGER ASCHAM, The Schoolmaster Charles Eliot Norton at Ashfield. Oddly enough, consider- ing the ineffaceable personal impression which President The best and most fruitful conception of a university or college is the ancient one of Eliot usually made, I cannot recall when and where I first a society or guild of scholars associated together for preserving, imparting, in- creasing, and enjoying knowledge. saw him. PRESIDENT A. LAWRENCE LOWELL, By 1886, when Harvard was celebrating its two hun- At War with Academic Traditions in America dred and fiftieth anniversary, I was studying in Ger- I: LOOKING IN AT THE WINDOW many, and during the nineties, whether at Williams or Princeton, I had very few opportunities of meeting Har- M Y GRANDFATHER, Baxter Perry, had been vard teachers. When we came to live in Cambridge in graduated from Harvard in President Kirkland's 1900, I knew possibly a dozen professors. In the Depart- time, but I cannot recall that my father had any ment of English, for example, I had happened to meet special veneration for that seat of learning. In my own Barrett Wendell and George P. Baker. I knew that Child undergraduate days, few students in the smaller New was dead, and that A. S. Hill, Wendell, and Briggs had England colleges knew anything whatever about Harvard. devoted much of their energy to teaching undergraduates The 'inferior institutions' imagined that Harvard looked to write, but the courses offered by the English Depart- down upon them, but the more cruel truth was that she ment in Linguistics and Literature were then much less was not thinking of them at all. The first Harvard under- known to the general public than the courses in composi- graduates I ever saw were on the porch of a hotel at Bar tion. Harbor in the summer of 1879. Half-a-dozen of us By the tests of productivity and of interesting person- Williams boys, cruising along the Maine coast and held at alities the leading department at Harvard, in 1900, was Mount Desert by a southeaster, fell into conversation with that of Philosophy. In this unrivalled 'philosophical me- these Harvard youths. They were extremely courteous, nagerie,' as Professor Palmer termed it, he was himself the but when they asked politely, 'Where is Williamstown senior exhibit, with William James, Royce, Münsterberg, College?' we were young enough to be annoyed. and Santayana as his associates. All of them except 224 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 225 Santayana wrote for the Atlantic and were constantly in evi- After dinner Howells read aloud some passages from it for dence in Boston and Cambridge circles. Although Norton our delectation. I hope I was not in a controversial mood, had retired from activeteaching in 1898, and Shaler-the but I did not really like this much-discussed third manner' geologist and professor of things-in-general - were among of Henry James. (Neither, for that matter, did Henry's the best known of the Harvard group. Both men had wel- older brother William. 'There isn't any third manner,' comed me warmly when I first came to Cambridge. I William once remarked to me. 'Poor Harry has simply printed Shaler's Reminiscences in the Atlantic, and Ruskin's changed his stenographer, and the new one records all of letters to Norton, although I objected strongly and without his hesitancies and ellipses.') Whenever Howells paused in avail to Norton's deletion of many of Ruskin's affectionate his reading of striking passages, Mr. Norton, perhaps personal greetings to his correspondent. I was always a mischievously, insisted on asking my opinion of the style. little in awe of Mr. Norton. I saw him occasionally at the I maintained that with all its marvels, it was artificial and Tavern Club and always at the Saturday Club. In his own affected, and I could not help contrasting it, in my own library at Shady Hill he was a charming host, and like my mind, with the perfection of Mr. Howells's reminiscent friend Robert Grant I found Norton's 'bent for disillusion' writing in such books as Literary Friends and Acquaintance. singularly fascinating. 'Not only,' writes Judge Grant,* I did not utter this conviction aloud, however. Arthur 'did I relish hearing false claims or premises stripped of Sedgwick, I thought, was on my side, but neither our host their glamour, but his judgments, even when most gloomy nor Mr. Howells would allow that those glittering pages with respect to immediate values, were compact with in- had any flaw. Two or three days later I happened to meet finite riches in a little room - riches of finished speech, Mr. Norton. 'I think I may tell you,' he said, with his however withering.' wonderful and slightly malicious smile, 'that Mr. Howells On two occasions, in his library, after seating me by the agreed with you entirely about The American Scene, but he fireplace and waiting until the cigars were drawing well, would not admit it.' Mr. Norton proceeded to give an elaborate analysis of Professor Norton's cousin, President Eliot, was likewise Theodore Roosevelt. In both instances, his mild opening a fastidious master of speech, with a mind as inquisitive as phrase was this: 'Of course the man is a Barbarian.' But Norton's, although less subtle and far more vigorous. As I he said it so gently and with such a disarming smile that I have said of him elsewhere, I 'he was an amplificator im- was sure - perhaps mistakenly - that 'T. R.' would perii, an enlarger of the empire of man's estate. His mind have enjoyed it as much as I did. To his old friends he was Roman rather than Greek; he cared little for specula- was finely loyal. I remember dining at Shady Hill one tive subtleties, he distrusted introspection, and was deaf evening with Mr. Howells and Arthur Sedgwick, just after to some of the rich voices of the past. He read John Locke the publication of Henry James's The American Scene. At the unveiling of the bust of President Eliot at Eliot House, on the one- Fourscore; an Autobiography, 1934. hundredth anniversary of his birth, March 20, 1934. 226 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 227 rather than Plato, was more interested in Pasteur than in and Regent of the University. As soon as the formal ex- Virgil, and in commenting on the Bible story of Mary and ercises were concluded, Mr. Mills poured out for me a very Martha, he made it clear that he preferred Martha. He tall glass of whiskey-and-water in President Wheeler's was primarily an organizer and administrator, with an im- library, and pronounced with finality: 'Mr. Perry, Poetry perial grasp of fact It is true, of course, that sculpture is a fine thing, but Business is the thing.' That was the cannot suggest all of the fascination which was felt in Mr. voice of a whole era. Eliot's living, speaking presence: in his flawless courtesy of Yet if there was one spot in the United States which bearing, his habit of deferential listening, his swift, seemed as yet deaf to such a voice, in the opening years of benignant smile, and above all, the tones of his incompa- the twentieth century, it was Old Cambridge; steeped as it rable voice. It was usually low and grave; sometimes was in the traditions of Harvard College and typified by hauntingly wistful; but when he was moved by moral in- the leisurely charm of Brattle Street. The Graduate School dignation it rang - as someone said of Dryden's couplets of Business Administration, designed to 'establish business - like a bronze coin thrown down on marble.' as a profession,' was not invented until 1908, and did not Mr. Eliot belonged to my father's generation, and from attain its present prominence until after the World War. the first year of our settling in Cambridge, his kindness to In 1900 the gracious outward aspect of Old Cambridge me could scarcely have been greater if I had been his son. was in harmony with its inner spirit. Brattle Street, and I do not think that he was particularly interested in the even the streets 'just off' Brattle, looked as secure as an purely literary features of the Atlantic, but he read all its English cathedral close, and there was among its old articles on education, economics, politics, and social recon- American families the sense of continuity, of assured social struction, and was a frequent contributor. I happened to position, which was a part of that English tradition which meet him on the platform of various public meetings in lingered in Boston and Cambridge until well into the Boston and Cambridge, and sometimes had the ill-luck to twentieth century. Brattle Street was like an island in the precede or follow him as a speaker. I say 'ill-luck,' because stream of new and alien races swarming into Greater all the rest of us must have felt, 'What can the man do Boston; an island also in the stream of suburban Americans that cometh after the King?' And yet, as many other men attracted to Cambridge by rapid transit, by the develop- of my generation have testified, we could not have had a ment of manufacturing interests, and by the growth of more considerate and encouraging listener. How flattered Harvard University. Possibly Old Cambridge could count I felt in 1902, when he suddenly found himself unable to fewer men of world-wide reputation than in 1850, and yet give a promised address at the University of California and within half a mile of the Craigie House there were probably asked me to take his place! I did my best with a speech on #N many men of personal distinction as could be found 'Poetry and Politics,' about which I remember nothing ywhere in a similar radius, outside of the great European now except the remark of D. O. Mills, the veteran banker capitals.) Family still counted for something, but money 228 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 229 for very little. A typical figure was President Eliot, riding Hodges. He was a singularly able, liberal, and spiritually his bicycle every morning on his way to market or for minded man, like ourselves an immigrant to Cambridge, tranquil exercise. I recall that he once appeared on his and, I suspect, never really at home or happy there. Mrs. bicycle at our house at Mercer Circle at 7.15 A.M. to invite Perry, who was born in New Haven, educated at Smith, me to lunch with an Englishman who had just arrived. and had been a professor's wife at Williams and Princeton, Luckily I was shaved and nearly dressed, and came down was tolerably familiar with the innocent provincialism of to find Mr. Eliot examining curiously some vellum-bound typical college communities. In our first year or two in seventeenth-century quartos in my study - about the Cambridge, we used to collect Harvard stories. One of last things in which I should have supposed him to be in- hers was the remark of a Cambridge lady upon whom my terested. There were very few telephones in Cambridge wife happened to be calling, on the day of a Harvard-Yale then. Today, if a President of Harvard were arranging an football game. Casting about for fruitful topics of con- extemporized luncheon party, his secretary would be tele- versation, they hit upon the fact that two brothers, one re- phoning the professor's secretary - but it would be much presenting Harvard and the other Yale, were that day later than 7.15 A.M. There were no motor cars as yet, and playing against each other. 'Perhaps it isn't so strange as but few private carriages, though Mr. Howells could no it seems, hazarded the Cambridge lady; you know that it longer have said, as he did once, that there was but one often happens that one of two brothers is brighter than the carriage in Old Cambridge and that was owned by a other.' Her guest, brought up in Yale loyalties, assented publisher. Social life was simple. Calling had not yet gone politely. I was able to match this with a remark made to out of fashion, and for such occasions, especially on Satur- me by the Cambridge lady's husband, after a dinner in day and Sunday afternoons, gentlemen were accustomed their house. The men, while taking their coffee, mentioned to don their silk hats. Richard H. Dana the Third, a lover a then newly published book, Who's W ho in America. I of the old ways, was one of the last dwellers on Brattle remarked that I was finding it useful in the Atlantic office, Street to wear a silk hat really well. ¹ inasmuch as it gave biographical information about most As newcomers to this Old Cambridge, my wife and I of the men who had achieved national prominence. were naturally looking at Harvard from the outside. Yet it Whereupon our host asked, with entire seriousness, was obvious that for generations the college had set its 'Wouldn't the Harvard Quinquennial Catalogue answer stamp upon the community. There were many Harvard every purpose?' professors, for example, in Saint John's Church - really There was a strong Harvard flavor, naturally, in those the Chapel of the Episcopal Theological School - where 'paper, discussion, and supper' clubs in which Cambridge we sat on Sundays under the preaching of Dean George abounded. We joined the Query Club and the Junior Shop In this paragraph I have quoted freely from my R. H. Dana (1851-1931), Club, and are indebted to them for many enduring friend- Boston, 1933. ships. The Query Club still held to the old convention of 230 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 231 frock coats and high-necked dresses; the Junior Shop Club, tion be applied to Dr. Hale, and the carelessness of his made up almost entirely of young Harvard professors and dress was matched by the reckless inaccuracy and vigor of their wives, ventured boldly upon dinner coats and eve- his talk. Our treasurer, who was responsible for the selec- ning gowns. The 'papers,' supposed to be the shop-t of tion of the food and wine, was a venerable librarian and a specialist, were not too technical, and the suppers were epicure named Denny, who might have stepped straight excellent. Occasionally we attended dinners in the Back out of the pages of Charles Lamb. He startled me once by Bay, which was then none too easy of access from Cam- asking the chemical composition of the ink used in the bridge. I joined a good many - perhaps, in view of the Harvard Library, and when I pleaded ignorance, he re- amount of night work which I was carrying, too many - marked with deep satisfaction: 'I asked that question of those agreeable men's dining-clubs which are a peculiar once of Justin Winsor, and he could not answer. I always institution of Boston. Aldrich introduced me to the Jury said he was destitute of the very first qualification for a Club, whose twelve members dined monthly at some librarian.' Boston hotel. We had a bibulous retired Admiral, I re- A more gentle figure of the past was Mr. Josiah Phillips member, and a couple of flaming Irish journalists from the Quincy, who as a boy of six had been the marvellous Papyrus group. I had supposed that all the Fenians were 'little Josiah' of Bronson Alcott's Temple School in 1835. dead! I lis questions and answers to his teacher are faithfully re- A personification of ancient Boston and Harvard re- corded in Miss Elizabeth Peabody's Record of a School and spectability was the Examiner Club, founded in 1863 by Mr. Alcott's Conversations with Children on the Gospels. some of the contributors to the famous Unitarian organ, Emerson, who often visited the Temple School, wrote in The Christian Examiner. Its original aim was 'the dis- his Journal for 1836: 'Little Josiah Quincy, now six years, cussion of some topic of general interest,' and it met six months old, is a child having something wonderful and monthly at Young's Hotel. Among the older members divine in him. He is a youthful prophet.' But 'little were a few survivors of the 'Conscience Whigs' and the Josiah,' when I knew him, had long ceased to talk theology. 'Cotton Whigs' of the eighteen-fifties; men who still hated He had even written dramatic poems and worldly fiction or loved Daniel Webster and liked to talk about him. for the Atlantic. He disliked the cigars selected for us by There were old-school reformers like Edward Atkinson Mr. Denny, and always brought a supply of his own, and Gamaliel Bradford, Senior, who shared my father's which he used to offer me with an Old-World hesitancy and views on the tariff. Our most picturesque figure was Ed- elegance. It was from him that I learned that he hap- ward Everett Hale, who had written 'The Man Without a pened to be calling upon Emerson on the day when the Country' for the Atlantic in the very year of the founding 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass arrived, with its famous 'I of the Club. The phrase 'grand old sloven' - once ap- Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career. R. W. plied to Montaigne by Emerson - might with equal affec- Emerson' emblazoned in gilt letters upon the cover. - Reproduced in my Walt Whitman, edition of 1906, p. 114. 232 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 233 Emerson had written those words to Whitman in a private ities and policies of their Alma Mater. The phrase letter in 1855, and Walt saw no reason why he should not 'Harvard indifferentism' had already been coined, but make them public. 'At no other time,' Mr. Quincy wrote though it was accurate enough as describing a small and me, 'had I seen a cloud of dissatisfaction darken that sophisticated group of undergraduates, indifference was serene countenance.' surely not a characteristic of the alumni. If they disliked Although I was a member of the Examiner Club until some fact or tendency pertaining to Harvard, they never 1910, and met there many vigorous men of my own genera- hesitated in public or private to express their views. tion, I find that my memories of their talk are vague. Astonished as I was at first by this broad latitude of crit- That private dining-room in Young's Hotel seems now a icism, I came gradually to see that it was one of the price- dusky, shadowy place, with but a dim light upon the faces less traditions of a freedom-loving university. of a few old men, who represented something that has long Those leisurely monthly dinners of the Saturday Club since disappeared from Boston. But perhaps the dimness is opened many doors of friendship. Although I met many of only the haze from those cigars presented to me by Bron- the Saturday Club group at other clubs also, there were son Alcott's favorite pupil, 'little Josiah' Quincy. some men like Edward W. Emerson, Alexander Agassiz, The Harvard coloring in some other Boston clubs was William Lawrence and George A. Gordon whom I rarely even more marked than in the Examiner. The Saturday saw elsewhere and whose conversation was always re- Club, which I joined in 1903, had at that time thirty-five warding. 'General conversation,' the ideal aim of dining- members, although some of these, like Mr. Howells and clubs, is difficult to secure when there are more than ten at Judge Holmes, were no longer residents of Boston. Yet the table, but even on crowded days at the Saturday Club every member of the Harvard Corporation, save one, was and in spite of the 'business of Harvard College' which enrolled in the Club, besides ten or a dozen Harvard pro- was bound to intrude at times, there was always the fessors. Mr. Norton was then President. It is obvious chance of sitting next to some real person like Major Hig- that it was a temptation to some members to utilize Club ginson or Dr. Henry P. Walcott or President Eliot, members dinners for informal discussion of the various business of of the Corporation though they were! I recall the touch- Harvard College. In fact, James Russell Lowell had been ingly simple question asked by Mr. Howells on the OC- a sinner in this respect as far back as 1866, when he wrote cusion of his very last visit to the Club. He was then an to Norton concerning a recent dinner of the Club: 'With old man, and disinclined to meet strangers. But discover- me it was a business meeting. I sat between Hoar and ing that he and President Lowell had never met, I asked Brimmer [two members of the Corporation] that I might Mr. Howells if I might not bring Mr. Lowell over to sit talk over college matters.' I confess that as a newcomer to next him. 'Is he a friendly person?' asked the novelist Boston and Cambridge I was amazed at the annihilating with some anxiety. I could assure him on this point. The frankness with which Harvard men discussed the personal- two men, thus shaking hands for the first time, had long 234 AND GLADLY TEACH HARVARD: THE COCKPIT OF LEARNING 235 been members of both the Saturday Club and the Tavern for half-a-dozen years in daily contact with Harvard Club, where friendly persons' do not wait to be intro- graduates as human beings, and having found that most duced; but more than thirty years had gone by since of them were 'friendly persons, I was in a mood to look Howells had deserted Boston for New York. favorably upon that letter of President Eliot which The history of the Saturday Club has been written in offered me a professorship. Whatever else might be true two stout volumes, and that of the Tavern Club in one,2 of Harvard, I could not believe that an institution headed and I should not naturally allude to these clubs in this by Charles W. Eliot was dominated by any considerations chapter, were it not that I am attempting to describe the of Circulation and Advertising. At No. 4 Park Street various indirect paths which I happened to follow in gain- one was trained to speak respectfully of Circulation and ing an acquaintance with Harvard men and Harvard ways. Advertising, for without the protection of those Twin The ever delightful Tavern Club, which has long had its Deities what would become of the magazine? 'When my home in Boylston Place, Boston, with the Bear for its master goeth into the house of Rimmon to worship there, totem, is as unacademic a retreat from sorrow as can be and he leaneth on my hand, and I bow myself in the house discovered anywhere. Yet Harvard men are in the major- of Rimmon; when I bow down myself in the house of ity of its varied membership. Its first President, Mr. Rimmon, the Lord pardon thy servant in this thing.' Howells, was indeed a perpetual example of the saving It is a very human prayer, but I did not wish to be truth that a college education is not essential to a real repeating it for the rest of my life. education; but his seven successors in the Presidency of the Tavern all had some association with Harvard. When II: LIFTED IN I joined the Club in 1905, the splendid figure of Major 'I hope it will turn out,' President Eliot wrote me on Henry Lee Higginson sat in the Tall Chair. In the im- March 21, 1906, 'that your pecuniary situation will be mortal line of Mark Howe - official historian and un- fully as good as it is now, and that the nature of your official poet of the Tavern - Higginson was work will be more congenial, comfortable, and influen- 'The Bear's - the Ursa's - Major.' tial.' With these kindly words he lifted me into the cock- I was still, in the midsummer of 1905, looking in at pit, on the half-time arrangement. the windows of Harvard College from the outside. I There were some amusing aspects of this appointment. knew next to nothing about its graduate schools and the In the first place, I did not know exactly what I was larger problems of Harvard University. But having been accepting. The Smith Professorship 'of the French and Spanish Languages and Literatures and Professor of 1 Early Years of the Saturday Club (1855-1870). By Edward W. Emerson, Belles Lettres' was the title of the chair which I had been 1918. Later Years of the Saturday Club (1870-1920). Edited by M. A. DeW. Howe, 1927. offered in 1905, with the explanation which I have already 2 Semi-Centennial History of the Tavern Club. By M. A. DeW. Howe, 1934 quoted: 'It will be for you to select the work you would 8/14/2021 Read The True Harvard by William James I 25,629 Free Classic Stories and Poems I FullReads ROTATE ROTATE ROTATE FULLREADS Full-length classic stories broken into easy-to-read pages. Search ROTATE Enjoy this? Share it! Find this Story IN PRINT Links Home FOR KINDLE Pages: Index of Aut 1 of 2 1 2 Page: 1 You can su next Amazo Look for a summary or analysis of this Story. THE TRUE HARVARD BY WILLIAM JAMES [?] The True Harvard[1 When a man gets a decoration from a foreign institution, he may take it as an honor. Coming as mine has come to-day, I prefer to take it for that far more valuable thing, a token of personal good will from friends. Recognizing the good will and the friendliness, I am going to respond to the chairman's call by speaking exactly as I feel. I am not an alumnus of the College. I have not even a degree from the Scientific School, in which I did some study forty years ago. I have no right to vote for Overseers, and I have never felt until to-day as if I were a child of the house of Harvard in the fullest sense. Harvard is many things in one-a school, a forcing house for thought, and also a social club; and the club aspect is SO strong, the family tie SO close and subtle among our Bachelors of Arts that all of us here who are in my plight, no matter how long we may have lived here, always feel a little like outsiders on Commencement day. We have no class to walk with, and we often stay away from the procession. It may be foolish, but it is a fact. I don't believe that my dear friends Shaler, Hollis, Lanman, or Royce ever have felt quite as happy or as much at home as my friend Barrett Wendell feels upon a day like this. I wish to use my present privilege to say a word for these outsiders with whom I belong. Many years ago there was one of them from Canada here-a man with a high-pitched voice, who could n't fully agree with all the points of my philosophy. At a lecture one day, when I was in the full flood of my eloquence, his voice rose above mine, exclaiming: "But, doctor, doctor! to be serious for a moment in SO sincere a tone that the whole room burst out laughing. I want you now to be serious for a moment while I say my little say. We are glorifying ourselves to-day, and whenever the name of Harvard is emphatically uttered on such days, frantic cheers go up. There are days for affection, when pure sentiment and loyalty come rightly to the fore. But behind our mere animal feeling for old schoolmates and the Yard and the bell, and Memorial and the clubs and the river and the Soldiers' Field, there must be something deeper and more rational. There ought at any rate to be some possible ground in reason for one's boiling over with joy that one is a son of Harvard, and was not, by some unspeakably horrible accident of birth, predestined to graduate at Yale or at Cornell. Any college can foster club loyalty of that sort. The only rational ground for pre-eminent admiration of any single college would be its pre-eminent spiritual tone. But to be a college fullreads.com/essay/the-true-harvard/ 1/2 8/14/2021 Read The True Harvard by William James I 25,629 Free Classic Stories and Poems I FullReads man in the mere clubhouse sense-I care not of what college-affords no guarantee of real superiority in spiritual tone. The old notion that book learning can be a panacea for the vices of society lies pretty well shattered to-day. I say this in spite of certain utterances of the President of this University to the teachers last year. That sanguine-hearted man seemed then to think that if the schools would only do their duty better, social vice might cease. But vice will never cease. Every level of culture breeds its own peculiar brand of it as surely as one soil breeds sugar-cane, and another soil breeds cranberries. If we were asked that disagreeable question, "What are the bosom-vices of the level of culture which our land and day have reached?" we should be forced, I think, to give the still more disagreeable answer that they are swindling and adroitness, and the indulgence of swindling and adroitness, and cant, and sympathy with cant-natural fruits of that extraordinary idealization of "success" in the mere outward sense of "getting there," and getting there on as big a scale as we can, which characterizes our present generation. What was Reason given to man for, some satirist has said, except to enable him to invent reasons for what he wants to do. We might say the same of education. We see college graduates on every side of every public question. Some of Tammany's stanchest supporters are Harvard men. Harvard men defend our treatment of our Filipino allies as a masterpiece of policy and morals. Harvard men, as journalists, pride themselves on producing copy for any side that may enlist them. There is not a public abuse for which some Harvard advocate may not be found. Pages: 1 of 2 1 2 Page: 1 fullreads.com/essay/the-true-harvard/ 2/2 8/14/2021 Read The True Harvard PAGE 2 by William James I 25,629 Free Classic Stories and Poems I FullReads ROTATE ROTATE ROTATE FULLREADS Full-length classic stories broken into easy-to-read pages. Search ROTATE Enjoy this? Share it! Find this Story IN PRINT Links Home FOR KINDLE Pages: Index of Aut 2 of 2 1 2 Page: 2 You can su next Amazo Look for a summary or analysis of this Story. THE TRUE HARVARD PAGE 2 BY WILLIAM JAMES [?] In the successful sense, then, in the worldly sense, in the club sense, to be a college man, even a Harvard man, affords no sure guarantee for anything but a more educated cleverness in the service of popular idols and vulgar ends. Is there no inner Harvard within the outer Harvard which means definitively more than this-for which the outside men who come here in such numbers, come? They come from the remotest outskirts of our country, without introductions, without school affiliations; special students, scientific students, graduate students, poor students of the College, who make their living as they go. They seldom or never darken the doors of the Pudding or the Porcellian; they hover in the background on days when the crimson color is most in evidence, but they nevertheless are intoxicated and exultant with the nourishment they find here; and their loyalty is deeper and subtler and more a matter of the inmost soul than the gregarious loyalty of the clubhouse pattern often is. Indeed, there is such an inner spiritual Harvard; and the men I speak of, and for whom I speak to-day, are its true missionaries and carry its gospel into infidel parts. When they come to Harvard, it is not primarily because she is a club. It is because they have heard of her persistently atomistic constitution, of her tolerance of exceptionality and eccentricity, of her devotion to the principles of individual vocation and choice. It is because you cannot make single one-ideaed regiments of her classes. It is because she cherishes SO many vital ideals, yet makes a scale of value among them; SO that even her apparently incurable second-rateness (or only occasional first-rateness) in intercollegiate athletics comes from her seeing SO well that sport is but sport, that victory over Yale is not the whole of the law and the prophets, and that a popgun is not the crack of doom. The true Church was always the invisible Church. The true Harvard is the invisible Harvard in the souls of her more truth-seeking and independent and often very solitary sons. Thoughts are the precious seeds of which our universities should be the botanical gardens. Beware when God lets loose a thinker on the world-either Carlyle or Emerson said that-for all things then have to rearrange themselves. But the thinkers in their youth are almost always very lonely creatures. "Alone the great sun rises and alone spring the great streams." The university most worthy of rational admiration is that one in which your lonely thinker can feel himself least lonely, most positively furthered, and most richly fed. On an occasion like this it would be poor taste to draw comparisons between the colleges, and in their mere clubhouse quality they cannot differ widely:-all must be worthy of the loyalties and affections they arouse. But as a nursery for independent and lonely thinkers I do believe that fullreads.com/essay/the-true-harvard/2/ 1/2 8/14/2021 Read The True Harvard PAGE 2 by William James I 25,629 Free Classic Stories and Poems I FullReads Harvard still is in the van. Here they find the climate SO propitious that they can be happy in 4 their very solitude. The day when Harvard shall stamp a single hard and fast type of character upon her children, will be that of her downfall. Our undisciplinables are our proudest product. Let us agree together in hoping that the output of them will never cease. 1 Speech at the Harvard Commencement Dinner, June 24, 1903, after receiving an LL.D. degree. Printed in the Graduates Magazine for September, 1903. Pages: 2 of 2 1 2 Page: 2 Note: Full text publighed 6/27/1903 in the Boston Evening Transcript then Harvard Graduates' Magazire Sept. 1903, Pp. 5-8; and William James, Memories and Studies (1911), Pp. 348-355. fullreads.com/essay/the-true-harvard/2/ 2/2 Caubridge Historical Society Proceedings 4 (1909). Secretary FRANCIS HILL BIGELOW. Treasurer HENRY HERBERT EDES. Curator CLARENCE WALTER AYER. The SECRETARY-ELECT was duly sworn. STEPHEN PASCHALL SHARPLES read the following paper: 78 THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL In 1848 Mr. Abbott Lawrence sent to the Treasurer of Harvard University a remarkable letter, At the time of the inauguration of his grandson Abbott Lawrence Lowell, Bishop William Lawrence had this letter printed and presented a copy of it to each person who was present at the dinner given by the Alumni of the School, on Tuesday evening the 4th of October, to the scientific delegates to the inauguration. I call this a remarkable letter, for it was one of the first of its kind ever written in this country and marked the beginning of a new era in education. At this time only sixty years ago what is now known as the laboratory method of instruction was almost unknown except in a few schools in Europe The College was still jogging along in the old scholastic ruts. That which was good enough for the fathers was good enough for the sons. Persons preparing for the learned professions, as they were called, might study Hebrew, Greek, and Latin grammar, dabble in history, as it was written, and learn a little logic and mathematics, in all but little more than is now required to graduate from a good high school. As to any study of these subjects beyond the mere textbook, that was not even thought of by the Faculty, much less by the students. The letter of Mr. Lawrence, which I understand was written with the assistance of Mr. Storrow, must have fallen like a bombshell into the pastures where the professors were wont to wander mid the flowers of ancient learning. Indeed I have heard it intimated that one professor, who was rather fond of investigations on his own account, was warned that the College did not employ investigators but teachers. But the prize of $50,000 thus dropping from the sky was too large to be ignored, and was therefore gratefully accepted and acknowledged as a most munificent gift; it was up to that time the largest gift that the College had ever received. As showing the ideas prevailing at the time, I quote from the letter the following sentence; "The buildings I have supposed, without having made estimates, could be erected, including an extensive 79 laboratory, for about thirty thousand dollars." Although Mr. Lawrence was mistaken in regard to the sum necessary to endow the school, he was not mistaken in the necessity for such a school. At that time the only technical school in America was the one at Troy, which was mainly devoted, as it still is, to teaching Engineering. No college in the land had conceived the idea that chemistry, physics, and natural history were live studies, that must be taught by living teachers and not by the study of text-books and recitations on their contents, supplemented at times by a course of lectures by the professor, who too frequently told his students that the experiment should have succeeded, but that for some unknown reason it had not As for a student experimenting for himself, that was not to be thought of for a moment, as apparatus was expensive and it might be broken. The only chance he ever had to experiment for himself was to obtain an appointment as an assistant to the professor. This often was very convenient for the professor, for if things did not go as they should, it was easy to lay the failure to his assistant. The poor assistant had no redress. This was all changed by Mr. Lawrence's donation. Students were admitted to the School, and actually furnished with apparatus which they could break and pay for, and they learned in chemistry how easy it was to blow up a hydrogen generator or to burn themselves with nitric or sulphuric acid. The engineering students were put at work making actual surveys and planning bridges and railroads and such other mercenary work. The professor of natural history no longer showed a few dried specimens, but expected the students to furnish fresh specimens and study them afterwards The School existed under these conditions from the time it was founded until about forty years agot It was primarily a school for advanced students or students who wished to do advanced work and not for beginners. There were few required studies, the courses being almost all elective. The men who came to the School came because they had a special object in so doing Note: Founded in 1847 by a gift of $50,000.from AbbottL Lawrence. It was during the first twenty years of its life that the School had its greatest teachers and turned out its most noted graduates. At that time there seemed to be a great indifference in regard to 80 taking a degree, and many men who afterwards made a mark in the world left without obtaining a degree The greatest influence in the start of the new School was the fact that Louis Agassiz came to America about the time it was founded. His coming marked a new era in science. Joined to a great love for his own studies, he had an equally great love for imparting his knowledge to others. Those who knew him could not resist the charm of his manner. As a lecturer he always drew a crowded house, composed in many instances of those who understood but little of what he said, but who were attracted by his enthusiastic manner, and who cared but little about what he was saying so long as they could hear him talk. It was my good fortune to see him almost daily for some years, and he always came in with a cheery good morning and some pleasant words. One of my most cherished possessions is a letter he gave me at a time I was applying for a professorship. While with most of you Agassiz is but a name, with those of us who met him personally, it was far more than the name of a professor, it was the name of one who always made you feel that he had a warm personal interest in what you were doing. Associated with Agassiz from the first until 1863 was another professor who had also a strong personality and was able to instil into his students a love for his profession. Eben Norton Horsford at the time he came to the School was fresh from the teachings of the famous chemist Justus Liebig, who only a few years before at Giessen had founded the first laboratory for the practical teaching of chemistry. Horsford was a great admirer of his teacher, and it is said that when he was about to leave Giessen the other students hunted up an old pair of Liebig's shoes and placed them on his desk. When he inquired about the shoes they told him that the Herr Professor had sent them to him as the only one of his students that was worthy to stand in them. But with a growing family he was unable to live on the meagre income of his professorship, and so was forced to resign his position. This was probably fortunate for him, as he entered into mercantile persuits and became wealthy. But he was an investigator all his life, having a private laboratory in his house, in which I spent some pleasant hours listening to his explanations 81 of work that he was engaged upon. Among his students who afterwards became noted, I will mention George C. Caldwell, who graduated in 1855, under whom I commenced the study of chemistry in 1864 at the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and who for many years was the honored professor of Agricultural Chemistry at Cornell; Professor Francis H. Storer, for many years Dean of the Bussey Institute; Cyrus M. Warren, who was Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and early became noted for his studies on the mineral oils; James M. Crafts, who also was a professor at the Institute of Technology and at one time President; John Williams Langley, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Michigan; Professor Charles F. Chandler, of Columbia College, New York, who was practically the founder of the School of Mines connected with that institution. Many of the earlier students of chemistry went to Europe to finish their studies, but they were initiated into the science by Professor Horsford. I have said less in regard to Professor Agassiz's students than of those of Professor Horsford, since Professor Agassiz's students or those who studied under his students are scattered over the world, - to-day some of them still teaching; others having passed over the great divide. One of the most noted of them, Professor Shaler, was known to you all. Professors Putnam and Niles are still with us, and Professor Morse has not yet found the way to Mars. But the list is too long to notice more of them. Professor Horsford was succeeded by Dr. Wolcott Gibbs. Dr. Gibbs was not a popular lecturer and was but little known outside of his laboratory in Cambridge. In regard to his teaching I quote from Professor Clarke's notice of him in the "Journal of the London Chemical Society": "Gibbs apparently believed, although his belief was not stated in set terms, that a good teacher who kept in touch with his pupils should know perfectly well where they stood, and no examination could tell him anything more." He never gave any examinations, except the final one for a degree, and this was a mere formality that had to be observed to conform to the regulations of the School. I well remember my own examination. It was mainly verbal, largely free translations from French and German text-books and some pleasant talk about 82 work that I had been engaged upon. My thesis was ready for publication, for this was a point on which he insisted that some original work must have been done. In my case it was the translating and editing and extending Hoffmann's Chemical Tables. But my degree by no means ended my work in the School. I was invited to come back and spend another term as his private assistant. This was followed by three delightful years as his assistant in the School, - years in which, while nominally an assistant, I was a student as well, working in lines that he suggested. Our course of study, if it could be called a course, would be regarded by many modern teachers as entirely lacking in all the essentials of a regular study. We had but one text-book in use; that was Fresenius' "Qualitative Analysis." One rule was thoroughly enforced: no student was to take up a new subject till he had mastered the old. I remember keeping one student who has since done much work of a high grade a whole year on qualitative analysis,- a study that he should have finished in six months; but he knew it when he got through, and his course in life has since been distinguished by the same slow, painstaking study, until now he stands at the head of his profession in his chosen branch of study. Dr. Gibbs had during his active teaching only four assistants; they have all since held professorships. He afterwards had three or four more assistants; two of these at present hold full professorships, and a third is engaged in research work of a high grade under the government at Washington. Most of the doctor's students have done credit to his teaching. One of them was President of the Colorado School of Mines for many years. Another is chief chemist of the Geological Survey at Washington; another is Professor of Chemistry and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies in Columbian University and government expert on high explosives. Professor Eustis was appointed Professor of Engineering in 1849 and held the office until his death in 1885. His department had the most students, and the men who graduated from it were generally at once put to work. As an instance the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad had a standing order for two students 83 a year. Professors Pickering and Trowbridge both graduated from this department. The most noted student that the school produced was perhaps Simon Newcomb, who has recently passed away, full of honors. Dr. Gray had a few special students who have occupied high positions. To Dr. Jeffries Wyman must be given the credit of introducing the laboratory method into the study of anatomy, and his students have won for themselves a high position in the science of medicine. Of these I need only mention Drs. Walcott, Bowditch, and Carmalt, who has long been a professor at Yale. At the time the franchise was bestowed on the graduates of the School, President Eliot, congratulating us on having won a long fight (we were over twenty years endeavoring to be put on the same standing as the graduates of the academic department) said to us, "For your numbers you have more distinguished graduates among you than any other department of the University." The School has practically ceased to exist. The University now grants the S.B. degree to students in the academic department,) giving the student the choice of an A.B. or S.B. degree, and the Alumni no longer make any distinction between the degrees. But the work so well inaugurated by the old School will still go forward on even a higher plane in the Graduate School, assisted by the funds of the McKay bequest, and students will still have the chance to pursue in the University the studies which the School was founded to promote, with the great advantage that they will be much better fitted by previous training to take advantage of the opportunities offered. They will still have the advantages that we had, that they can devote their entire time to the study of their chosen vocation. But they will have the still further advantage of abundant material to work with, while many times we had to either abandon our experiments or devise apparatus and methods by which we could carry them on in a primitive manner. Where a student can now obtain almost anything he wishes in a few hours, we often had to wait weeks for supplies. This may have been a disadvantage, but on the other hand it had certain advantages. We were forced to devise the means to accomplish our ends. If we wanted oxygen, we had to make it; now we can buy it by the 84 gallon ready for use. We had no supply of electricity; we had illuminating gas, but we did not know how to use it as we do to-day. The first gas furnaces in the School were put there after I graduated, and at that time we were still using charcoal to make combustions. The first assay furnace in the School was built by Mr. Pettee in 1868 in order to instruct the students in assaying. Filtering with the vacuum pump was introduced about 1869, and the first determinations of nitrogen ever made by use of a sprengel pump were made in 1867. In order to confirm the results of these experiments I had to build my own pump in 1868. The outfit of the School, even as late as 1870, was no better than the ordinary high school possesses. The entire outfit furnished each student, with the exception of the balances, did not exceed twenty dollars; he furnished his own platinum crucible But with this limited amount of material research work was carried on which has stood the test of time. The influence of the School on education in this country is hardly to be estimated. Its methods have revolutionized the University, and it has been well said that, instead of the University absorbing the School, the School has absorbed the University. For now the methods that were introduced in the School are used all through the University, and every professor uses to a greater or less extent the laboratory method, teaching his students how to use his material, rather than to memorize text-books Many think that the system has been carried too far, and that a student should be better grounded in the elements of education before entering into advanced studies of his own choosing. And in this view they are undoubtedly right. A man cannot be too well trained in his preliminary studies before he undertakes his life work. On the other hand, a certain latitude is permissible in these preliminary studies; they should many of them be chosen with a certain end in view. As an illustration for a student of chemistry or engineering, it is almost indispensable that he should have a good reading knowledge of French, German, and English, and if he intends to make mining his specialty he should also understand Spanish. In this connection I will mention what we did in our course of German in the school, and in this we rather had the advantage of the teacher. We took the matter into our own hands and required 85 him to use a German chemical work. Here we had the advantage that we understood the text much better than he did, and we soon learned to translate this work with comparative lease, whereas, had we taken a course in literary German, we should have been no better off at the end of the course than at the beginning. The great trouble in the new facilities for advanced studies will be, as President Lowell has ably said, that it will tend to build up a generation of teachers who are well learned in all that has been done before, but who will lack the initiative to go ahead and do things for themselves. The education that we received from the old School was not so much the study of what had been done, but the power to think and reason on what we were doing, and to initiate new work. Those of us who afterwards taught taught not so much because we had been educated to teach as because we had found out something 0 that we felt we must impart to others. Each of us imbibed something of the enthusiasm of our masters and tried to hand it on to our students. 86 ARCHIBALD MURRAY HOWE read the following letters from Willard Phillips to Octavius Pickering: BOSTON, October 1, '48. MY DEAR PICKERING It is Sunday, as you will see by the date, and Madame and lout of respect to my code have been entertaining ourselves with Battle of Buena Vista written by Capt. Carleton, who was in it. There is something exceedingly chivalrous and romantic to me in this whole episode of the Mexican War which we have just finished. One of our neighbors, a mason, had a son out there who was orderly to Gen. Pillow and has just returned, who furnishes his father with innumerable incidents and anecdotes to relate to me to my great entertainment. If Wm. Prescott would collect the materials, he might write another Conquest as dramatic as the first. There is surely something taking in this military rushing, crushing Educ 5505 16/P5 THE Lawrence Scientific Sch Educ U 4810.550.10 IN VE Harvard University TAS 1847-1906 HARVARD COLLEGE by LIBRARY JAMES LEE LOVE BURLINGTON, N. C. 1944 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY SINCE THE INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT ELIOT 1869-1929 EDITED BY SAMUEL ELIOT MORISON CLASS OF 1908 VETRI TAS Cambridge, Massachusetts HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1930 Robert A. McCaughey. Perspectives THE PTRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN ACADEMIC LIFE: in American History HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1821-1892 Editors: DONALD FLEMING and BERNARD BAILYN When it comes to hiring learning, and inspiration and personal weight, the law of supply and demand breaks down altogether. A university can not be managed like a railroad or a cotton mill. 819-1-273 VOLUME VIII 1974 -Charles William Eliot I I is a commonplace among historians and sociologists to lo- cate the beginnings of the American academic profession, along with those of the American university, no earlier than the 1870's and 1880's. "We take for granted," Richard Hofstadter wrote in 1963, "the existence of universities and the academic pro- 1873. 1,284 fession. But before the Civil War the United States had neither, in any respectable degree. Both were created in one generation." More recently Christopher Jencks and David Riesman concluded that "until the late nineteenth century there had hardly been an academic profession at all." Unfortunately, however, this inter- PUBLISHED BY THE disciplinary consensus results not from an abundance of detailed Charles Warren Center for Studies investigations of either the history or sociology of academic pro- fessionalization in the United States but from the paucity of both. 1 in American History For this situation historians bear the primary responsibility. "In spite of all the publication," Richard H. Shryock reminded his colleagues more than two decades ago, "We do not yet have an HARVARD UNIVERSITY adequate history of higher education in the United States, or even such a history of the American academic profession." Work done 1. Richard Hofstadter, "The Revolution in Higher Education," Paths of American Thought, Arthur M. Schlesinger and Morton White, eds. (Boston, 1963), p. 269; Chris- topher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (New York, 1968), p. 160. For a more recent statement of this view, see Talcott Parsons and Gerald M. Platt, The American University (Cambridge, 1974), p.4. 239 3/14/2019 Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 : A Finding Aid. http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/ Go AUG SEP JAN 02 7 captures f 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture Harvard University Library Frames Version OASIS: Online Archival Search Questions or Comments Information System Copyright Statement VI BI Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 : A Finding Aid. Bussey Institution Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain of Harvard University June 2003 C President and Fellows of Harvard University Descriptive Summary Repository: Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, MA Call No.: REQUEST AS: VI BI Creator: Bussey Institution Title: Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 Quantity: .3 Linear Feet, 1 Archival Box Processing Information: Processed: September 2001 By: Lisa Pearson Revised: May 2003By: Sheila Connor Acquisition Information: These records were acquired during the years of the Bussey Institute's affiliation with the Arnold Arboretum. The papers were accessioned into HOLLIS # 008902736 and this file name is ajp00012. 02 7 captures 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture make an appointment. The Director, or all Office OT origin, may place restctonS on the use of some or all of its records. The extent and length of the restriction will be determined by the Director, office of origin, and the Archivist and will be enforced equally for all researchers. Use Restrictions: The copyright is held by The President and Fellows of Harvard College for the Arnold Arboretum Archives of Harvard University. The copyright on some materials in the collection may be held by the original author or the author's heirs or assigns. Researchers are responsible for obtaining written permission from the holder(s) of copyright and the Arnold Arboretum Archives prior to publishing any quotations or images from materials in this collection. Photocopies may be made at the discretion of the Arnold Arboretum Archives staff. Permission to make photocopies does not constitute permission to reproduce or publish materials outside the bounds of the fair use guidelines. Historical Note The will of Benjamin Bussey, drawn up in 1835, gave an endowment to Harvard University for the establishment of an undergraduate school of agriculture and horticulture to be called the Bussey Institution, as well as a grant of land from his estate in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. One of the provisions of the will allowed Bussey's granddaughter, Mrs. Maria Bussey Motley, a life tenancy on the property of "Woodland Hill" as the estate was called, therefore it took some years for the terms of the will to be acted upon. In 1870 Mrs. Motley released seven acres of the property for the establishment of the school and work began on dormitory, classrooms and outbuildings. At the same time her husband, Thomas Motley, Jr., was appointed instructor of farming, a post he held until his death in 1895, and Francis Storer was named professor of agricultural chemistry. In 1871, as the new Bussey Institution buildings neared completion additional professors were chosen including Francis Parkman as professor of horticulture. Charles S. Sargent succeeded him in that position in 1872. Enrollment in the program was never very large, it averaged about eight students during the years 1880-1895 and only ten undergraduate degrees were ever granted. Francis Storer felt that growth was hampered by free tuition offered by the Massachusetts https://web.archive.org/web/20060902165425/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/-ajp00012 2/6 3/14/2019 Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 A Finding Aid. http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/ Go AUG SEP JAN 02 7 captures f 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture by raising vegetables for the Harvard College food services. Enrollment improved during the period 1896-1907 and new instructors were appointed, including John G. Jack. At least one future landscape architect was enrolled in the program at the Bussey Institution. He was Charles Eliot, son of Harvard President Charles Eliot, who was later employed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The Bussey Institution remained as an undergraduate school until 1908 when it was reorganized into the Graduate School of Applied Science (after 1915 Applied Biology). That year Professor William E. Castle moved his laboratory to the Bussey. In 1909 Dr. Edward M. East was appointed chair of Experimental Plant Morphology. The program was expanded to include plant anatomy in 1914 with the appointment of Professor Irving W. Bailey. Professor Oakes Ames followed in 1915 and maintained a laboratory there until 1926. In 1930 the Bussey faculty was merged with the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and in 1936 the Bussey staff was transferred to the Biological Laboratories in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Bussey Institution remained as a holding agency and its funds were used to support the Arnold Arboretum. In the late 1940s botanical activities were reorganized at Harvard University and the Bussey Institution was folded into the Institute for Research in Experimental and Applied Botany. During World War II the Bussey Institution buildings in Jamaica Plain were renovated and used by the U.S. Army Medical Corps. The Bussey Institution began an ongoing relationship with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health in 1894 when the department began to produce diphtheria antitoxin at the Bussey facility. In 1904 a new Antitoxin and Vaccine Laboratory was built on adjacent land. In 1947 the Bussey buildings became the home of the Diagnostic Laboratories. By the 1963 more room was needed, SO the state arranged the purchase of the former Bussey Institution grounds and buildings from Harvard University. When construction of the new State Laboratory Institute began in 1969 on the property, efforts were made to preserve the old gothic Bussey Institution building however funding was not available for preservation and restoration of the structure and it was demolished in the early 1970s. Scope and Content 02 7 captures 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture collection consists of correspondence (both original and photocopies), university reports about the institution (both original and photocopies), photographs of the buildings and grounds, articles about the institution and other miscellaneous materials. Organized into the following series: I. Correspondence; II. Publications of the Bussey Institution; III. Articles about the Bussey Institution; IV. Photographs; and V. Blueprints Container List Series: I. Correspondence Folder 1. Charles W. Eliot to Frank H. Storer, 46 letters, 1887-1904 (photocopies) Folder 2. Weir, J.A., to Arboretum staff, principally Anderson, PhyllisIncludes letter from Irwin Goldman regarding J. A. Weir Archives at the American Philosophical Society, 10 letters, 1968-2002. Folder 3. Buildings Maintenance and renovations (includes plans) 17 letters, 1887-1983. Folder 4. Administration, personnel and budgets, 14 letters/reports, 1936-1944. Folder 5. Research, 8 letters, 1894-1953 (originals and photocopies) Series: II. Publications Folder 1. Extract from the Will of Benjamin Bussey. Folder 2. Bussey Institution Course Descriptions 1872-1880. Folder 3. Reprints and photocopies from "Report of the President of Harvard College"1895/96 - 1897/98, 1948/49 - 1951/52. SEE ALSO: Bulletin of the Bussey Institution. For holdings of this title, search the Harvard Libraries HOLLIS catalog at http://lib.harvard.edu Series: III. Articles about the Bussey Institution Folder 1. Anon. "The Bussey Institution of Harvard University. Founded 1872 (sic) - -Closed June 30, 1936. " Genetics. 21: 295, July 1936. Folder 2. Anon. The Passing of Bussey [Institution] Boston Herald June 17, 1952. Folder 3. Elliot, Clark A. ed. Science at Harvard. (Selected photocopies annotated with references to Bussey). https://web.archive.org/web/20060902165425/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/-ajp00012 4/6 3/14/2019 Bussey Institution. Records of the Bussey Institution, 1883-1994 : A Finding Aid. http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/ Go AUG SEP JAN 02 7 captures f 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture Folder 6. Sax, Karl. 1947. "The Bussey Institution. Arnoldia 7, (5) 13-16. Folder 7. Sax, Karl. 1966. "The Bussey Institution: Harvard University Graduate School of Applied Biology. 1908-1936." Journal of Heredity. 175-179. Folder 8. Wheeler, William Morton. 1930. "The Bussey Institution" In The Development of Harvard University. Ed by S.E. Morrison. 508- 517. (2 copies, one annotated by Ida Hay). Folder 9. Weir, J. A., "Harvard, Agriculture, and the Bussey Institution." Genetics 136: 1227-1231 (April 1994). Folder 10. Weir, J. A., "Harvard, Agriculture, and the Bussey Institution.' Manuscript, n.d.. Folder 11. Weir, J. A., The Bussey Institution of Harvard University: a Case Study in the History of Agriculture and Genetics. Manuscript, n.d.. Received Arboretum 1993. Includes photocopies describing grants received by J.A. Weir for research on Bussey Institution Series: IV. Photographs Folder 1. Various photographs of the Bussey Institution from the late nineteenth century to the 1940's. See also: Digital images. Series: V. Blueprints Blueprints for the Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, May 1901. 1. Section of Stone Sills for the Bussey Institute - Jamaica Plain, L.I. - May 1901. Lord and Burnham Co., Horticultural Architects and Builders. 2. Basement, blueprint 1. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 3. First Floor, blueprint 2. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 4. Attic Floor, blueprint 3. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 5. Roof, blueprint 4. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Stearns Architects. 02 7 captures 2 Sep 2006 - 3 Mar 2016 2005 2006 2010 About this capture Greenhouses, blueprint 6. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 8. Side Elevation, blueprint 7. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 9. Side Elevation, blueprint 8. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 10. First Floor Frame, blueprint 9. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 11. Attic Floor Frame, blueprint 10. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 12. Roof Frame, blueprint 11. Head House and Greenhouses for the Bussey Institute of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Peabody and Strearns Architects. 13. Greenhouses East and South Elevations, POS 12, Lord and Burnham Co., Horticultural Architects and Builders. Blueprints rolled and pinned to a 1-inch wooden dowel with a canvas- backed naugahyde cover. ajp00012 https://web.archive.org/web/20060902165425/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/-ajp00012 6/6 ARNOLDIA A continuation of the BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University VOLUME 7 APRIL 4, 1947 NUMBER 3 THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION TH Bussey Institution has played an important part in the development of the Arnold Arboretum. When the Arnold Arboretum was established in 1872 the Bussey Institution provided most of the land for the new organization. The two institutions worked in harmony for many years and when the Bussey Insti- tution was closed in 1936 part of the funds were used to support the work of the Arboretum. Under the reorganization of botanical activities at Harvard these two institutions will continue to cooperate. In 1835 Benjamin Bussey provided in his will for both the land and an endow- ment for a school of agriculture and horticulture, thus anticipating by more than 25 years the Morrill Act of Congress establishing the State Agricultural Colleges. The obligations of the Bussey Trust were not liquidated until 1862, and the or- ganization of the Bussey Institution was effected in 1871. The curriculum covered a three-year course for undergraduates who had done a year's work at the Law- rence Scientific School. Inadequate funds, competition from State Colleges, and the transfer to the Arnold Arboretum of most of the Bussey land led to the ter- mination of Harvard's undergraduate school of agriculture in 1906. In 1907 the Bussey Institution was reorganized as a graduate school " for ad- vanced instruction and research in scientific problems that relate and contribute to practical agriculture and horticulture." Under the administration of W. M. Wheeler, with the cooperation of East, Castle, Brues, Bailey and Ames, the Bussey Institution soon became a center of graduate instruction and research in genetics, entomology, plant anatomy, and economic botany. It attracted gradu- ate students from both the United States and foreign countries who have subse- quently become leaders in agricultural institutions and other fields of applied biology. In the field of genetics alone 40 men obtained the Sc. D. degree before the Bussey Institution was closed in 1936. The research contributions from the Bussey Institution have been equally im- [ 13 ] pressive. Perhaps the greatest single contribution to agriculture of this century was made by two biologists of "Ivy" colleges-Shull of Princeton and East of Harvard-when they developed the method of crossing inbred lines of corn to produce the vigorous and productive hybrid corn which now dominates American agriculture. It is estimated that the development and utilization of hybrid corn was worth more than half a billion dollars to the farmers of this country last year. In 1930 the Bussey faculty was merged with the faculty of Arts and Sciences, and in 1936 the Bussey staff was transferred to the Biological Laboratories in Cambridge. The Bussey Institution continued as a holding agency, and the funds were used largely to support the work of the Arnold Arboretum. Under the re- cent reorganization of botanical activities at Harvard, the Bussey Institution will be included in the newly created Institute for Research in Experimental and Ap- plied Botany, whose objective is that of coordinating the activities of the Botanic Garden, the Bussey Institution, the Harvard Forest, the Atkins Garden and Re- search Laboratory in Cuba, and the living collections of the Arnold Arboretum. During the war years the Bussey Building was renovated by the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army, who occupied it until the summer of 1946. Most of the build- ing is now occupied by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, which will be responsible for all maintenance and repairs. We have retained a large laboratory for use as summer quarters for staff members and students in horticul- tural and botanical work, and have ample quarters for the Arnold Arboretum maintenance staff in the basement. The grounds and greenhouses will continue to be used for experimental work in botany, plant breeding, horticulture and agriculture by staff members and students. The grounds also contain the green- houses and nursery plots of the Arboretum, although much of the nursery work has now been transferred to the Case estates in Weston. When the Bussey Institution gave up undergraduate instruction in agriculture and horticulture, and became organized for graduate work in applied biology, the original functions of the institution were not forgotten. Many of the graduate students came from agricultural colleges, and of those who specialized in plant genetics most have returned to agricultural work in State or Federal service. Since agriculture is based upon the fundamental biological sciences a curriculum in pure science can provide the essential training for research in agriculture. The Bussey Institution fulfilled this need in the past and now as part of the Institute for Re- search in Experimental and Applied Botany can again contribute to the instruc- tion of graduate students interested in agricultural research. In addition, provision has been made for work in tropical agriculture, the field work to be done at the Atkins Botanic Garden in Cuba. During recent years experimental work in agriculture and horticulture has been conducted at the Bussey Institution by Professors Karl Sax and Paul C. Mangels- dorf. Problems related to the origin of corn are being studied by crossing standard varieties with forms from Central and South America and with related genera. 14 ] By means of genetic and cytological analysis it is possible to determine relation- ships and possible origins of our modern corn varieties. Other work with corn includes the production of new sweet varieties adapted to New England. Seven years ago the white "Midget," an early corn of very high quality, was crossed with "Golden Bantam." The hybrid was backcrossed on "Midget" and the yellow segregates backcrossed on "Midget`' a second time. The next year the plants were selfed to obtain pure yellow types. These were selected for uniformity of growth habit and foliage color, and were then inter- crossed. As a result we have a new variety which has the earliness and high quality of "Midget" but one which is more productive and has more vitamin A. We have named the new variety "Seven-eighths Midget" since approximately seven- eighths of its germplasm is derived from "Midget." We now have seed for distri- bution to those who wish to cooperate in making field tests for productivity and eating tests for quality. Although the "Seven-eighths Midget" is a corn of very high quality, the yields are relatively low. Yields have been increased by crossing "Seven-eighths Midget" with an early dwarf strain of "Golden Bantam" and utilizing the vigor of the first generation hybrids. This hybrid corn retains most of the quality of the "Midget" and is, in our opinion, of higher quality than any of the many hybrid sweet corn varieties now on the market. Seed of this hybrid is being produced this year so that it can be distributed for testing in the New England area next year. The artificial induction of polyploidy to increase the size of flowers, fruits and seeds has been of considerable value with certain ornamental plants. Doubling the chromosome number of species of crop plants has not been very satisfactory. Such polyploids are partially sterile and seed production is reduced. We have produced tetraploid sweet corn, broccoli, turnips, rye, wheat and barley, but none of these polyploids have been of economic value. Chromosome doubling in sterile generic or species hybrids, however, restores fertility and results in new species or genera. At the Bussey Institution we have produced a new genus by doubling the chromosome number of a wheat-rye hybrid, and a new species of wheat has been resynthesized. Hundreds of new species have been produced throughout the world during the past decade by the artificial induction of polyploidy in sterile species hybrids. Some of these will be of economic value. Many of our economic crop plants have originated by natural doubling of the chromosomes of species hybrids in nature, but nature required thousands or perhaps millions of years Investigators at the Bussey Institution were among the first in this country to utilize embryo culture as an aid in plant breeding. Crosses between distinct spe- cies often produce no viable seed, but in some cases this sterility can be overcome by culturing the young embryos in nutrient solution and permitting them to ma- ture independently of the mother plant. Clonal lines of apple root stocks are becoming more generally used since it has 15 ] been found that tree growth can be controlled if certain types of root stocks are used. Of special interest are the "Malling" dwarfing root stocks originated in. England. The disadvantage of clonal root stocks is the cost of propagation by lay- ering. In our breeding of ornamental species of apples we have found half a dozen Asiatic species which breed true from seed due to apomixis. We are now testing these species - Malus toringoides, M. hupehensis, M sikkimensis, and other species -as root stocks for "MeIntosh" and other commercial varieties with the hope that some may have a dwarfing effect. These Asiatic species are also resistant or immune to crown gall-a factor of some importance in commercial propagation. In the genus Prunus we have found that P. tomentosa has a dwarfing effect on the commercial varieties of peaches and promotes early fruiting, but more time is required to determine its practical value. For lilac propagation the tree lilac is giving very promising results as a root stock for standard Syringa vulgaris varie- ties. In the Pomoideae a more or less systematic survey is being made of the grafting compatibility of the different genera. The work of the Bussey Institution is closely coordinated with that of the Arnold Arboretum and the Harvard Forest. Under the auspices of the Cabot Foundation, a forest tree breeding project was started ten years ago. Numerous hybrids have been made between the species of poplars growing in the Arnold Arboretum. We now have about fifty selected clonal lines of hybrid poplars which make a much more rapid growth than do the parental species. These are to be tested under field conditions at the Harvard Forest for growth rate and disease resistance in order to select desirable types which can be used for reforestation for special purposes. Species hybrids of pines also show hybrid vigor and a num- ber of our hybrids have been planted in the Arnold Arboretum for further tests and seed production. Eventually these, too, will be tested at the Harvard Forest. The Bussey Institution, as part of the Institute for Research in Experimental and Applied Botany, will continue to conduct work in pure and applied science. With the facilities of the Arnold Arboretum, the Biological Laboratories, the Harvard Forest, and the Atkins Garden, Harvard is in a better position than it has ever been before to contribute to the basic sciences of agriculture and horti- culture. KARL SAX [ 16 ]