Ward, Thomas Wren. 786-1858 2 Ward, Lydia Gray. 1788-1872 Pt. 2:1820-1872 MHs. Endicott Family Papers. B35.f. 22. (Text after 1816 letters) This house on Park Street, one of the best residences in Boston at that time, looking out west acros the Common, became my grandfather's home for the remainder of his life. His home following his marriage tc my grandmother had been in Pearl Street and it was in Pearl Street that his and his wife's first children were born, my mother's older brother, Samuel Gray Ward, being their first child to be born in Park Street. My grandfather prospered so well during his connection with Mr. Goodhue that, with bad times threatening and having had experience of the dangers and uncertainties involved in the business of that period, largely still confined to long sea voyages and the risks connected with them, he decided to devote himself to the good management of what he had and to work of a public nature, to his own satisfaction and bringing him the regard of others. when Thomas Wren Ward began, late in life, as he tells in bis journal of that time, to gather together his early letters and papers, he found many lost, leaving the record fragmentary, with long gaps between. The following letters tell what little we do know of that period, including the attitude he had taken in his mature life on the subject of religion: Insert letters from TWW to Wm.Ward of Nov. 3, 1820, July 30, 1825 [G.B.Dan]] 218 LISTS OF CITY COUNCILS. 1828. Organized January 7. MAYOR. * JOSIAH QUINCY. ALDERMEN. * John Foster Loring, * James Hall, Robert Fennelly,1 * Phineas Upham, James Savage, * John Pickering, * Thomas Kendall, * Samuel Turell Armstrong. * SAMUEL F. McCLEARY, City Clerk. COMMON COUNCIL. * JOHN RICHARDSON ADAN, President. Ward 1. Ward 7. * Samuel Aspinwall, * John Arno Bacon, * Ninian Clark Betton, * John Belknap, Horace Fox,2 * Waldo Flint," Eleazer Pratt. * George Washington Adams, * Thomas Wren Ward, Ward 2. * Benjamin Toppan Pickman. John Warren James, Ward 8. Frederick Gould, Henry Fowle, Jr., * John Chipman Gray, George Washington Johnson. John Prescott Bigelow, * Norman Seaver, * Daniel Lewis Gibbens. Ward 3. * John Richardson Adan, Ward 9. Thomas Gould, * Benjamin Russell, Levi Roberts Lincoln, * Eliphalet Williams, John Damarisque Dyer, * Samuel King Williams, James Lendall Pitts Orrok. * Thomas Lamb. Ward 4. Ward 10. * Joseph Eveleth, * Jonathan Simonds, Quincy Tufts, * William Parker, Andrew Cunningham, Jr., * George Bethune,10 * James Means. * Robert Treat Paine, * John Lowell, Jr. Ward 5. Ward 11. * George Washington Otis, * Otis Everett, * William Parker, * Otis Turner, * Lewis Glover Pray, * Perez Gill, * George Lane. * Payson Perrin. Ward 6. Ward 12. * Isaac Waters, * Alpheus Cary, * Francis Johonnot Oliver, * Walter Cornell, * Ebenezer Appleton, * Joseph Neale Howe, * David Moody. * Benjamin Stevens. * THOMAS CLARK, Clerk. 1 Died in September. 5 Resigned February 11. 8 From August 6. 2 From January 14 to December 29. See note. 9 From January 14. 8 Resigned April 29. 6 From May 12. 10 Resigned April 28. . From May 12. 7 Resigned July 14. 11 From May 12. Google Original from Digitized by UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1/10/2021 Catalog Record: Report of the Board of Directors of Internal I HathiTrust Digital Library lof2 Home About Collections Help Feedback LOG IN Search words about the items All Fields Search HathiTrust Full-text Catalog Full view only Advanced full-text search Advanced catalog search Search tips Report of the Board of Directors of Internal Improvements of the State of Massachusetts : on the practicability and expediency of a rail-road from Boston to the Hudson River, and from Boston to Providence ; submitted to the General Court, January 16, 1829 ; to which are annexed, the reports of the engineers ; with plans and profiles of the routes. Description Tools Cite this Export citation file Corporate Author: Massachusetts. Related Names: Willard, S.; Hayward, James 1786-1866: Baldwin, James Fowle 1782-1862; Thomas Wren Werd (1386-1858). Language(s): English Published: Boston : Press of the Boston Daily Advertiser, 1829. Subjects: Boston and Providence Railroad. Railroads > Massachusetts > Maps. Railroads > Massachusetts. Physical Description: 76, 119 p., [6] p. of plates : ill., fold. maps ; 23 cm. Locate a Print Version: Find in a library Viewability Item Link Original Source https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006109708 1/3 1/8/2021 Versions - Ward, Thomas Wren I FromThePage 2 of 2. 2020Elizabeth in November 1825. Ward was a subscriber to the Subscriber to the CasnerJun 25, Story Statue. Starting off as an importer on his Story 2020Thom own, in 1816 Ward became a partner in William Statue(1786- Burns and Hardy Ropes, subsequently known as Ropes 1858) Attendee and Ward. From 1830 - 1853 he was an agent for of Dr. Jacob the London banking firm of Baring Brothers. 1828- Bigelow's initial 1836 Treasurer of the Boston Athenaeum. 1830- meeting about the 1842 Treasurer of Harvard College (1830-1842). Mount Auburn Trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Cemetery in Ward was one of the authors (along with Nathan November 1825. Hale and George Bond) of "The Report of the Ward was a Board of Directors of Internal Improvements on subscriber to the the practicability and expediency of a Rail Road Story Statue. from Boston to the Hudson River and from Boston to Providence," in 1829, promoting the Starting off as an development of these railroads. Buried in Lot 235 importer on his on Walnut Avenue. own, in 1816 Ward became a partner in William and Hardy Ropes, subsequently known as Ropes and Ward. From 1830 - 1853 he was an agent for the London banking firm of Baring Brothers. 1828-1836 Treasurer of the Boston Athenaeum. 1830-1842 Treasurer of Harvard College (1830-1842). Trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. https://fromthepage.com/mountauburncemetery/mount-auburn-cemetery-letters/article_version/55023 2/3 The Hairt Edith Whater 200m Jone 2020 Suren ad Mickelle Italy of All Souls (Pep grein 2020) What significance did Ms. Seven assign THE Wharton's development and utilization of be gardens in visitor after Whiston in continues industries, the as subject the Queener was Jaylee greated, (The llant for both 2009); mire in Does not suggest Seven is surprised that she doesnt write she has spch Edith t S leg Wanglow Form 11/4/20 mt. aeeburn Cametake Twilight Talk Think, 3,500 leveal feet of archoe at MAC Author : The Cet of Communication. (19.5) 1831 of a r all designed classes Entrance of society look indevidents intered. First large scal designed landscape. 175 acles of treed landscape. Grossez Band aport est in 1660, HELL Kings Chapel 1630, ad Copps Jonesh Quing 3 (1772-1804) led a burnal reform survenet in 1822, propose a new kind of bureal growtein bunder of on William Tedor (1TLE-1830) 1826. meg In Nov. 1825 inviteda dozen form leadus his St. Included: ThomasWhen Ward One not flore use [general Henry AS.Crearbora, an ardent hosto culturest other Roxbury estate. Q 1829 (6/12/29) establerked mass Hort. Society, Bigilov wrote booklet a American Medical, Wooding Collaborate between Bnyclow t Dearboer George 10. Brimmefold in 1830 he Watertain state to MHort: Soe. A-gorgeon 72-acre estate overlooking a compress begin to pronote new creation. Describettest MAC look like a picture." Natural feature. were recognize and needed delp meior madifization proplem named all paths walkways Justice Storey will be mae 1st President Dearbore if landscape artistect of mae. He had i Alexander Washerrte (1806-(898) of Hours to create 1st plan, 1st topog rapleria map of its kind in the U.S. Wadowate is cousind Langfellow 300 a sq-theoty family lots. 9000 tues for schrobe, represents a thousand toya. Burials will be closed id 200 years ! mountawboon. com. org notes: BowditeR and Ward families. Su Tamara P. Thouton Mathensia Bowdeted and the power of Numbers (2016) 1 T.W. Ward fellow member of the practice marine Society, then the numbership to moster supercard the goes anorgemetro Salem makine Society + more exclessive limiting of vessels beyond who the had Cape novrigated food Hope maritime for elete. sean anned Such Cape nev Hair had - Salem a global propertive Essex (p.82). ward sold his have at on p8 97, St. In 1811, to Nathanel Wm Bowditah see pleats. see note 31, pp.282. 3 Henry Ingersell Bowdith, Nathasid's son, was apprenticed to TWW. during Salem years 4 Mass Hospital Reference Co. (MNL) became between 1823 and 1833, "the largest financial 5 By 1823, was the richest mon infosten. /p.187) institution n New England. " (pg.161). a 15. page record issay by R.M. Mason (1859) is available at Hatthi Trust. of little value. 6 fee Reports and Letterbooks of the Treasurer of Thornton refers to Two as Bowditel's "orytime friend Harvard 1678-1990. Archives. and ally in the Life office (MLI), H Athenaeum, Howard affairs" 8 Bowdieh's TWW fath had summer residences in Canton. Cp. 229). lof4 Thomas Wren Ward as Harvard University Treasurer (1830-1842) For a dozen years the maternal grandfather of George B. Dorr served on the Harvard University Corporation as Treasurer. Historians often comment that his selection for this position was precedent making since he was not a Harvard alum. In my Dorr biography I mention this anomaly but do not probe the significance of his grandfather's activity as college treasurer. Yet this issue has remained problematic for me over the years as I delved deeper into the ciontext of ward's ascendency into this role and his obvious success at it given his retention for more than a decade. While many issues remain unresolved, here is what I have uncovered. Harvard during the years of the Early Republic must be disassociated from the institutional stature that greeted George Dorr when he entered Harvard in 1870 under the new elective system of President Charles W. Eliot. And that stature would grow exponentially in the quarter-century following Dorr's graduation in 1874. At this time, the student body was small, numbering fewer than a hundred spread across four classes; SO too, for the number of faculty, numbering less than a dozen. During a broader period from 1800 to 1860, the handful of Fellows who ran the Corporation were collectively Boston residents, uniformly wealthy, major benefactors of the college, politically conservative, in religion uniformly Unitarian, and 92 percent were Harvard graduates. [See Ronald Story, The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston Upper Class, 1800- 1870 (Wesleyan U.P., 1974), pp.34-44]. pa. 2 of 4 The Corporation was "balanced" by the authority of the Board of Overseers, a larger group of Harvard Fellows who again--other than wealth-were akin to the Corporation members in status, politics, and religion. Since its beginnings in 1810, the administration of the Rev. John T. Kirkland embodied the Federalist ideal of gentlemanly virtues and scholarship. As Samuel Morison emphasized, the "glory of Kirkland's success [was that] he loved his work, he loved his students," resulting in an improved reputation of the University (Three Centuries of Harvard, 1936, 197). The Corporation trusted Kirkland and the faculty and granted him increased power to establish a Law and Theological School and the funds to support 15 new professorships. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts had subsidized Harvard and when that subsidy was lost in 1814, the finances of the University suffered though many in the community rejoiced at the newfound fruits of independence. That independence was also reflected in the election in 1826 of Nathaniel Bowditch to the Corporation Before Kirkland's resignation in 1829, Bowditch focused on the inadequacies of Treasurer John Davis, "a judge of no great business interests or acumen." (Story, Forging, p. 45). Combine this fact with the student unrest and faculty dissension of the early 1820's, the disarray of its financial accounts and records convinced some Corporation Fellows that the management of college was no longer effective, to say the least. Josiah Quncy had studied law and served as a federalist congressman and Mayor of Boston where he had substituted the tradition and contested New England town meeting model with a more complex government structure befitting the city status of Boston at this time; he raised city expenditures for streets, marketplaces, and sanitary improvements elevating his reputation as pg. 30f4 a financier, a man of the world who understood the necessity of discipline. Quickly he became known within and outside the University as "The Great Organizer," a micromanager who had boundless energy and an unusually high capacity for labor. Bowditch was the key advocate for Davis' replacement as Corporation Treasurer, Ebenezer Francis (1775-1858). Having begun his career in Salem real estate and shipping, later becoming a founder and officer in Bowditch's Massachusetts Hospital and Life Insurance Company, not to mention his banking directorships. Having interests in every sector of the New England economy, scholars have described him as a 'shrewd and close financier' whose 'rare mercantile talents' had long been 'concentrated upon the acquisition of great wealth' (Story, Forging, p. 46). Thirty years after his installation he left an estate of some #3.4 million, which Story described as the largest estate ever probated in antebellum New England. Dorr's distant cousin, Francis C. Gray, heir to millionaire shipper William Gray (Mary Gray Ward Dorr's farther), was also a member of the newly elected Harvard Corporation. New Fellows were wealthier more business-oriented than before. Moreover, it was no longer necessary that Fellows have the classical education of Harvard graduates-or be graduates of any college--as was the case with both Bowditch & Francis. Nor were all Fellows reared in the town of Boston, for several were from prosperous Salem families. Indeed, it was a new more materialistic regime emphasizing tighter control of finances, letter accounting procedures, more aggressive investment policies, and closer supervision of faculty and students. Quincy's leadership team was often characterized as the Salem administration (R. Story, "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins," Journal of Social History 8 [1975]:102). After just two years, in 1830, Francis resigned due to health issues. Who would Bowditch promote to sustain the values and behaviors of Francis? George B. Dorr's maternal grandfather, Thomas Wren Ward, another Salem born gentleman, was his successor. He had retired pg. 4 of4 years earlier and only recently accepted a position with Barings Brothers investment banking house. He too lacked a Harvard degree but brought to the Corporation the international power of Barings and the long standing relationship with the Bowditch family, aligning himself with other Boston elites who-as Story puts it-- "for the first time projected business values and practices onto its central cultural institution (i.e. Harvard College)." From 1830 until 1842 Corporation Treasurer T.W. Ward would be a major force in cultivating what Story calls Harvard's new cast of mind: "discipline, precision, regularity, utility, and productivity" (Brahmin, p. 102). Ward, Thomas Wren & Harvard pg. l of2 LD 2139 T5 Copy 1 A BUNDLE OF STATISTIC RELATING TO THE ose who s an GRADUATES OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. B N 14. 127, VE GATHERED FOR THE Two hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary, NOVEMBER 5-8, 1886. P9.20F2 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SENATUS ACADEMICUS, 1836. 0 029 934 474 5 PRASES. HON. JOSIAS QUINCY, LL.D. SOCII. Hon. JOSEPHUS STORY, LL.D. HON. NATHANAEL BOWDITCH, LL.D. Hon. LEMUEL SHAW, LL.D. How. FRANCISCUS-CALLEY GRAY, A.M. REV. JACOBUS WALKER, S.T.D. THOMAS-WREN WARD, Arm., Thesaurarius. PROFESSORES. Hist. Nat. Prof. Mass. Rev. Henricus Ware, S.T.D., Theol. Prof. Hollis. Theol. Nat., Phil. Mor., et Polit. Civ. Prof. Alford. Jacobus Jackson, M.D., Med. Theor. et Prax. Prof. Hers. Johannes-Collins Warren, M.D., Anat. et Chirurg. Prof. Hers. Hon. Josephus Story, LL.D., Leg. Prof. Dan. Ling. Hehr. cat. 9. Orient. Prof. Hancock. Math. et Phil. Nat. Prof. Hollis. Simon Greenleaf, LL.D., Leg. Prof. Royall. Jacob Bigelow, M.D., Mat. Med. Prof. Ling. et Lit. Hisp. Gall. g. Prof. Smith et Lit. Polit. Prof. Gualterus Channing, M.D., Obstetricii et Med. Furisprad. Prof Edvardus-Tyrrel Channing, A.M., Rhet. et Orat. Prof. Boylst n. Georgius Hayward, M.D., Chirurg. et Chirurg. Clin. Prof. Acad. Johannes-White Webster, M.D., Chem. et Min. Prof. Erving. Rev. Henricus Ware, Jun., S.T.D., Eloquent. Sacr. et Cura Past. Prof. Daniel Treadwell, A.M., Prof. Rumford. Johannes Ware, M.D., Med. Theor. at Prax. Prof. Adjunct. Rev. Johannes-Gorham Palfrey, S.T.D., Lit. Sacr. Prof. Carolus Beck, P.D., Ling. Lat. Prof. Acad. Cornelius-Conway Felton, A.M., Lit. Grac. Prof. Eliot. Benjamin Peirce, A.M., Math. Prof. Acad. College. TUTORES. Franciscus Bowen, A.B., Ling. Grac. Tut. Josephus Lovering, A.B., Math. et Nat. Phil. Tut. Carolus Mason, A.B., Ling. Lat. Tut. PRACEPTORES. Franciscus Sales, A.M., Ling. Hisp. et Gall. Pracept. Petrus Bachi, A.M., J.U.D., Ling. Ital. et Hisp. et Ir. Franciscus-Maria-Josephus Surault, Ling. Gall. Prac Gulielmus-Hammatt Simmons, A.M., Rhet. el Oral. BIBLIOTHECARIU Thaddaes-Gulielmus Harris, M.D. *Treasurer 0-1842. succeeded ly Samuel A-Eliot 1842-53 Harvard University. Treasurer. Records of the Treasurer of Harvard University : an invent Page 1 of 70 UAI 50.x Harvard University. Treasurer. Records of the Treasurer of Harvard University : an inventory Harvard University Archives VERRI TAS Harvard University ©2010 The President and Fellows of Harvard College Descriptive Summary Repository: Harvard University Archives Call No.: UAI 50.x Creator: Harvard University. Treasurer. Title: Records of the Treasurer of Harvard University, 1669-2008 Quantity: 127.42 cubic feet (124 legal document boxes, 49 flat boxes, 16 document boxes, 11 card boxes, 220 volumes, 2 half document boxes, 1 legal half document box, 202 folders, 4 record cartons, and 1 reel) Abstract: The Records of the Treasurer of Harvard University document the management and oversight of Harvard's finances including income, expenses, and assets. Most of the records date from 1755 to 1970, with a nearly complete series of University accounting records spanning 1669 to 1966 and annual reports spanning 1735 to the present. Note: This document last updated 2011 January 6. Acquisition Information: The majority of the records of the Harvard Treasurer were acquired by the University Archives directly from the Treasurer's office, although some early records remained the personal property of treasurers and were returned to the University at a later date. Processing Information: Most of this material was first classified and described in the Harvard University Archives shelflist prior to 1980. In 2005, University archivists initiated a project to analyze and describe the Records of the Treasurer. This involved a full survey, extensive reorganization, and enhanced description, as well re-housing of the entire collection. This work was carried out by Michael Austin, Juliana Kuipers, Jennifer Pelose, and Kate Bowers. In the course of the project, call numbers were retained only for record series beginning in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The call numbers that were not retained were simplified. A list of http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/xslTransform;jsessionid=EBCC5512A91DD39889... 4/1/2011 4/25/20 Quing vennial Cataloger of Haward University 1830-1842, ps. 10 f. Prendest Josech Juney (1/29/29 - 8/27/45) Henry Ware are of Acting Pies. 1828-29* Fallows 1818 Epiphalet Porter 1833 1825 Charles Jackson 1834 1825 Jooeph Aboy 1845 1826 National Boundetch 1830 1826 7.C. Ging (836 1834 hemuel show 1861 1834 Jane Walker 1853 1837 John amous Lowell 1877 / 838 Charle Gieely Loving 1857 Treasurer 1810 John Dars 1827 1827 Ebenizer France 1830 1830 Thom Walward 1842 1842 Samel athes Flort 1853 Prenent John T.Keihland hug resigned 4/2/1828 Page I of2 The Influence and History of the Boston Athenaeum. Boston: Boston Athenaeum, 1907. In th e Preface it is stated that many portraits should have appeared in this volume but were not included when it was decided to limit inbclusion to Trustee Presidents, Librarians, and chief benefactors which accounts for the omission of Thomas Wren Ward and others like Francis Parkman. WARD FUND-The bequest in 1858 of $5,000.00 by Thomas Wren Ward, Treasurer of the Athenaeum, the income for the purchase of books. [Permanent Funds of the Boston Athenaeum, January 1, 1907] [Chief Gifts and Bequests to the B.A.]: T.W. Ward is a 8.5.22 Subscriber with 45 others to procure a portrait of James Perkins, Esq. T.W. Ward is a 1923 Subscriber with 51 others to erect a lecture building to furnish literary and scientific instruction. T.W. Ward is 1824 Subscriber along with 103 other gentlemen for a bust of Washington. T.W. Ward in 1826 along with 6 others Subscribed to purchase scientific transactions of foreign societies. T.W Ward in 1826 was part of a committee to raise funds for a scientific library along with the likes of Nathaniel Bowditch and George Ticknor. T.W. Ward was the fourth Treasurer of the B.A. from 1828-1936, preceded by Nathan Appleton and succeeded by Josiah Quincy, Jr. Charles Pickering Bowditch would also take on this role for two decades, 1877-1898. Samuel Dorr was a Trustee, 1826-27. Samuel Gray Ward was a Trustee 1853-55. Barrett Wendell was a Trustee, 1890- T.W. Ward was a Proprietor. See pg. 140, certificates # 270 and 271 dated 1844, the latter passed to George Cabot Ward then Philippe Wolff in 1878 and then John Eliot Wolfe whereas the former went to John Gallison Ward, Thomas Wren Ward (in 1859), then Theodore Hastings (1886), Charles Chauncy Shackforth (1886), and then Robert Swain Peabody (1894). There was an additional earlier certificate (#154) to T.W. ward in 1822 that went to Charles L. Field (1858), John Sidney Davenport (1867), and Augusta Page 2of Kimball Horton (1876). Finally, certificates 689 to Samuel GFray Ward (1850) then to Charles Henry Bennett and Charles Goddard Weld; to T.W. Ward in 1850 then to Catherine Scollay in 1858, Sullivan Whitney in 1863, William dade Brewer Jr. in 1891 and George Dade Blinn in 1898. Samuel Dorr (#179) certificate dated 1822 went to Charles Hazen Dorr in 1845 then to George Bucknam Dorr in 1894. R.Epp 46 The Forging of an Aristocracy The Financial Regime 47 Massachusetts Hospital Life, where he introduced a number of founder and officer of the Massachusetts Hospital Life and the crucial financial and accounting procedures during the 1820s, Suffolk Bank and a director of the Boston Bank, the Massachu- Bowditch, too, acquired a comfortable, if not enormous, estate. setts Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Boston, the Charles He also drew an annual salary of $6,000 from the Massachusetts River Bank of Cambridge, and of large textile firms in Massachu- Hospital Life, making him the highest-paid business executive in setts, New Hampshire, and Maine. So utterly successful was the country at the time. 15 "There are few," said a contemporary, Francis's quest for wealth that he left an estate of some $3.4 "who have done so much for the community in some of the most million, the largest ever probated in antebellum New England; intricate branches of business, particularly in those relating to and SO imposing was his business reputation that when Bowditch navigation and insurance, or who have given so much thought urged the resignation of Kirkland's steward, Stephen Higginson, and attention to business. "16 Indeed, as a historian of American it was argued that under Francis even Higginson might do science writes, it was precisely his "success in business" that adequate work. Quincy saw Francis's financial reforms as the enabled Bowditch to complete his greatest scientific contribu- bedrock of Harvard's future development. As Francis's son-in- tions" in mathematics. 17 law tactfully phrased it, "Few of his contemporaries had a clearer Bowditch, appropriately enough, disliked the merely "orna- understanding of the working of our institutions "21 mental" with some intensity. Having played the flute as a young Another member of this administration was Francis C. Gray man, he abandoned it as "unprofitable" and conducive to bad an heir of millionaire shipper William Gray. Gray studied law habits, and advised a friend that music and business were in- but, like Quincy, never bothered to practice, spending his time compatible and that no one had ever succeeded at both. While instead in Whig politics, in such organizations as the Histori- traveling, he preferred the sight of mills and machines, with cal Society and the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in be- their "strong marks of usefulness" and "great saving of labour," to coming an economic writer of some note. 22 But Gray's interests mere scenery. At all times he loved "authority," dealt "harshly" also involved large business ventures, notably the Merchants with deviations from "the straight line of his directions," and Bank of Boston, the Western Railroad, a Boston machine shop, a "abhored the capricious exercise of mercy. "18 He was naturally Boston ropeworks, a New Hampshire textile mill. and the New offended by Kirkland's airy indiscipline and affectations of ele- England iron manufacturing firm of his brother, I lorace Gray. 23 gance; but he naturally worked exceedingly well with Quincy, The Corporation of 1829 also included two prominent who was a veritable alter-ego. As Bowditch told Quincy's lawyers, Charles Jackson and Joseph Story. Both were jurists daughter in 1827, "There has a great deal been wasted and lost at and legal scholars who made their living teaching, practicing, Cambridge, but there is a noble property left. Mr. Francis and I and adjudicating the law. Both, however, had significant busi- have put the finances in order, and if you ladies will only let Mr. ness interests as well. Jackson was a heavy investor in the Quincy go there, the Corporation will do everything for you. "19 Waltham and Lowell textile mills which his brother Patrick "Mr. Francis' was the Corporation's new treasurer, Ebenezer Tracy Jackson had helped to organize. He also owned an iron Francis, a "shrewd and close financier" whose "rare mercantile rolling mill in East Boston and, according to his brother James, talents" had long been "concentrated upon the acquisition of "kept busy enriching himself and all of us who were concerned great wealth. "20 Francis began his business career in shipping with him in his Pennsylvania Iron Works. "24 Jackson seems in and real estate, where he was so "exceedingly economical" that fact to have been the first Corporation Fellow with substantial he "wheedled" writing pens from his clerks and forced them to industrial investments outside New England. collect his rents as well as record his ladings. But he was also a Joseph Story's tenure on the Corporation coincided with his Ronald Story 48 The Forging of an Aristocracy Wesleyan U.P., The Financial Regime 49 tenure on the United States Supreme Court, which understand- 1980 Benjamin Nichols, who worked on the administrative records ably occupied much of his time, and with his law professorship and financial accounts in the late 1820s, was a director of the in Cambridge, which occupied still more of it. In his judicial Suffolk Bank, the Massachusetts Hospital Life, and the National capacity alone Story was of immense practical value to Harvard, Insurance Company. Of Nichols, who also held stock in several as will be seen later. But he was a fitting and active member of Massachusetts textile mills, a leading financier said that "he this particular Corporation as well. He was, for example, a direc- unites the Lawyer, the Investigator, and the Man of business tor of the Salem Savings Bank and an officer of the Merchants more than almost any one. "28 Bank of Salem, and his contemporaries considered him an "able Three other men rounded out the regime to perfection. The financier" whose direction made his commercial bank a "model" I first was Samuel Hubbard, who served as counsel for the Corpo- for others to emulate. ration in this period and was a director of the three great financial Indeed, as recent biographical work demonstrates, it was institutions of Boston and an officer and stockholder of the Story's intimate banking interests, among other things, which largest New Hampshire textile mill. The second was Franklin gave him his exceptional insight into the workings of the emerg- H. Story, who acted as counsel in the early 1830s. Story was a ing capitalist economy. He thus promoted an "industrial de- director of the Globe Bank and the Boston Manufacturers' velopment board" for Salem; took the lead in urging the passage Mutual Fire Insurance Company and also assistant agent of the of limited liability legislation for Massachusetts corporations; American office of Baring's, where by the 1830s he earned the and sought, as a jurist and scholar, to bring "order to the law very considerable salary of $5,000 per year. 29 governing the American economy," now clearly a "mobile, Finally, Thomas W. Ward, who replaced Ebenezer Francis as business-oriented economy rather than a static agricultural treasurer at the end of 1830, was not only head of Baring's one. "25 His opinions, accordingly, aimed at encouraging venture American branch but also,a director of the Provident Institution capital by securing the rights of property and also at stimulating for Savings, the Massachusetts Hospital Life, the Boston Marine industrial technology by securing the rights of inventors; and his Insurance Company, the Boston and Worcester Railroad, and a works proved the "cornerstone" of American commercial and substantial investor in New England textile mills. "A life of patent law. Story urged the establishment of a chair of commer- constant exertion and activity," Ward wrote to a friend early in cial law at Harvard and dedicated a renowned work on prom- his career, renders "business a pleasure to me." So important issory notes, appropriately enough, to the famous Boston mer- was his position as Baring's agent in Boston - in which capacity chant, Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Equally appropriately, he he accumulated some $250,000 in manufacturing stocks supported the election of "stout Quincy" to the presidency. 26 alone - that by 1830, when he became Harvard's treasurer, he These same interests, attitudes, and values appeared through- felt able to say of virtually any fellow industrialist, "If I say I out the "financial" administration. Thus Charles Sanders, who know him to be a man of property his credit is for the time replaced Higginson as steward, was a former associate of Salem established. 30 millionaire Dudly Lowell Pickman, who recommended him as "very correct and methodical in his accounts" and exactly suited for the office. Once installed, Sanders initiated "a rigid financial These new Fellows did not hesitate to mold the Harvard Corpo- system in the details of college expenditures, similar to that in- ration in a different image. Where Kirkland had been tolerant itiated by Mr. Francis in the management of the funds." Mean- and lackadaisical in his administration, exercising light and flexi- while, he accumulated for himself an estate of some $500,000. 27 ble control over faculty and students, Quincy and his colleagues The Forging of an Aristocracy The Financial Regime 53 Francis. Francis, to complete the circle, married a daughter of Israel Thorndike, a Beverly-born millionaire (and Harvard pa- Additional support came from families such as the Lawrences tron) who had arrived in Boston in 181 37 and Curtises, whose interests and antecedents (commercial- Like "financial," however, "Salem" had pejorative connota- industrial, nouveau-arriviste) were similar to those of the new tions, as its coupling with words such as "cynicism" and "sailor" group. Textile magnate Amos Lawrence thus wrote to Bow- ditch's sons in later years: would suggest. The epithet implied that the new men were in fact parvenus, at least as compared to the families of somewhat I hardly feel that I am a competent judge, where any question longer standing - Winthrop, Eliot, Adams, Brooks, Lowell, comes up touching your father's labours & trials in reforming the Cabot - who were most prone to use the term. There was, of college, for I was a daily witness of them for months & Years, & course, substance to the insinuation. Bowditch was a cooper's sympathized in all his feelings. He is entitled to the gratitude of son who began his career as a clerk and a ship's hand; Francis's the public for these labours, & will receive it & be remembered for father was an impecunious Continental soldier whose death in good, when Dr. K[irkland] will be forgotten. 40 1777 left his son to his own resources. 38 In the same vein, it was said that these were men "without Further support came from conservative politicians such as classical education, or not originally belonging to the Alumni of Rufus Choate and Daniel Webster, who wrote to Joseph Story in Harvard." And indeed, of the four non Harvardians elected to connection with the election of Quincy, "I am against a clergyman. the Corporation during the nineteenth century, three - He is not to soar up the shrouds, nor to go out in the Boat, Bowditch, Francis. and Ward - belonged to this "financial" or but to stand at the helm and look at the needle. "41 Finally, even "Salem" group. Josiah Quincy, with his indisputable colonial such erstwhile critics as the Lowells, Cabots, and Brookses came antecedents, surely served to redress the balance. But even round. Remarks about parvenus and materialism gradually sub- Quincy's nomination reportedly "startled" the Board of Over- the elite. 42 sided. By 1835 or so support was reasonably solid throughout seers in much the way that Charles Eliot's nomination did in 1869, and a third of the Board actually opposed his election. 39 The acceptance of the new Corporation, after SO compara- tively cool a reception, resulted partly from the gradual accom- modation of conflicting personalities, an accommodation made This new regime thus seemed to many observers simultaneously much easier, no doubt, because the new group was as uniformly materialistic, abrasive, clannish, and arriviste - hardly, on the Federalist (proto-Whig) and Arminian (Unitarian) as the old. But surface, an auspicious reputation on which to build. It is impor- acceptance derived from three more fundamental and interre- tant to note, therefore, that the group was not only elected in lated circumstances as well. First, the emergence of the new spite of this image but drew strong support from an increasing regime represented the "arrival," both residentially, and eco- range of elite families. Backing came first, understandably nomically, of an element so cohesive and influential that it could enough, from Essex County, where the new Fellows retained not easily be denied access to positions of appropriate status and close ties with men who became large donors or were influential power in the elite community. Such accessions to prominence, on the Board of Overseers, including Pickerings and Pickmans, though perhaps more spectacular in this case because of its ab- Saltonstalls and Silsbees, Danes and Peabodys, most of them in rupt "phalanx" quality, were not atypical in the evolving Proper the process of moving to Boston, like the new Corporation Fel- Boston of the nineteenth century. Service on boards such as the lows. Harvard Corporation was an important step of absorption and consolidation within the elite. The ascension and acceptance of The Forging of an Aristocracy The Financial Regime 55 the Salemites, precisely because of their own internal cohesion and influence, their involvement with so large and prestigious an one of "ever-increasing importance" on through the middle dec- institution, and the unique visibility of the process, was among ades of the century. So, too, with the heretofore rather casually the most important and interesting consolidating steps of all. considered office of treasurer. By 1840 Thomas W. Ward was Second, the group represented financial and industrial calling its duties "onerous"; by 1860 many believed it to be as interests - textile mills and other manufacturing interests, New important as the presidency. 44 England railroads and British investment banking, the major Piety, elegance, and learning were by no means disregarded in Boston financial institutions as well as traditional maritime mid-century Cambridge; nor would the business-culture connec- commerce - - which, again, involved a kind of concentrated eco- tion at Harvard necessarily be the crude type which obtained nomic power difficult to deny. In many cases these interests had between certain late nineteenth-century private universities and not existed prior to 1820; certainly they were not so thoroughly their Robber Baron patrons. 45 In spite of its steady seculariza- represented on the Harvard Corporation before 1825. Nor, it tion, for example, the Corporation always included a minister, should be noted, was the time lag very great, for these concerns and, in spite of commercialization, often a scholar of some kind. were rapidly becoming primary investment outlets for the elite As a rule, too, Corporation members probably remained more as a whole, as attested by the concomitant triumph of protec- highly partisan in religion and politics, or at least more articulate tionism in Boston political circles. In this sense, therefore, the and voluble, and possibly (not certainly) a shade less acquisitive Corporation served as a mechanism for the maintenance of a at the core of their being. Ralph Waldo Emerson noted of Ed- healthy relationship between a central elite cultural institution ward Everett's election to the presidency in 1846, "The satisfac- and the economic forces which were becoming the foundation of tion of men in this appointment is complete. Boston is contented elite development. At Princeton, Yale, and the University of because he is so creditable, safe, & prudent, and the scholars Pennsylvania, by contrast, the governing boards remained non- because he is a scholar, & understands the business."46 Thomas secular and noncommercial for another half-century Ward writing to an English banker in 1850, described John 3 Finally, and perhaps most crucial, the financial regime intro- Amory Lowell in similar terms of balance and proportion: "Illisis duced to Harvard a cast of mind whose chief characteristics, as in the government of Harvard College, has the sole care of the perceived by contemporaries and as worked out in practice, were Lowell Institute, and although a thorough man of business is also discipline, precision, regularity, utility, and productivity - a man of taste and great literary acquirement. "47 Men recognized "bourgeois" characteristics, as it were, which were deemed es- the fact that a university was not precisely a textile mill nor a sential because the university was now larger and more complex professor precisely an industrial functionary, and that an effec- and required more effective governance and also because its tive Fellow required a multiplicity of interests and an apprecia- funds now derived solely from business patrons who exhibited tion of intellect as well as efficiency. Hence the identity of this mentality in their own affairs, prized it for its own sake, and patron lute. and governor, however close, would never become abso- favored its extension, at least at this administrative level, to Har- vard. The president of the university, accordingly, was no Nonetheless, since organizational complexity and business pa- longer a teacher or preacher or cultural "ornament" as before or tronage were more or less constant at Harvard for the rest of the as his counterparts at Yale, Princeton, and Pennsylvania would century and beyond, the business presence was likewise more or remain till late in the century and beyond. 43 At Harvard, for less constant. This was the underlying meaning of the financial better or worse, the president was now an administrator, his role administration: it was the vehicle whereby the Boston elite, al- most in spite of itself, projected business values and practices The Forging of an Aristocracy onto its central cultural institution. The election of Lowell to the Corporation in 1837 did not therefore signal the ascendance of State Street at Harvard. It simply finalized a development well under way by 1830. Thanks to Quincy, Bowditch, Francis, Story, and Ward, whatever the university's broader social func- tions might be, administratively and financially it would hereaf- ter reflect the banker's mentality and the rhythms of modern industry. With all qualifications acknowledged, in sum, the con- sequence of the infusion of private business wealth into Harvard was the "purchase" of its primary governing body. 196 The Forging of an Aristocracy the Common Man,' American Historical Review 76(October 1971):989-1034; Richard Eddy Sykes, "Massachusetts Unitarianism and Social Change: A Reli- gious Social System in Transition, 1780-1870" (Ph.D diss., University of Minnesota, 1967); Horace Wadlin, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Massachu- setts Bureau of Statistics of Labor (Boston, 1885), pp. 264-267. 5.) Blumin, "Mobility and Change," p. 206. When Oliver Wendell Holmes first used the term "Brahmin" in Elsie Venner (Boston, 1861), he referred to the intellectual elite of New England rather than to its economic princes (pp. 17-19), although in other works from these years he clearly indicated that books also implied wealth and position, as I note in chapter 7. Just three years later, John Lothrop Motley employed the word to mean "rich, well-born. and virtuous" (Memorial to Josiah Quincy [Cambridge, 1864], p. 11). By 1869 the anonymous author of Fair Harvard (New York, 1869) means by "Brahmin" someone of inherited wealth and ascribed high status and assumes that his audience will understand and accept that usage without further explanation (pp. 269-270). For "Boston Associates" and "Whig Aristocracy,' see e.g. Han- nah Josephson, The Golden Threads (New York, 1949), p. 79-111. As I note in the preface, an "upper class" may be said to differ from an "elite" in the greater proportion of community wealth it controls; in the greater cohe- sion of its occupational, familial, and generational components; and in its greater consciousness of its interests vis-à-vis antagonistic social elements. Dif- ferent theorists have, of course, stressed different aspects of class development. For an emphasis on accumulation and economic engrossment, see e.g. G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America? (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1967), p. 5; for coherence and continuity, Edward N. Saveth, "The American Patrician Class: A Field for Research," in American History and the Social Sciences, ed. E. N. Saveth (New York and London, 1964), pp. 212-215; for conflict and con- sciousness, Eugene D. Genovese, The World the Slaveholders Made (New York, 1969), p. 5. In this study I have generally followed the usage of Frederic Jaher, employing "elite" when discussing developments before 1860 and "upper class" thereafter. 6. Lee Soltow, "Comment," in Soltow, Six Papers, p. 25. The "middle-class democracy" concept is from Robert E. Brown, Middle-Class Democracy and the Revolution in Massachusetts, 1691-1780 (Ithaca, 1955), a much-maligned but meritorious work. For "common man" interpretations of the antebellum era per se, see, e.g., Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford, 1957); Stanley Elkins, Slavery (New York, 1963), pp. 140-206; Lee Benson, Tbe Concept of Jacksonian Democracy (Princeton, N.J., 1961), where it is suggested that the period be called the "Age of Egalitarianism." 7. Blumin, "Mobility and Change," p. 204. 8. Frederic Cople Jaher, "Nineteenth-Century Elites in Boston and New York," Journal of Social History 6(spring 1972):39. 9. Henry G. Pearson, "Frederic Tudor, Ice King," MHSP (November 1933): 185-186. Page I of4 Ward, Thomas Wren (20 November 1786-04 March 1858) J.R. Killick https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001715 Published in print: 1999 Published online: February 2000 Ward, Thomas Wren (20 November 1786-04 March 1858), merchant banker, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of William Ward, a merchant, and Martha Proctor. His father had worked for William Gray of Salem, the leading New England shipowner; he later moved to Medford and became president of the State Bank in Boston. Thomas's mother died when he was young, and his father married Joanna Chipman of Marblehead, Mrs. William Gray's sister. Thomas Ward was educated at Foster's School in Andover but was sent to sea at the age of ten. By the time he was twenty he had sailed several times to Asia, Europe, and the American South and was commanding his own ship. At age seventeen he had brought his ship home from Calcutta, his captain being ill and the mate dead. In 1810 he married Lydia Gray, the daughter of his uncle Samuel Gray, William Gray's brother. The couple had eight children. Ward soon set up business in New York with his cousin Jonathon Goodhue. Aided by generous commissions from William Gray, the firm apparently prospered, despite the difficult trading conditions, between 1810 and 1817. In 1817 Ward returned to Boston and formed a new partnership with William Ropes; this lasted until early 1825 when, "business becoming unprofitable," he "retired" to enjoy his family, private study, and Boston social life However, by September 1827, he confided to his diary, he would shortly have to either reenter business or retrench. If he chose business, he added, then his commitment should be wholehearted. In 1828 he visited England, where he was invited by Joshua Bates to become sole agent for Baring Brothers in America. Bates had worked with Ward in William Gray's counting house, had then managed Gray's ships in England, and had recently become a leading partner in Barings. After some consideration Ward agreed to Barings' proposition in October 1829) With Ward's assistance, Barings became the leading Anglo-American merchant house in the early 1830s. The Barings and Bates provided the capital and strategy of the house, but Ward provided the essential American connection and representation. The London partners recognized Ward was hard working, determined, honest, and well informed, if sometimes also mildly eccentric. His main task in the early 1830s was to select, organize, and report on the Barings' clients and business interests in North America. He was able to build a strong clientele for the firm among prosperous New England merchants and manufacturers who needed Baring credits to import coffee and sugar from Latin America or cotton from the American South. He also tapped into the network of New England merchants, who, like Jonathon Goodhue and Prime Ward and King, had established themselves in New York in the early nineteenth century and had become the leading American trading houses. These and similar firms controlled many of the New York packet lines. Through them the Barings' interests extended to financing several packet lines and controlling a substantial share of the southern cotton trade. Ward also bought and sold on the firm's behalf. The Barings controlled the general policy of the firm, for instance, encouraging Ward to expand credits in the early 1830s and to contract sharply in 1836. They also established detailed rules over the handling of credits. In practice, however, slow transatlantic communications often obliged them to Page 1 of 4 Printed from American National Biography. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). ZofA trust Ward's discretion. Almost all of the Barings' North American business passed through his hands, and he was paid a substantial basic salary of £2,000 in 1832, with additional allowances and opportunities (In the first three years of his agency-exclusive of bond operations, he calculated later- he had granted credits to American merchants worth $50 million. In comparison, the total value of American imports over the same period was about $250 million Barings' share fell in the mid-1830s as more aggressive houses took advantage of the boom. Barings' cautious policy and Ward's careful administration, however, placed them in a very strong position after the panic of 1837. In 1837 and 1839, therefore, Ward not only dunned recalcitrant clients but also expanded Barings' operations. From 1838 to 1842 he secured for the firm very large cotton shipments on commission and on their own account, These exceeded 100,000 bales in 1839-1840, worth about $4 million. Barings considered cotton "the great staple by which we hope to make up for all our losses" (Hidy, p. 255) They also floated very large loans in Europe for state governments, canals, banks and railroads, and assisted the Second Bank of the United States (BUS). Ward handled the American end of all these substantial transactions through very difficult times, effectively and with few losses. Ward protected the Barings' interests not only by effective management but also by influencing American public opinion.) In 1838 he argued strongly in the press and with leading bankers in favor of resumption of specie payments. Assisted by both the temporary recovery in 1838 and large gold inflows, most banks had resumed payments by mid-1839. The fresh collapse in late 1839, however, caused new suspension in the South and West, but not in New York and New England. Ward claimed in January 1840 that the Boston and New York banks were prevented from suspending mainly through my influence & knowledge of the position of the Bank of the United States, and that it must suspend [I showed] them that the effect [of its suspension] would be to relieve [them] After the suspension, the [BUS] did everything in [its] power to break down the New York Banks and the Boston Banks I authorized the Banks in both cities to draw on Barings largely, which gave confidence & prevented export of specie and suspension. Mr. Sam Ward in New York & Mr. Wm Appleton and Mr. Nathan Appleton here aided much in giving publick opinion the right direction (Diary, 5 Jan. 1840) Ward also led the struggle in America in the 1840s to persuade state governments to avoid default and to resume payments on their debts. The Barings were especially interested in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana and hoped that if these could be persuaded to resume the rest would follow. "If we can keep Maryland right" wrote Bates to Ward in November 1841, "I shall be very happy pray look to it without delay" (Ziegler, p. 153). Initially Ward balked, but he then launched a very effective campaign to encourage resumption. He secured Daniel Webster as counsel; hired agents such as John H. Latrobe, the attorney of the Baltimore and Ohio, to lobby politicians; and flooded the press with articles demanding resumption. He even persuaded the clergy to adapt their sermons. "Every Christian man and woman," he wrote, "will feel this obligation when it is presented to their attention" (Ziegler, p. 154). Most states did resume payments in the mid-1840s. Long run influences such as the growing prosperity of the United States and the increased desire for new investments were most important. However, Ward's campaign did count at critical points, including victories in the Pennsylvania and Maryland legislatures in 1844 and 1847, respectively. Page 2 of 4 Printed from American National Biography. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). 3of4 Ward continued to manage the Barings' substantial cotton purchases through the 1840s. He also executed very large secret British government corn orders for Ireland in 1847. By the late 1840s Ward began seeking retirement. Bates had assured him in 1841 that he "possessed the entire confidence of the House" and that they had permitted him "to exercise a power which no one partner would have been allowed to exercise" (Diary, 30 Aug. 1841). In 1848 Bates assured him that they would "never find anyone to manage the business as well as you have done" (Hidy, p. 580). Privately, however, in 1849, Bates reported Ward had become prolix and slow and that "the liberality and high character of the House drew the business and not T. W. W.'s influence, which was rather a drag" (Ziegler, p. 208). Finding a new agent as experienced and trustworthy as Ward proved difficult, however, and thus Ward remained Barings' agent until 1853, when his son Samuel Gray Ward succeeded him and ran the agency until 1884. Samuel had worked with his father since 1849, handling the negotiations for the large Mexican indemnity loan and managing Barings' rapidly growing railroad interest. The relative freedom of the agent's role suited Ward's personality. He wrote in 1838 that "having no concerns of my own, my mind is free for Barings, free for Society, free for my family and free for objects of public usefulness" (Diary, Mar. 1838) Yet this role, despite his relative anonymity, made him one of the most influential men in the United States. He was on good terms with the leading Boston merchants and manufacturers, the Appletons, Brooks, and Lawrences, and few ventures in Massachusetts were started without their approval and aid Ward served as trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital, treasurer of the Boston Athenaeum (1828-1836), director of the Massachusetts Board of Internal Improvements, and treasurer of Harvard (1830-1842) Of the latter he wrote in 1841, "I should continue to hold the office of Treasurer there is no one else who has the means of doing it so well or with so little trouble, nor is there any other person in the Corporation who will give his time and thought to the general management of the College" (Diary, 24 Jan. 1841 Ward's major private preoccupation was reading, in English, the British, French, and Latin classics. His diary shows great concern for his family Upon his death at home in Boston, he left $650,000, including small legacies to the Boston Athenaeum, Harvard, the American Peace Society, and the Boston Missionary Society. Bibliography Ward's career can be followed from three main sources: the Ward Family Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society in Boston; the Baring Papers at the Bank in London, England; and the Baring papers in the Canadian National Archives in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Barings' London archives originally contained all of Ward's in-letters and the Barings' replies. The Baring collection in the Canadian National Archives was created when a substantial proportion of these letters were removed to Ottawa before World War II. The collection in the Massachusetts Historical Society includes Samuel Gray Ward, The Ward Family Papers (1900), by Thomas Ward's son; transcripts of Thomas Ward's diaries, 1828-1855; and many Ward family papers, 1655-1899. These include Ward's correspondence with his family, 1797-1857, and with Joshua Bates. The most useful books on Barings and on Ward's role in the firm are Ralph W. Hidy, The House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work, 1763-1861 (1949), and Philip Ziegler, The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1762-1929 (1988). Hidy focuses relatively narrowly on the business history of the firm's operations in North America over the antebellum period; Ziegler provides a wider ranging survey. Hidy's original relatively brief Dictionary of American Biography entry was apparently written before he had used the London and Massachusetts manuscript sources. Stanley Chapman, The Rise of Merchant Banking (1984), provides a good survey of British merchant banking. The milieu in which Page 3 of 4 Printed from American National Biography. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out article nersonal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). 4of4 Ward moved in Boston can be assessed from Robert F. Dalzell, The Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made (1987), and Edward Pessen, Riches, Class and Power before the Civil War (1973). See also Gray, William (1750-1825), merchant and public official Bates, Joshua (1788-1864), merchant and banker Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), politician and lawyer Latrobe, John Hazlehurst Boneval (1803-1891), lawyer Page 4 of 4 Printed from American National Biography. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice) note E.Fromes was Treasures with 400 of the Harvard University A immediately prior to the maternal 1830-42 tenure of the pate SKETCH OF THE LIFE grandfather of George B. Darr, OF THE LATE Thousa When Ward. EBENEZER FRANCIS, OF BOSTON. Rebert BY R. M. MASON. [Robert Means Mason] From Hunt's Merchants' Magazine for April, 1859, New Park : PRINTED BY GEORGE W. WOOD, NO. 9 DUTCH STREET. 1859. 8/20/2020 Xfinity Connect RE_Web question Printout Meg Winslow 8/20/2020 6:09 PM RE: Web question To eppster2@comcast.net Copy Jennifer Johnston Hello again! Thank you for your email and request about Thomas W. Ward who was indeed recorded as having been at the famous meeting held by Dr. Bigelow in his home on Summer Steet in 1825. Below is a clip from the 1857 Dearborn's Guide detailing those "promient citizens" and "gentlemen of Boston" were there that day - including Thomaw Wren Ward. I hope this is helpful. I will be able to dig a little further if needed - just let me know. I do remember when you were at Mount Auburn so many years ago researching George Dorr. I hope this finds you well. With all my very best, Meg Winslow Licorge Whe. Bond, Treasurer 2 This latter society was Incorporated, as "THE PROPRIETORS OF MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY," June 23, 1831, and the ground consecrated on the 24th of Sept., in that year : the first meeting for agitating this subject, was held in 1825, at the house of Dr. Jacob Bigelow, the present Pres- ident of the society; with the aid of the late George Bond, Wm. Sturgis, Jr. Pickering the late Hon. John Lowell, the late Samuel P. Gardiner, Thomas W. Ward, Nathan Hale, and John Tappan; who realized their fondest hopes in founding the FIRST, by date ; the most enobling, and most beautiful garden cemetery in this extensive country ; to become in time a paradise of sculptuary, of monuments and mausoleums, interspersed amid nature's lovliest productions ; the capaciousness of the ground will permit 20,000 * his daughter, Elizbeth married John Chipreca Gray. https://connect.xfinity.com/appsuite/v=7.10.3-6.20200722.054551/print.html?print_1597970409358 his wife was Rebecaa Russell towell. 1/3 8/20/2020 Xfinity Connect RE_Web question Printout lots of 300 superficial square feet, the price of which is fifty cents per square foot in its natural state, and with few exceptions, such as choice locations, for which a higher price is required; around these lots the Avenues for carriages, 20 feet wide, and Paths for pedestrians, 6 feet wide, are laid out circuitously, to an extent, if measured in one straight line, would span a distance of 30 miles : about 2600 Lots have been disposed of, and about 450 Monuments, Shafts, Cenotaphs, Obelisks, and Slabs, have been raised to hallow and adorn the spot. All monies received from the sale of Lots or from any other source, is expended in ornamenting and improving this Garden Cemetery. During the two first Meg L. Winslow Curator of Historical Collections & Archives Mount Auburn Cemetery 580 Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, MA 02138 mwinslow@mountauburn.org From: Jennifer Johnston Sent: Thursday, August 20, 2020 4:22 PM To: Meg Winslow ; Jessica Bussmann ; (s.pinkerton@verizon.net) https://connect.xfinity.com/appsuite/v=7.10.3-6.20200722.054551/print.html?print_1597970409358 2/3 8/20/2020 Xfinity Connect RE_Webquestion Printout Subject: Web question Ronald Epp eppster2@comcast.net Would appreciate information on whether Thomas Wren Ward (1786-1858) was invited by Jacob Bigelow to the 1825 Mt. Auburn exploratory meeting at his home. Ward is regarded as a proprietor but knowing about the beginning of his involvement would be most helpful to me as I make revisions on the life of his grandson, George B. Dorr (1853-1944). image002.jpg (136 KB) https://connect.xfinity.com/appsuite/v=7.10.3-6.20200722.054551/print.html?print_1597970409358 3/3 NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY 73 (Dec.2000):603- 624. Redefining the Economic Elite in Salem, Massachusetts, 1759-1799: A Tale of Evolution, Not Revolution RICHARD J. MORRIS C onsider, if you will, three case studies. Born into an old and prosperous agricultural family in northern Essex County, Massachusetts, in 1724, George Dodge migrated to Salem around 1750. Prior to the American Revolution, he became a successful master mariner, and thereafter, having invested heavily in privateers during the conflict, he prospered as a mer- chant. When he died in 1806, his estate was valued at nearly $200,000. The Reverend William Bentley tells us that Dodge was "a man acute in business allowing little intercourse at his house, even to his children, who were permitted to pay short visits. He had no information at all upon any subject See i to but "business," and "Public opinion is that he was not indulgent to his children, and nothing is known of him out of the walks of business in which he had uncommon success." Far less successful was Joseph Searle, better known as "the chandis ,619; 609, Commodore." Searle was renowned as "a remarkable imitator of Cocks" because he could "deceive the animal day or night." Bentley found Searle "indolent" and "lecherous but never drunk tho' not abstemious." On the eve of his death in 1805, Grays and 6 isead Searle insisted that he had always attended meeting, and, ad- dressing Bentley, he claimed that "I have prayed for you in my way as well as I could." Bentley remarked in turn that Searle "never seemed to associate any malignity with his enormities." Though Searle married well twice, he never prospered. 'William Bentley, The Diary of William Bentley, 4 vols. (Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith, 1962), 3:339. 2Bentley, Diary, 3:156. 603 310 "REMARKS ON THE CANTON TRADE" sometimes, in order to which, a great many small articles, may be sent down in the Ships Boats & in other Chops. CHEEQUA & TOWN are the only Linguists I know of both are very good. I believe I employed Cheequa and had no reason to complain of any want of attention. He is old, but his men are good. Tom BIRDMAN is one who buys & sells every thing, but most in the Ship Chandlery line, & whom we were frequently obliged to deal with some way or other. He is without doubt as great a villain as ever went unhung. Tom BULL, a ships Comprador, is like all other Chinese you deal with, except in one particular: he is an honorable scoundrel, and will tell you how much, & why, & wherefore he cheats you. He is as good as any of them. I dealt with him considerably in selling my outward cargo, & had some trouble, but he was pretty punctual for a Comprador. You must pay the two Side Mandarins as they are called at Canton $19 for their fees, permitting your Boats to pass and examining the Same. OLD SYNCHONG is head China Ware Merchant, is some- times much dearer, often a little cheaper, generally better China & always best packed of any man in Canton. Is a close fisted old miser, gets drunk every day, but performs his contracts & whatever you can bind him to, he will ful- fill. I prefer dealing with Synchong to any other. EXCHING is next has much business-some mean- ness about him-does not pack SO well, and China ware not generally so good, great breakage-has considerable business. SONYECK you can make good bargains with, but he is rather slippery rising in the world, active & industrious, get no cyphered China of him. FOUCHONG is a pretty good man, & well spoken of by the Philadelphians. 2% is diducted from all Bills for China Ware and payment made @ 75 Candereens pr Dollar The Ch. St. Merchants are generally Brokers, with whom you contract for goods. They have them made & you pay them: they pay the manufacturer. The prices are generally the same, & where a man abates much, he expects to make it up by cheating you. x Carl L. Johnson. Protessor Long Fellow of Harvard. Eugene: U.of Oregon, 1944. pg.lof3 BOOKS FOR THE COLLEGE LIBRARY 17 II. LONGFELLOW BUYS BOOKS FOR THE thousand dollars would be voted as Ticknor had requested. He had COLLEGE LIBRARY spent rather freely. Now he must limit his purchases. It is easier, he discovered, to select wisely two thousand dollars worth of books than A LTHOUGH Longfellow was obliged to travel without an of- one thousand dollars worth. The unofficial Smith Professor was trou- ficial title, he had an official duty. He was commissioned to buy bled. The tone of his reply is courageous; yet it betrays his uneasiness books for the Harvard College Library.1 This responsibility was at facing such ceremonious taskmasters as the gentlemen of the cor- not in itself unpleasant, since Longfellow loved to browse among old poration. He entirely misinterprets one of the votes. Yet he chooses a dusty tomes. Like Irving and Poe, he relished the thought of discov- good tack-Harvard's need of the German philological works then ap- ering "some quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore." His re- pearing-in an effort to secure at least part of the extra one thousand sponsibility, however, demanded more than a random search. Before dollars which he had expected. Longfellow's letter follows: he departed, a list of books desired had been drawn up. Ticknor sub- mitted this list to the corporation, together with a letter requesting that STOCKHOLM July 23. 1835 Longfellow be allowed a sum of two thousand dollars. On April 10, T. W. Ward Esq. 1835 DEAR SIR, 1835, it was I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letters (Nos 1 &2.) of Voted-That the list of Books, recommended by Prof. Ticknor, be trans- the 10th April, containing copies of the Votes of the Corporation of Harvard mitted to Mr. Longfellow for his information. College, authorising me to expend the sum of Two hundred pounds Sterling in the Voted-Tha the Treasurer place at the disposal of Prof. Longfellow the sum purchase of Books for the College Library. of One thousand dollars to be expended by him in the purchase of books relating The List of Books, which I made out at Mr. Ticknor's request, and which to Modern languages & literature, not now in the Library. was to have been transmitted with the letters, did not come with them; and unfor- Voted-That Professor Longfellow be requested to send from Europe a list tunately a copy of the same, which I had in my possession was accidentally lost in of such other Books as he may think it important to purchase for the College, with London, in one of my rambles among the booksellers' shops. the cost of the same. Thinking, however, that I was not to abide strictly and entirely by the List- An offer to the College from Mr. Longfellow of the "Histoire Littéraire de la (indeed this being the understanding before I left America) I made a collection France" was referred to the Committee on the Library with authority to pur- of some rare and curious works in London, which were shipped by Rich,7 and chase the same if they see fit.4 which, I trust, have safely reached you. The amount expended was £41.11.6. I intend to expend about the same amount here for Swedish books-and about On April 10, also, the Committee on the Library "agreed to pur- as much more in Copenhagen for Danish and Icelandic-thi being the department chase of Professor Longfellow the Histoire Littéraire de la France for in which the Library is most deficient. $72. dollars. T. W. Ward, treasurer of Harvard, addressed two let- The Corporation desire another List of books to be made out with the prices. This I would willingly do, had I the necessary materials by me; but I have not.8 ters to Longfellow informing him of the action of the Committee on I deem it, however, of the greatest importance to the Department of Modern Lit- the Library and of the votes of the corporation, When Longfellow erature in Harvard College, that a still farther sum should be voted for German received Ward's letters, he had already taken liberties with the list and Works; particularly Philological works, and republications of the old literature had lost his copy of it besides. He had taken for granted that two of the country-a branch of learning, which at the present moment excites great attention in Germany, and upon which much is written and published. 1 Ticknor was traveling in Europe when he received the offer of the Smith Professorship. One of the conditions of his acceptance was that he should receive 6 In his letter to the corporation, Ticknor had stated that Longfellow should money with which to buy books pertaining to modern languages. Ticknor asked have full freedom in selecting the books the list was only to provide suggestions. for "from two to three thousand dollars"-t amount that would accrue from the Obadiah Rich was for many years the agent of Harvard in Europe for the was allowed. Smith endowment before he assumed his duties. A sum of one thousand dollars purchase of rare and valuable books. Longfellow had known him as American consul at Madrid. This letter, dated Apr. 4, 1835, is in the "Harvard College Papers," vol. VII, Longfellow apparently misunderstood the third vote of the corporation, in p. 47. which the Harvard officials requested that he observe the books available in other The first sixteen volumes of the Histoire littéraire de la France "par des fields than modern languages and note their prices. religieux bénédictins de la Congrégation de S. Maur." This set marked with Long- Grimm brought out the Reinhart Fuchs in 1834, and the Deutsche fellow's bookplate is still in the Harvard Library. Mythologie in 1835; the first two parts of Franz Bopp's Vergleichende Grammatik 4 "College Records," vol. VII, p. 391. des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Altslavischen, Gothischen, und 5 "Harvard College Papers," vol. VII, p. 51. Deutschen appeared in 1833 and 1835; the Etymologische Forschung of August Friedrich Pott in the years 1834-36. Other philologists of the time were Friedrich 16] Christian Diez, Georg Friedrich Creuzer, and Karl Wilhelm von Humboldt. page 2 of I expect to be in Berlin, about the Ist of October, and hope to hear from you Dollars voted. in I have answered, that as any farther appropriation would be again upon this subject as soon as possible. expended in Germany, I had not the materials necessary for such a list, but hoped, With much respect, that another thousand dollars would be voted notwithstanding. I trust you will do Yr. Obt. Sert. all in your power to help forward this matter; and I will send from Germany such HENRY W. LONGFELLOW10 a collection of rare things, as is not to be found under the Western star. Longfellow's letter was read at a special meeting of the corpora- In the present box, as in the last, are some books of my own, which you may deliver to Felton, or place in some quiet corner till my return. I also take the tion on October 17, 1835, and it was liberty of troubling you with a few packages. So good an opportunity could not be Voted-That it is not expedient to make a further appropriation for books in resisted. the department of Modern Languages at this time. 11 With much regard Very truly yrs. The gentlemen of the corporation had reached their limit in behalf of HENRY W. LONGFELLOW.14 the language department by increasing the salary of the Smith Pro- Winter came and spring came, but Longfellow had yet received fessor and by allowing one thousand dollars to be spent for books. 12 no word from either Ward or Harris. He finally concluded that no Whenever possible, they voted according to precedent rather than in further sum of money had been granted, but he wondered whether the response to individual demands. The sum voted for Ticknor and Long- two shipments of books had arrived safely and whether his colleagues fellow was the customary amount given to professors for books abroad, approved his selections. In his quandary, Longfellow wrote to Ticknor, and remained SO for another half century. who, like himself, was always attentive to his correspondence. Tick- There is no evidence that Longfellow ever received notice of this nor's reply reflects some of the irritation he had felt toward the cum- last vote of the corporation. However, scarcely a month after writing bersome, conservative, and frequently bungling administration of to Ward, he became anxious about his request for more funds. From the university under President Kirkland. Ticknor had been a leader Stockholm, he sent a box containing modern Swedish literature to of the liberalizing movement, and had met with many obstacles and the librarian, Thaddeus William Harris, and dispatched a letter to disappointments. Undismayed, however, he had continued his efforts. 15 Harris at the same time, urging that he do all in his power "to help Even now, after resigning his post, 16 he tempers disillusion with en- forward this matter." Longfellow's letter below is not dated, but a couragement and wise counsel. Part of Ticknor's letter follows: notation on it indicates that it reached Harris on October 23. The un- favorable vote had already been recorded. DRESDEN March. 29-1836. My DEAR SIR, Dr. Harris, I am sorry you feel disappointed at hearing nothing about your purchase of DEAR Sir, books for the College; but, if you were as much used to the management of things I hope the box of books from London reached you without accident. In my there as I am, you would not even be surprised. The truth is, the sum, that was estimation, they were very valuable. It cost me many days, and not idle ones to given to you, was considered as given to your discretion entirely & nobody will collect them, here and there, in the great metropolis; and I trust the purchase is undertake to pronounce a judgement upon the result of your purchases. Indeed, satisfactory to you all in Cambridge. Among them were some shabby=looking Ital- who knows whether you have chosen well in Swedish, Danish, in Dutch, but your- ian plays; very valuable;-containing specimens of many of the Italian dialects. self-or who else knows whether it be worth while to have Schiller or not But, The books I now send are of more modern date. They comprise all the Modern of one thing, you may, I think, be sure;-I mean a kind reception when you get Lit. of Sweden. Old books are not to be bought here. I hope to send you some from home & a confiding trust that what you shall do, will be right.- Perhaps it will Copenhagen, in a few weeks. surprise you :-but it is nevertheless true, that I know no more about the college I have been requested, through Mr. Ward, to make out a list of books, which I should think it expedient to purchase after the expenditure of the first Thousand 13 This is a new and still more erroneous interpretation of the third vote of the corporation. 10 "Harvard College Papers," vol. VII, p. 138. 14 Manuscript in the Treasure Room of Widener Library. 11 "College Records," vol. VII, p. 406. 15 As yet, no thorough and comprehensive study of Ticknor's work has been 12 The Department of Modern Languages had always operated at a very low made. There is a chapter, somewhat superficially done, entitled "Efforts for Reform cost and had fully cooperated with the university in its efforts to expand in other in Harvard College," in Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor by Anna fields. Beginning Sept. 1, 1827, Ticknor had voluntarily reduced his own salary Ticknor and others, 2 vols. (Boston, James R. Osgood and Company, 1876), vol. I. from $1,000 to $600, even though the income from the Smith donation was then 16 Mrs. Ticknor's health continued to fail. Ticknor resigned from his duties $1,100. The four instructors in the department received together only $2,500 per in May 1835, and sailed for Europe soon afterward. year. The number of students receiving instruction ranged from one to two hundred. pag BOOKS FOR THE COLLEGE LIBRARY 21 than you do, & that I do not expect to hear anything about it during my absence, be it shorter or longer. 1829) bears the acquisition date, 1875. Longfellow loved books.28 Buy- As to studying at a German University, I have always strenuously advised ing books was one of his greatest pleasures. The attitude of the college those who intended to qualify themselves for either of the three professions,17 to was beyond his comprehension. When he went abroad again in 1842, do it at home, with the exception of those who need a knowledge of Anatomy & Surgery, & to whom the Hospitals & Schools of Paris, London & Edin. are, no he made no effort to get money to buy books for the college library. doubt, vast resources. But as to literature & those who are to be teachers, it is Why should he ask for a task that would yield either worry or disap- another thing; &, I suppose, the German schools & universities are their appro- pointment? Longfellow was too practical to make such a mistake. priate places of preparation. Indeed, the business of education, I believe, is better understood here & more thoroughly carried on, than any where else :-as in truth, 28 In one of his last sonnets, "My Books" (1881), Longfellow compared him- self gazing at his books to an old knight gazing at his armor: seems to be plainly enough proved by the fact that there are more really learned "So I behold these books upon their shelf, men and that there is more absolute learning in Germany, than in all the rest of My ornaments and arms of other days the world besides. Such men, too, as Raumer18 at Berlin, Heeren19 & Müller20 at Not wholly useless, though no longer used, Götingen &c must exert a great influence wherever they may be-to say nothing For they remind me of my other self, of the mode of teaching, by extemporaneous lectures given from notes to persons Younger and stronger, and the pleasant ways In which I walked, now clouded and confused." who have been educated so as to take notes, which I think the most effectual of the modes of teaching. Our mode of lecturing in the U. States by eloquent written lec- tures, which the hearers come to admire & go away to forget, is all naught. It may stir the mind :-but there is no real teaching done by it.21 Ticknor's letter seems to have put an end to Longfellow's worries. The question of books for the college library disappeared from his correspondence. So far as written evidence is concerned, Longfellow made only one more request for books. In 1838, he addressed the following brief note to the gentlemen of the corporation May. 12. 1838 GENTLEMEN, I respectfully request that the following works may be purchased for the College Library. They are for sale at Chs. Little's. 1. Turner on the Ancient British Poetry. 8vo. 1 vol. $3.12 2. The German Pulpit: Selections from Celebrated German Divines. 8vo. 1 vol. $2.25. Respectfully Yr. Obt. Svt. HENRY W. LONGFELLOW22 The work by Turner is not yet in the Harvard Library. The German Pulpit (translated from the German by Rev. Richard Baker, London, 17 Law, medicine, and divinity. 18 Friedrich von Raumer (1781-1873), professor of political science and history. 10 Arnold Hermann Ludwig Heeren (1760-1842), professor of history. 20 Karl Otfried Müller (1797-1840), professor of ancient literature. 21 "Letters to Longfellow 1835-37." At Bowdoin College, Longfellow prepared a series of five lectures entitled "Literary History of the Middle Ages." They were of the "eloquent written" type, which Ticknor here assails. Many of the lectures which Longfellow delivered at Harvard were given from notes. 22 "Harvard College Papers," vol. VIII, p. 323. pg. lot3 Jarmed of Social History FREDERIC COPLE JAHER (1972): NINETEENTH-CENTURY ELITES IN 32-71, BOSTON AND NEW YORK 1333 two S weeping statements about class behavior frequently distort class analysis by ignoring the wide range of responses that different environments elicit from enclaves lumped together in the same social or economic stratum. Variations in customs, values, atti- tudes and structures create contrasts in elites from different types of cities. Crucial factors that differentiate wealthy New Yorkers from wealthy Bostonians are their origins, rate and magnitude of turnover in the group, and degree of adaptation to economic change. These interdependent factors are shaped by class and urban environments. The intent of this investigation is to compare nineteenth-century wealthy residents of New York and Boston and to relate their characteristics to their respective group and city backgrounds. Boston and New York were centers of commerce and capital; hence both cities depended upon trade, transportation and capital accumulation as their economic bases* But within forty years of American independence, New York had become both the nation's chief port and its primary financial center, for gains in one aspect of business activity facilitated triumphs in other endeavors. Three qualities distinguished New York's overseas merchants from those in Boston: The New Yorkers were more inventive, their firms had shorter lives and they were considered greater Professor Jaher is in the history department of the University of Illinois. He wishes to thank the American Philosophical Society for a grant in 1967 which enabled him to do the research for this essay. He is indebted to his research assistants J. Noel Criscuola and Michael Periman at the University of Chicago and Jocelyn Ghent at the University of Illinois and to Professors Peter R. Knights and Leonard Dinnerstein and to Mrs. Myra Dinnerstein for their aid in accumulating and organizing the quantitative data. A shorter version of this paper was read at the Organization of American Historians Meeting in New Orleans in April 1971. page NINETEENTH-CENTURY ELITES 33 credit risks. Gotham's merchants established the earliest viable auction system for marketing imports, initiated the first regularly scheduled freight and passenger service to England, owned the first American ocean-going steamships; and began the earliest mercan- tile ventures to the Far East Boston businessmen, far slower to innovate, finally succeeded in operating a viable packet service to England twenty-seven years after the opening of the Black Ball packet line (1817) between New York and London.2 Another example of the lagging response to New York's aggressive bid for commercial leadership was the refusal of Boston capitalists to risk investment in alternatives to the Erie Canal. Such timidity resulted in delayed and unimaginative projects that precluded effective competition for commercial preeminence 3