Acadian.P. General Managemest Plan 9/9/2015 XFINITY Connect: Inbox (1) Hello, RONALD Sign Out Email usage: 6% Search Mail Search Email Voice Address Book Calendar Text Messaging Prefere Mailboxes Close New Get Mail Reply Reply to All Forward Delete Inbox (1) Frank R. Givens, found on google, but not updated past 1991 Sent Sent By: Marie Yarborough On: Sep 09/09/15 12:50 PM Drafts To: Ronald Epp Spam Trash http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/tolson/histlist7a.htm Acadia Copyedit ANPFindingAid1113 Becoming (23) George B. Dorr, Supt. 2/26/1919 - 8/05/1944 CANP Benjamin L. Hadley, Act'g. Supt. 8/07/1944 - 11/20/1944 CCC Garden dedica Benjamin L. Hadley Supt. 11/20/1944 - 3/31/1953 Chapman Charles R. Scarborough, Act'g. Supt. 3 7/15/1952 - 4/11/1953 Cornwall Manor Soc Frank R. Givens, Supt. 4/12/1953 - 10/17/1959 DorrBiblio (5) Harold A. Hubler, Supt. 10/18/1959 - 12/30/1965 DorrBio2008 (35) Eliz messages (17) Thomas B. Hyde, Supt. 1/30/1966 - 4/05/1968 Elizabeth Memory Q John M. Good, Supt. 4/21/1968 - 8/08/1971 Howard Family (18) Keith E. Miller, Supt. 8/22/1971 - 9/09/1978 Iris Folding Lowell White, Supt. 9/10/1978 - 11/15/1980 Kramer Warner Forsell, Act'g. Supt. 11/16/1980 - 5/30/1981 MakAcad114 (3) Ronald N. Wrye, Supt. 5/31/1981 - 7/19/1986 Making of ANP (3) Robert Joseph Abrell, Act'g Supt. 7/20/1986 - 1/31/1987 John A. Hauptman, Supt. 2/01/1987 - 3/23/1991 Leonard V. Bobinchock, Act'g Supt. 3/24/1991 - 5/04/1991 Robert W. Reynolds, Supt. 5/05/1991 - Marie C. Yarborough Curator/Cultural Resources & Interpretation Liasion PROMOTIONS www.nps.gov/acad © 2015 Comcast Cable Communications Privacy Statement Terms of Service CapitalOne Fee-free 360 Savings Earn up to a $500 bonus Great everyday interest Online & mobile access https://web.mail.comcast.net/zimbra/mail?app=mail#2 1/1 This Week.com I Mount Desert Islander Page 1 of 2 inside Vacation? This Week com all the internation you need to Th plan 3 time CI 13 is Acadia superintendent Paul Haertel to retire lo By Anne Kozak ACADIA NAT'L PARK - After 40 years with the National Park Service and eight years as superintendent here, Paul Haertel is retiring at the end of September. "Paul is a ranger's "The time is right and the projects we began ranger-the epitome of a eight years ago are completed," Mr. Haertel park service person." said this week. -Marie Rust ( Over the 40 years, Mr. Haertel has held a number of positions in a number of parks. He began as a ranger at Isle Royale in 1962 and was an assistant superintendent at Mount the islar Rainier and superintendent at Lava Banks Nettorn National Monument and at two parks in A Alaska, Lake Clark and Kenai Fjords. Before coming to Acadia in 1994, Mr. Haertel was Headquar associate director of the Alaska region. Acadia N His wealth of experience not only informed his tenure at Acadia but also was the reason regional director Marie Rust appointed him Visitor superintendent. Acadia National Park Superintendent Paul Haertel announced Tuesday he will retire from the park service at the end of the month. Tie EARL BRECHLIN PHOTO "Paul is a ranger's ranger-the epitome of a park service person," said Ms. Rust. "He was a ranger, superintendent, director - he had that kind of talent about him." Ms. Rust said she first met Mr. Haertel 15 years ago when he was superintendent of Lake Clark. "I more in, kept abreast of his career in the event I had a chance to hire him. I knew he was a person I wanted to bring to the East. He brought western traditions and yet could cope with us Easterners." Act Mr. Haertel's patience, diligence and management skills allowed him to work effectively with a number Si of constituencies. "He was a sophisticated gentleman yet a normal, levelheaded person who listened to everyone," said Ms. Rust. Co And that genuinely nice person was evident as Mr. Haertel spoke recently of his accomplishments over the last eight years. He credits not only his staff and their adherence to the agenda they set for these accomplishments but also the help Acadia has received from its many friends. "What we accomplished would not have been possible without their help and involvement," he said. home And the accomplishments, beginning with the completion of the carriage road restoration, are impressive. They include the introduction of an islandwide transportation system-the Island Explorer-the Acadia Trails Forever initiative that was spearheaded by Friends of Acadia, a water management plan, jet ski legislation, and cooperative ventures in conducting scientific research and inventorying park resources. The agenda also has included establishment of carrying capacity for the carriage roads, development of commercial services plan to manage concessions, major rehabilitation of park infrastructure using both entrance fee money and line items for construction, improvements in air quality monitoring, establishment of formal relations with Maine's four Native American tribes and beginning the reconfiguration of Schoodic. To implement these projects, Mr. Haertel has ensured that staff members have the expertise to execute projects. When necessary, he has hired additional staff. "A behind the scenes guy, Paul built a great staff," said Ms. Rust. http://www.mountdesertislander.com/thisweek/mdi_news2_09-05-02.html 9/11/2002 This Week.com Mount Desert Islander Page 2 of 2 Most recently the park has hired a new planner, culture resource specialist, concessions specialist and a chief of operations for the ranger division. But many of the park's division chiefs as well as many of the professional staff were people Mr. Haertel brought here. Calling Mr. Haertel a superintendent second to none in the park system and a gem to work with, Friends of Acadia president Ken Olson said Mr. Haertel was "remarkable not only for his focus on resources which is the park's principal mission but also for his flexible approach to partnerships. It's a rare combination." Ms. Rust also spoke of the superb job Mr. Haertel did and his belief in partnerships," said Ms. Rust. "Coming here he saw another facet of Acadia and put the park in the ranks of the best parks in the service in terms of philanthropy, line item construction money and the introduction of the transit system." These improvements will present the new superintendent with different challenges, said Ms. Rust, for with the improvement of the campgrounds - work on Seawall will begin late this year - and with the expanded transit system more visitors will come to Acadia. While Mr. Haertel views the Schoodic undertaking as similar to establishing a new park, the project he views as the most risky and the most memorable was the Acadia Trails Forever initiative, which included a capital campaign and development of a management plan. The trail management plan specifies standards for maintaining the trails in the future, and the endowment, which Friends of Acadia established as an integral part of the $13 million campaign, ensures that adequate funding will be available to maintain trails. "The challenge at Schoodic is to use the facilities appropriately," said Mr. Haertel "Using the space for research and education is acceptable to the local communities, state, the congressional representation, Friends of Acadia and the National Parks and Conservation Association. "But the project that involved the most risk taking was the trails program," said Mr. Haertel. It had never been done anywhere else and involved more risk taking than any of the others. Since it is successful, we can now say it was the most memorable." Unlike the support that the Schoodic project has, the trails project had no support initially. "The $5 million gift from Ruth and Tris Colket made the project work. Without that, the $13 million campaign may not have succeeded. That gift made it all real." When Mr. Haertel came to Acadia in 1994, the trail crew was comprised of four people, some volunteers and the Acadia Youth Conservation Corps - high school students who work with the crew each summer. This summer more than 80 people were involved with trail maintenance and the permanent crew had increased from four to over 20. "The trails are better marked," said Mr. Haertel. "We climbed Gorham over the weekend and you can actually find the trail." Both Ms. Rust and Mr. Olson believe replacing Mr. Haertel will be difficult. "I can't imagine an executive in any business who can retire on a better record for his accomplishments certainly in the last eight years but probably before that as well," said Mr. Olson. Mr. Haertel plans to remain in the area and has told Ms. Rust he will be available to consult on some park projects. This site and all its contents are the exclusive property of Ellsworth American, Inc. For more information contact info@mdislander.com http://www.mountdesertislander.com/thisweek/mdi_news2_09-05-02.html 9/11/2002 Bar Harbor Times Page 1 of 2 CLICK HERE R 1212 (If alproy totals THE STATE THE CHILK The Bar Harbor Times wire ONLINE EDITION News Classifieds Community Directory Marketplace My Zwire! Home -> News -> Content Friday 31 January, 2003 NEWS SEARCH Top Stories National Park Service buys Perkins' Bar Island Advanced search property News By: Greg Fish January 29, 2003 Top Stories ACADIA NAT'L PARK - The National Park Service has Sports bought the remaining 12 acres that were privately owned Business on Bar Island, according to acting superintendent Len Entertainment Bobinchock. The deal was wrapped up on Jan. 21. Community News Editorial Mr. Bobinchock said the property's owner, former NBC news correspondent Weather Jack Perkins, approached the Park Service to see if the federal Coastlines government would be interested in buying and adding it to Acadia National Park. The rest of the 68-acre island, which while just a few hundred feet Classifieds from Bar Harbor actually is within the boundaries of Gouldsboro, already Links was part of Acadia. Park officials said yes, and a reported purchase price of $1.4 million was agreed upon. Business Directory Our Newspaper "Congress has directed us to acquire land for Acadia on a willing seller basis, and this is a popular spot we want to preserve," Mr. Bobinchock said. Administrative "It's taken us years to acquire all of Bar Island. I've been here since 1989, Community and we've only done one other land purchase since then." Many people, both local residents and visitors, take the short walk out to scenic Bar Island Sports Wire! via Bridge Street during low tide. Fun and Games Consumer Guide The purchase also includes several buildings. Mr. Bobinchock said no plans Personal Finance have been made for them yet, but that in the future they may be moved elsewhere. Lifestyles ©Bar Harbor Times 2003 Reader Opinions Be the first person to voice your opinion on this story! Back to top E-mail this story Voice your opia los friend this story Send us your community news, events, letters to the editor and other suggestions. Now, you can submit w.z.../news.cfm?newsid=6865568&BRD=1465&PAG=461&dept_id=182895&rfi= 1/31/2003 the News@MDIslander.com Page 1 of 3 Visitors the news CASTAL Center/ Stam New Acadia chief named News Sheridan Steele is superintendent By An Sports ACADIA NAT'L PARK-Sheridan Steele, superintendent of Black Canyon Editorials Gunnison National Park and Curecanti National Recreation Area in Colora Archive been appointed superintendent here, National Park Service officials said 1 week. Mr. Steele succeeds Paul Haertel, who retired last September. Calendar "Sheridan and Len of Events "Throughout his 25 years of Park [Bobinchock's] skills Town Info Service management experience, Mr. complement one another Steele has clearly demonstrated Area Map and together they will extraordinary creativity, business benefit the park Tide Chart acumen and a deep sensitivity for both natural and cultural resources," said tremendously." I Northeast regional director Marie Rust, - Ken Olso who led a six-month nationwide search Classifieds for Acadia's new superintendent. Real Estate Automotive "I'm excited and look forward to working closely with the park's excellent staff, wonderful neighbors, Out & About local community and partners like Friends of Acadia to ensure the park's Dining successful future," said Mr. Steele, Gift Ideas who not only honeymooned in Acadia 30 years ago but also was here last September for the National Leadership Conference. Postcards Message Board Friends of Acadia president Ken Olson said that National Park Service director Vote Fran Mainella "made good on her promise to conduct a fair, open and transparent search that was nationwide Advertising in scope." Subscribe! While Mr. Olson said he thinks Mr. Contact Us Steele is a terrific choice, he also said that all three finalists were strong Sheridan Steele has been named the new superinte Acadia National Park. candidates and that any of them would have been a good superintendent. Ms. NP name Rust allowed Mr. Olson to meet with the candidates during the screening I Mr. Olson said he is grateful to have been consulted. "Sheridan and Len [Bobinchock's] skills complement one another. and too http://www.mountdesertislander.com/thisweek/mdi_news1_03-27-03.html 3/27/2003 the News@MDIslander.com Page 2 of 3 they will benefit the park tremendously," added Mr. Olson. In a telephone interview, Mr. Steele characterized his approach as collabc "Whatever the agenda, we need to be in concert with others-neighbors, of Acadia and local communities," said Mr. Steele, The park, he added, st be an opposing force but should work with neighbors in identifying commc interests and in working to achieve them. And his past experience reflects his ability to work with many constituencie Before joining the park service in 1978 as a management assistant at Cuy Valley National Recreation Area, where he worked with 16 communities ir establishing a national recreation area near Cleveland and Akron, Mr. Ste directed a nonprofit citizens group, the Cuyahoga Valley Park Federation. Ken Cline, who grew up in Cleveland and now teaches environmental law policy at College of the Atlantic, attributes his environmental consciousnes ethic to Mr. Steele and the work he did in Cuyahoga. As superintendent of Fort Scott National Historic Site in Kansas, Mr. Steel only built community support but also enlarged the volunteer corps to impi visitor services and to restore historic structures. As superintendent of Black Canyon and Curecanti, Mr. Steele worked with Congress to develop a new conservation strategy for the area, including tl legislation that established Black Canyon as a national park. To improve t visitor experience, Mr. Steele enlisted the help of many individuals in the i well as organizations like the National Park Foundation and Southwest Pa Monuments Association to build a new visitor center with limited park func Before becoming superintendent at Black Canyon in 1996, Mr. Steele was assistant superintendent for seven years at Rocky Mountain National Part he oversaw all aspects of park operations serving 3.5 million visitors a yea an annual budget of $5 million. "What Acadia has achieved to date is very impressive-the transportation the trails' [initiative], volunteers and seeking private help with donations," Steele. "These are the kind of things I love working on. We should focus r the numbers of people but on how to mitigate impacts on resources-mitig that can be done in lots of ways, such as the Explorer and education." Mr. Steele received a bachelor's degree in business administration and a degree in natural resources and park administration from Ohio State Univ Currently he is in Charlottesville, Va. for training as a member of the Seni Executive Service-a program for promising executive leaders from all se the federal government. Mr. Steele and his wife Barbara, a registered nurse, have two grown child couple expects to move here in late May. Send an e-mail to the reporter who wrote this story, click here! http://www.mountdesertislander.com/thisweek/mdi_news1_03-27-03.html 3/27/2003 General Management Plan ACADIA National Park Maine TO DOCS AD HALL RY [NotE: Portion of management plan in place in late 1990's when R.Epp undertook his research I 29.2: to College AC 1/6 V. 05851 CONTENTS Part One: Introduction 1 Purpose of This Document 1 Legislative History and Purpose of the Park 1 History of Planning and Public Involvement 5 Part Two: The Park 8 Summary of Significant Resource Values 8 Landscape 8 Air Quality 9 Island Habitats 9 Biological Diversity 10 Habitat of Plant and Animal Species of Special Concern 11 Wetlands 13 Water Quality 14 Cultural Heritage 14 Early Settlement 15 Summer Colonies 15 Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations 16 Development of Acadia National Park 16 Historic Properties 18 Collections 19 Outdoor Educational and Recreational Opportunities 19 Facilities 22 Regional Context 22 Park Location and Access 22 Economic and Social Context 22 Surrounding Land Use 23 Weather 23 Part Three: The Plan 27 Scope 27 Management Goals 27 Acadia National Park Mission 27 Resource Management Goals 27 Visitor Services Goals 28 Regional Goals 28 Planning Issues 29 Character of the Visitor Experience 29 Scope of the Resource Management Program 29 New Development 29 Plan Overview 29 Resource Preservation 31 Improve Air and Water Quality 31 Monitor Air Quality and Work to Eliminate and Prevent Problems 31 Participate in Regional Air Quality Regulatory Programs 31 Report Findings Clearly to the Public 31 V Develop and Implement a Comprehensive Water Resource Management Plan 31 Cooperatively Protect Species and Habitats of Value to the Park 31 Coordinate Collaborative Efforts to Understand and Manage Resources of Value to the Park 31 Protect and Enhance Habitats for Species of Special Concern 31 Implement the Park's Integrated Pest Management Plan 32 Work to Protect Resources Under State Jurisdiction 32 Communicate Research Data to the Public 32 Manage Fire 32 Work with Adjacent Landowners and Communities to Enhance Park Values 32 Reduce the Threat of Fire 32 Monitor Development in Cooperation with Local Governments 32 Offer Technical Planning Assistance to Towns 33 Protect the Aesthetic and Historic Values of the Park Loop Road and Other Auto Roads 33 Protect and Enhance the Original Design Intent of the Historic Park Loop Road 33 Minimize Impacts of Nonpark Roads within the Park 33 Rehabilitate and Maintain the Carriage Road and Hiking Trail Systems 33 Rehabilitate the Carriage Roads 33 Upgrade Trail System 33 Preserve Historic Properties 34 Evaluate, Treat, and Maintain Historic Structures 34 Evaluate, Treat, and Maintain Cultural Landscapes 34 Complete the Parkwide Thematic Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places 34 Improve Management of Artifact Collections 34 Catalog and Treat the Park Collections 34 Protect Archaeological and Ethnographic Resources 35 Survey, Assess, Monitor, and Stabilize Archaeological Resources 35 Conduct a Park Ethnographic Study 35 Visitor Experience 35 Manage Visitor Impacts 35 Mitigate Resource Impacts from Visitor Use 35 Retain Opportunities for Low-Density Recreation on the West Side of Mount Desert Island and on Schoodic Peninsula and the Offshore Islands 35 Close Valley Cove Road to Motorized Vehicles 35 Encourage Public Transportation on Mount Desert Island and Establish a Park Transportation System 36 Limit Parking to the Capacity of Existing Lots 36 Implement a Parkwide Visitor. Management Strategy 36 Collect Baseline Data and Evaluate Visitor Impacts 36 Develop Management Objectives 36 Select and Implement Management Techniques 36 Monitor Visitor Impacts 39 Reduce Conflicts between User Groups 39 Manage Multiple Use of the Carriage Roads 39 vi Evaluate Both Campgrounds and Develop Management Strategies for Each 39 Improve Access, Orientation, and Information 39 Provide a New Gateway and Visitor Center 39 Improve Accessibility for Disabled Persons 39 Improve Nonmotorized Access to the Park 39 Develop Cooperative Trail Management 40 Revise and Implement the Interpretive Prospectus 40 Implement a Comprehensive Sign Program in Cooperation with Surrounding Communities 40 Enhance the Staging Area for Winter Recreation at Hulls Cove 40 Cooperate with Abbe Museum to Improve Visitor Services and Protect Park Values 40 Improve and Evaluate Concession Services 45 Improve Horse and Carriage Concession Services at Wildwood Stables 45 Improve the Efficiency of the Jordan Pond House Restaurant 45 Evaluate Gift Shop Operations within the Park 45 Land Protection 45 Monitor Development Activities on Inholdings 45 Continue Conservation Easement Program 45 Survey and Mark the Park Boundary 46 Development 46 Reflect Acadia's Architectural Tradition in All New Facilities 46 Follow the Principles of Sustainable Design 46 Provide Additional Access for Disabled Persons 46 Provide Park Development Only in Specific Areas on Mount Desert Island 49 Pursue Cooperative Housing 49 Management Zoning Concept 52 Natural Zone 52 Natural Environment 55 Protected Natural Area 55 Cultural Zone 55 Preservation 55 Preservation/Adaptive Use 56 Developed Zone 56 Special Use Zone 56 Roads and Utilities 57 Inholdings 57 Appendixes 61 Appendix A: Legislation 63 Appendix B: Undertakings Requiring Consultation Under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act 88 Appendix C: Visitor Use 89 References 97 Preparers 99 vii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT The purpose of the Acadia National Park General Management Plan is to define the basic management philosophy that will guide park management decisions over the next 10 to 15 years; establish a role for the park within its regional context; and provide strategies for resolving issues and achieving the stated management goals. Management issues addressed by the plan are detailed in the Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment. All other plans developed for the park, some of which are called for in this General Management Plan, shall be consistent with the direction established in this lead planning document. Planning for the Isle au Haut portion of the park has been undertaken separately; therefore, this plan does not deal with parklands in the town of Isle au Haut. The document is divided into three parts: part one provides background information, part two describes the park, and part three contains the plan. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND PURPOSE OF THE PARK Acadia National Park officially began with the establishment of Sieur de Monts National Monument by Presidential Proclamation 1339 in 1916. The name was changed in 1919 to Lafayette National Park (40 Stat. 1173) and in 1929 to Acadia National Park. The 1929 legislation (45 Stat. 1083) established the authority to expand the park through donations of property within Hancock County and certain islands in Knox County. However, the legislation created a park with no permanent boundary and no authority to purchase land. As property was donated, a fragmented patchwork of parklands developed. Lands were scattered, making management, protection, and visitor orientation difficult. Local towns were frustrated by the constant threat of unexpected donations eroding their tax bases. For many years the National Park Service, the towns, the Hancock County Planning Commission, and numerous conservation groups attempted to resolve these issues through arduous negotiations. In 1982 separate boundary legislation (PL 97-335) was approved for parkland in the town of Isle au Haut and, subsequently, a development concept plan was approved for the parkland. On September 25, 1986, boundary legislation (PL 99-420) was enacted for the rest of Acadia National Park. The law defined a permanent boundary and gave the National Park Service authority to acquire lands, but only within the designated boundary of Acadia National Park; it identified approximately 175 tracts for acquisition and 24 for deletion. (This authority does not apply to the town of Isle au Haut; acquisition of land within the boundaries of this town continues to be covered by the authority outlined in PL 97-335). The legislation outlined conditions for acquiring conservation easements outside the boundary and established an advisory commission (see appendix A). The stated intent of those who have donated tens of thousands of acres for the creation of the park over the past 75 years and the intent of the secretary of the interior and the Congress 1 in accepting those donations has been to preserve the area's outstanding scenic, natural, scientific, and historic values. In his letter to the secretary of the interior in 1916, in which he offered lands on Mount Desert Island as a gift to the United States, George Dorr described the area as follows: [It is] rich in historic association, in scientific interest, and in landscape beauty It contains within itself the only heights that immediately front the open sea with mountainous character upon our eastern shore. It contains also, owing to past glacial action and its own variously resistant rocky structure, an extraordinary variety of topographic features which unite with the climate caused by the surrounding sea to fit it beyond any other single locality in the east for the shelter, growth, and permanent preservation of a wide range of life, both plant and animal. It forms a striking and instructive geologic record. And it constitutes the dominant and characteristic portion of the first land, Mount Desert Island, to be visited, described, and named by Champlain in exploration of the New England coast. (Dorr 1942, p. 2) In the original enabling proclamation President Woodrow Wilson cited the island's distinction as Champlain's landing place and the great scientific interest of its topography, geology, and fauna and flora. He indicated that the purpose of the monument was to protect these significant resource values, warning all unauthorized persons "not to appropriate, injure, destroy or remove any of the features or objects included within the boundaries." (Winsor 1955, p. 11) Prominent public officials and conservationists of the day described the purposes for establishing Acadia National Park. Dorr's letter, excerpted above, was supported by the chief geologist of the U.S. Geological Society, the chairman of Harvard University Botany Department, and the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Speaking before the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Public Lands in April 1918, Theodore Roosevelt stated: I have watched with interest the work that has led to the creation of this park. It is our one eastern national park and gives for the first time to the crowded eastern portion of the country an opportunity to share directly and immediately in the benefits of our national park system. Its striking ocean frontage makes it unlike every other park Under right development it will give a healthy playground to multitudes of hard-working men and women who need such a playground. More- over, it constitutes a wildlife sanctuary under national guardianship at a spot where such a sanctuary is greatly needed. (Winsor 1955, p. II-4, appendix 2, p. 4) On May 15, 1918, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane gave the following reasons for establishing a national park on Mount Desert Island in a letter to Congressman Scott Ferris, chairman of the Committee on Public Lands: First: Mount Desert has important historic value Second: Scenically its impressive headlands give Mount Desert Island the distinction of combining sea and mountain. These headlands are by far the loftiest of our Atlantic coast. Their high rounded summits often craggy form a 2 background for a rugged shoreline and an island-dotted harbor. Back of the shore is a mountain and lake wilderness which is typical in remarkable degree of the range of Appalachian scenery. Third: From the point of view of conservation, the value of the proposed park can hardly be overestimated. The forests are largely primeval. Oaks, beeches, birches, maples, ashes, poplars, and many other deciduous trees of our eastern range mingle with pine and hemlock. The typical shrubs are in equal abundance. Wildflowers abound. There are few spots, if any, which can combine the variety and luxuriance of the eastern forests in such small compass. The rocks have their distinction. worn by the ice sheets of the glacial period, eroded by the frosts and rains of the ages, their bases carved by the sea, their surfaces painted by the mosses and lichens of today, they are exhibits of scientific interest as well as beauty. Still another distinction is Mount Desert's wealth of bird life. All the conditions for a bird sanctuary in the East seem to be here fulfilled Fourth: From a recreational standpoint the park would be capable of giving pleasure to hundreds of thousands of people living east of the Mississippi River. (Winsor 1955, II-1, appendix 2, p. 1) When Secretary Lane wrote his letter over 60 years ago, little could he have realized the "pleasure" of millions, not thousands, of visitors who would come to Acadia annually. HISTORY OF PLANNING AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Until now Acadia National Park has not had an approved general management plan. In the 1940s several attempts were made to develop a master plan under the direction of the park's first superintendent, George B. Dorr. These proposed plans set the groundwork for much of the road system, the campgrounds, and the visitor center as they exist today. Many proposals, such as elaborate downhill ski and winter sports facilities, were never implemented. A combined Master Plan and Environmental Impact Statement was prepared in 1978 that dealt primarily with proposed solutions to the unresolved boundary issues. The plan was not given final approval but was used as the basis of a mediated agreement in 1979 between local towns and the park. The agreement operated as a de facto plan until the passage of the 1986 boundary legislation. Many of the basic assumptions of the 1978 master plan, especially the gross underestimation of visitation levels, are no longer valid. With the establishment of a permanent boundary for the park in 1986, the National Park Service moved forward with the management planning process. In order to improve safety, parking, and access for bicyclists, hikers, and motorists, the Park Service proposed to convert segments of the Park Loop Road from two-way to one-way traffic with parking in the right lane. An environmental assessment was prepared to examine alternative solutions and their impacts. The environmental assessment was reviewed by the public and by the park's advisory commission, and subsequently a recombination of the alternatives was selected for implementation. On February 24, 1988, an administrative determination was signed, detailing the process, alternatives, and reasoning for the selection. The decision left open the 5 option to change the decision if, in developing a general management plan, it was determined that a different solution was preferable for long-range visitor use management. In anticipation of preparing the current General Management Plan, a number of actions and studies were initiated to gather planning data. Permanent traffic counters were installed at two locations on the Park Loop Road in October 1986. Elevation, hydrology, transportation, and boundary data were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey for Mount Desert Island, then reformatted and loaded onto a computer to be used in an islandwide geographic information system (GIS). Vegetation maps were prepared and digitized into the same system by the Park Service. The Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, revised the soil surveys of Hancock County. A visitor use study was conducted (Manning 1987), and a visual-quality preference study was initiated (Steinitz et al. 1988). A study of the historic carriage road system and bridges was conducted (Rieley and Brouse 1989) and amended to include recommendations for their use and maintenance (Rieley and Associates 1989). Other studies included a documentation of island resources with high conservation value (Jacobson and Dominie 1988), an evaluation of the park's conservation easement program (Maine Coast Heritage Trust 1988), and an economic analysis of Mount Desert Island (Stellpflug and Deller 1989). At the Park Service's invitation, a landscape architecture class at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design spent a semester identifying issues, projecting trends, and developing three alternative recommendations for the future management of Acadia and Mount Desert Island. Their work was summarized in Alternative Futures for Mount Desert Island (Steinitz et al. 1986) and distributed to the public. The students also presented their findings at public meetings in both Boston and Bar Harbor. Public scoping meetings and workshops were held in August 1987 at three locations on Mount Desert Island. Participants were invited to review the Park Service's proposal for the scope of the plan, offer additions or deletions, and voice opinions regarding issues, problems, and opportunities for park management. A similar process was followed with the park's permanent and seasonal staff. The preliminary issues addressed by the planning team were modified in response to some of the concerns expressed during this review process. In August 1987 the first issue of Planning Update newsletter was distributed to invite public involvement in the planning process. More than 700 individuals, universities, and local, state, and national agencies were eventually included on the newsletter mailing list. A second Planning Update was mailed in May 1988 and a special issue of the newsletter was distributed that summer at Acadia's campgrounds, visitor center, and interpretive programs. More than 230 written responses to the newsletter were received and considered by planners. As the Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment was being formulated and reviewed, it became clear that several areas were potentially controversial and that implementation of the preferred alternative would require substantial cooperation between the Park Service, the surrounding communities, state agencies, and several other interest groups. For that reason an Alternatives Document was published and distributed in the summer of 1989 to describe the alternatives, solicit comments, and gauge the degree of controversy. In addition to eight public meetings held on Mount Desert Island and in Ellsworth and Bangor, meetings were held with the boards of selectmen of each Mount Desert 6 Island town, the park's advisory commission, representatives of various state agencies, and other interested groups. Approximately 145 people participated in the meetings and more than 260 written responses were received and analyzed. The Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment was finalized and placed on public review in August 1991. In the document four alternatives were presented for addressing issues of concern to park management; the potential impacts of those alternatives were analyzed and compared as required by the National Environmental Policy Act (42 USC 4321). Compliance issues regarding natural and cultural resources were also addressed in the Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment. Copies of the draft were placed in libraries throughout the Northeast and a Planning Update offered copies to people on the mailing list. Six hundred copies of the draft plan/assessment were distributed to interested parties. The public comment period was extended from August 15 until November 15, 1991. During this period two public workshops were held, and the park superintendent and planner attended numerous formal and informal meetings where they made presentations and listened to comments. Members of the public were encouraged to offer written comments; approximately 300 such comments were received. A summary of written responses to the Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Assessment is available at Acadia National Park. 7 PART TWO: THE PARK SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT RESOURCE VALUES Landscape Acadia National Park protects a landscape of rare scenic beauty. Acadia's mountains are the highest rocky headlands on the Atlantic shore of the United States, and the vistas from these mountaintops encompass forested woodlands, shimmering lakes, quiet marshes, bold rocky shores, and coastal islands. On all sides, the ocean - which surrounds the park - bisects and strongly influences the park's character. Besides being one of the most scenic places on the Atlantic coast, the landform of the park is also geologically interesting. Acadia's geologic history spans 500 million years during which mountain ranges have come and gone, seashores have risen and fallen repeatedly, and glaciers have carved the landscape 20 to 30 times. Evidence of continental glacial action, including glacial lakes and U-shaped valleys, abounds; Somes Sound, the inlet bisecting Mount Desert Island, is the only fjord on the east coast of the United States. The islands and mainland peninsula of the park are major coastal features of the Gulf of Maine. A landscape of rare scenic beauty viewed from St. Sauveur Mountain, 1916. Over the years the work of island residents has left a distinctive cultural polish on the Acadian landscape. Remnant vernacular landscapes reflect the lives of farm families and their 8 19th century neighbors. The surviving designed landscapes attest to the interests and commitment of wealthy summer residents. For instance, Beatrix Farrand, a prominent landscape architect, designed much of the landscape along the park's carriage road system, and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., was the principal designer of the Park Loop Road landscape. Both road systems were carefully laid out so visitors could glimpse some of the most spectacular vistas of mountains and shoreline in the eastern United States as well as intimate views of woodlands, lakes, meadows, and streams. Although dependent on the natural landscape of Acadia, these designed landscapes have themselves become significant owing to their history, quality, uniqueness, and the sensitivity with which they were designed and built. Air Quality Acadia National Park is designated a mandatory Class I federal area under the U.S. Clean Air Act. This classification places stringent constraints on facilities emitting air pollutants that may affect park resources. The act also limits any park development or management activities that could affect air quality by requiring the Park Service to comply with all federal, state, and local air pollution control regulations. Although spectacular vistas are still common in Acadia, pollutants from near and distant sources contaminate park air. The park has identified a number of vistas integral to the visitors' experience that the state of Maine has incorporated into its State Air Quality Implementation Plan. The park has had an air quality monitoring program since 1979. Summer ozone levels occasionally exceed state and federal health standards. The highest ozone concentration ever recorded in Maine was measured at Acadia (Isle au Haut) on June 15, 1988. Ozone at levels below the state health standard can damage sensitive park vegetation. The park has conducted research since 1982 to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between air pollution and vegetation damage. Island Habitats The ecologic importance of Maine's coastal islands, and particularly the Acadian archipelago, as a system is widely accepted. Coastal islands are of special interest because of the large number and diversity of bird species nesting there. The islands' importance as nesting sites for petrels, cormorants, sea ducks, eagles, ospreys, herons, gulls, terns, and auks is due to their seclusion and the productive marine environment that provides food for a great variety of wildlife. Maine is the only eastern state in which the eider duck breeds and is the most important wintering area in the western Atlantic for harlequin ducks. Coastal islands, particularly the smaller ledges, also provide a critical habitat for seals. Hundreds of females and their young use the small islands of Acadia for whelping each year, and the islands offer haul-outs for the entire local population. A recent study estimates a stable population of 1,600 harbor seals and a seasonal population of 40 gray seals in the waters from Isle au Haut to Petit Manan Reef. All marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (PL 92-522). 9 Ecologically important coastal islands, the Porcupines, viewed from Old Farm, C. 1920s. In addition to owning a large portion of both Mount Desert Island and Isle au Haut, th National Park Service owns some or all of 14 larger coastal islands and several sma freshwater islands. The Park Service is the holder of around 150 donated conservatic easements on coastal islands in the Gulf of Maine. These easements protect island resource that have high conservation value to the park, such as cultural, scenic, and ecologic value - including island habitats. Biological Diversity A great variety of plants overlie the Acadian landscape. The park is located in the midst a broad transition zone from southern deciduous to northern coniferous forests. Local habita range from seashore to mountaintop. Acadia offers habitats for many plant communitie including old growth spruce forests, wetlands, and jack pine stands growing at the southe limit of the jack pine range. More than 150 plant species are locally rare and of potent importance as indicators of rare habitats worthy of protection within the park. Acadia's animal diversity parallels its plant diversity. A variety of freshwater fish, hundre of species of invertebrates, 45 species of terrestrial mammals, 12 species of marine mamma 17 species of amphibians, 5 species of reptiles, and 338 species of birds have been record in Acadia. The islands of the region mark the southern breeding limit for several bird speci Continuous, well-documented observation by professional park staff and qualified amate: has confirmed the gradual extension of southern and temperate bird species to the island With 21 species of breeding warblers, with northern and southern birds intermingled, a with seabirds alongside land birds, Acadia is considered one of the premier bird-watch areas in the country. Executive Order 11990 recognizes the importance of wetland values and directs all federal agencies to protect those values and to avoid the occupation or modification of wetlands. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has mapped wetlands in the region as part of the National Wetlands Inventory. Water Quality Lakes and ponds protect important natural resources and provide swimming, fishing, and boating opportunities. Some of the larger lakes in Acadia serve as public water reservoirs. Most of the park's lakes and ponds are thought to have excellent water quality; however, many are sensitive to acidification. After limited study the effect of acid precipitation on Acadia's lakes is unclear. Eagle Lake, one of many natural lakes and ponds, 1939. Marshall Brook, which empties into Bass Harbor Marsh, was polluted by leachate from landfill that operated adjacent to the park from the 1930s through the early 1980s. Becau of the environmental impact, the landfill was closed by the Environmental Protection Ager in the mid-1980s. Annual follow-up studies indicate improving water quality in Marsh Brook, but continued monitoring is important. Cultural Heritage The history of Acadia is significant. Although much of the story has been lost to time, d shell heaps testify to the presence of Native American encampments dating back 6,000 ye Many of these archeological sites are within the park. When European exploration beg diseases of European origin swept through many Native American communities. I mortality rates reaching 50 percent to 100 percent, the social fabric of Indian society 14 devastated. Artifacts of Maine's Native American culture are exhibited at the Robert Abbe Museum of Stone Age Antiquities, a private museum operated on parkland. Early Settlement. Samuel de Champlain made the first contribution to the area's recorded history when he landed on Mount Desert Island in 1604. His explorations destined this land to be known as French Acadia before it became New England. An early battle in the Anglo-French colonial rivalry occurred at the second Acadian settlement in North America - now within the park boundary - near the entrance to Somes Sound. After 150 years of conflict for control of North America, British troops triumphed and British settlers began to arrive in the region. These early settlers, and others who joined them throughout the following century, forged a life-style that changed little for several generations. Dependent on both the land and sea, they harvested the forests; built schooners and brigs in nearly every local cove; shipped cargoes of cobblestones, dried and salted fish, ice, granite, and lumber on coastal schooners; and pastured or tilled the more fertile soils. Their story is highlighted at the park's Islesford Historical Museum. Summer Colonies. In the mid-1800s artists from the Hudson River School came to paint the dramatic scenery. Their canvases advertised the beauties of Mount Desert Island to the outside world, inspiring "rusticators" who came to savor the scenery, hike the mountains, and study nature in a relaxed and peaceful atmosphere. The hiking trails used by park visitors today were started by the rusticators and village improvement societies and therefore represent one of the earliest recreational trail systems developed in the United States. Acadia's trail system is not only one of the oldest but also one of the most diverse in the United States, offering people the opportunity to walk and hike along the seashore, within the interior forest, and through mountaintop settings. As word of the island's appeal spread, Mount Desert evolved into a favorite summer retreat for socially and politically prominent people. Wealthy Americans transformed the landscape with elegant estates and extravagant life-styles. Trails offering woodland walks and rugged climbs; right, Stephen T. Mather on the Precipice, 1922. 15 Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations. From the ranks of those wealthy summer residents came a strong commitment to conservation. Disturbed by the development pressures on the island, George Dorr, Charles Eliot, and 10 other concerned residents began Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations and worked to protect the land and ensure public access. They sought donations of private land; their efforts culminated in the establishment of the first national park east of the Mississippi River. Development of Acadia National Park. Once the park was established, support was enlisted from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Through his fortune and talents, the park grew in size and was made accessible by a network of carriage roads and the scenic Park Loop Road, both of which are unique cultural resources unmatched in scope and scale anywhere in the United States. The carriage roads, designed to make the park accessible for nonmotorized recreation, represent "the finest example of broken stone roads designed for horse-drawn vehicles still extant in America" (Rieley and Brouse 1989). Scenic ocean view from the Park Loop Road, 1936. The architectural style for gate lodges chosen by Rockefeller and his architects links Acadia's cultural and natural landscapes. Characterized by steeply pitched slate roofs and a rustic integration of wood, granite, and brick, the design is reminiscent of the French Country Renaissance style of Rochelle, France. Early structures built by the National Park Service, such as the Thunder Hole and original Cadillac Mountain ranger stations, harmonized with Rockefeller's structures. They were designed in a rustic architectural style characteristic of early Park Service buildings. Several of these rustic park structures survive. 16 Park architectural style illustrated by Jordan Pond gate lodge (left), 1937, and Thunder Hole ranger station (right), c. 1930s. Archeological sites; surviving vernacular structures and their environs; the early works of th rusticators, wealthy summer residents, and village improvement societies; and the first par structures, the carriage road system, and the Park Loop Road combine with the natur resources of the park to create an important legacy for the American people. Historic Properties In accordance with section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amende the National Park Service conducted a 1984 inventory of buildings at Acadia National Pa The inventory identified 169 structures. Of these, 27 are currently listed on the Natio Register of Historic Places (including bridges) and more than 40 may be eligible for inclus (Arbogast 1984). The following properties are among those currently listed on the natio register: Carriage road system and bridges (11/14/79), Islesford Historical Museum (09/20/80), B Duck Ship Store (09/20/80), Baker Island lighthouse (03/14/88), Bear Island lighthouse (03/14/88), i Fernald Point (Saint Sauveur) archeological site (07/21/78). Overall, key historic properties in park include the following: Abbe Museum site¹ Fernald Point archeological site Archeological sites (mostly shell Hiking trail system heaps commonly found near the Islesford Historical Museum shoreline) Old Farm site Baker Island light station The Park Loop Road Bear Island light station Sargent Drive Blue Duck Ship Store Sieur de Monts springhouse Carriage road system Storm Beach house Carroll homestead and landscape Early park structures such as Elisha Gilley house and landscape Thunder Hole and Seawall ranger stations 1 The National Park Service does not own the national register museum building but does own its env and the land upon which it sits. 18 Visitors on Sand Beach, 1935. Unlike many parks carved out of the public domain, Acadia consists almost entirely of lands donated by persons interested in preserving the natural integrity of Mount Desert Island, Schoodic Peninsula, and other islands that now comprise the park. Acadia National Park serves as a model of the preservation ethic - demonstrated by the partnership between private citizens and government - and offers excellent opportunities for educating visitors about a significant and diverse environment. Access to the array of scenery and areas of scientific, natural, and historic interest is provided by Acadia's compact network of carefully designed hiking trails, carriage roads, and scenic drives. A broad range of people are attracted to a spectrum of interpretive activities such as guided walks, amphitheater programs, environmental education activities, and outreach programs. The day Sieur de Monts National Monument was dedicated, Bishop Lawrence, one of the honored speakers, noted the intent of both preserving the area's resource values and providing resource-based, outdoor recreation for an urban population. He congratulated those gathered, stating that the area would remain forever beautiful, and ended by saying, "Here we have hills which those accustomed to city life may mount, and walks they may use to gain strength. Here we have a park naturally formed to help city-dwelling men to gain new energy for heavy work in winter" (Wild Gardens of Acadia, 1916, p. 13). 20 6/3/2015 Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation Bibliography April 2012 Note: "*" Indicates Library Copy in Holdings ACAD * Barter, Christian, Margaret Coffin Brown, J. Tracy Stakely, and Gary J. Stellpflug. Acadia Trails Treatment Plan: Cultural Landscape Report for the Historic Hiking Trail System #45 of Mount Desert Island. Boston, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. 2006. 386 pages. * Coffin, Margaret. Scope for a Preservation Plan of the Historic Hiking Trails System, Acadia National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, ca. 1995. ca. 59 pages. Holding: OCLP. * Coffin, Margaret. Pathmakers: Cultural Landscape Report for the Historic Hiking Trail System of Mount Desert Island, History, Existing Conditions, & Analysis. Boston, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2006. 328 pages. Contains: 12/13/14/15. CRBIB Number: 403084. Holdings: OCLP. Eleey, Patrick and Lee Terzis. Cultural Landscapes Inventory for Schoodic Peninsula. DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2001. 71 pages. Holdings: OCLP. Eleey, Patrick and Lee Terzis. Cultural Landscapes Inventory for Schoodic Peninsula Naval Base. DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2001. 35 pages. Holdings: OCLP. *Foulds, H. Eliot. Historic Motor Road System, Acadia National Park, Compliance Documentation and Rehabilitation Guidelines for FWHA Project #PRA-ACAD-4A10he Lauren G. Meier, ed.. Cultural Landscape Publication 9. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Northeast Region, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 1993. 175 pages. Contains: 12/14/15. CRBIB Number: 403127. Holdings: OCLP. *Foulds, H. Eliot. Compliance Documentation for the Historic Motor Roads, Acadia National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, September 1993. 169 pages. Holding: OCLP. *Foulds, H. Eliot. Cultural Landscape Report for Blackwoods and Seawall Campgrounds, Acadia National Park, History, Existing Conditions, Analysis & Treatment Recommendations. Lauren G. Meier, prog. mgr. Cultural Landscape Publication. No. 11. Boston, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, and Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Sept. 1996. 182 pages. Contains: 12/13/14/15. CRBIB Number: 401294. Holdings: NESO/OCLP/CRC. ACAD.060 *Meier, Lauren and Lee Terzis. Historic Resources of Acadia National Park, Multiple Property Listing, Hancock and Knox Counties, Maine. FINAL REVIEW DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, June 2001. . 116 pages. Contains: 00/14. CRBIB Number: A guides guide to Acadia US Dept + Item 200 2013. Quantifice 403101. Holdings: OCLP. *Foulds, Eliot and Lauren G. Meier. Cultural Landscapes Inventory, Blackwoods Campground, Acadia National Park. Boston, MA: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 1999, revised 2006. Holdings: OCLP. *Foulds, Eliot and Lauren G. Meier. Cultural Landscapes Inventory, Seawall Campground, Acadia National Park. Boston, MA: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 1999, revised 2006. Holdings: OCLP. * Killion, Jeff and Eliot Foulds. Cultural Landscape Inventory, Revised, Historic Motor Road System, Acadia National Park. Boston, MA: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2008. 152 pages. Holdings: OCLP. * Killion, Jeff and Michael Commisso. Cultural Landscape Inventory, Revised, Cadillac Mountain Summit, Acadia National Park. Boston, MA: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2008. 115 pages. Holdings: OCLP. Patterson, William A., Saunders, Karen E. and Horton, L. J. Fire Regimes of the Coastal Maine Forests of Acadia National Park. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, North Atlantic Region, Office of Scientific Studies, ND. 107 pages. Stakely, Tracy; Margie Coffin, and Paul Weinbaum. National Register Nomination for the Hiking Trail System, Acadia National Park, Historic Resources of Acadia National Park, Multiple Property Listing. DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Mar. 1999. 129 pages. Contains: 00/14/13. CRBIB Number: 403109. Holdings: OCLP. *Stakely, Tracy and Eliot Foulds. National Register Nomination for the Motor Road System, Acadia National Park, Historic Resources of Acadia National Park, Multiple Property Listing. DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Mar. 1999. 55 pages. Contains: 00/14/13. CRBIB Number: 4030103. Holdings: OCLP. *Friends of Acadia, Acadia National Park, and the Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. Preserving Historic Trails, Conference Proceedings. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, October 2000. 119 pages. Morvan, Jennifer and Virginia Adams, Public Archeology Lab. "National Register Nomination for Seawall Campground, Acadia National Park, Historic Resources of Acadia Multiple Property Listing." DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. April 1999. 20 pages. Morvan, Jennifer and Virginia Adams, Public Archeology Lab. "National Register Nomination for Blackwoods Campground, Acadia National Park, Historic Resources of Acadia Multiple Property Listing." DRAFT. Brookline, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation. April 1999. 20 pages.