Ward, Thomes When. 1786-1858 1 Ward, Lydia Gray. 1788-1874 Pf:1: 1786-1819 cop Thousaidrea Word (1786-1858) THOMAS WREN WARD OF BOSTON FAMILY TREE (Compiled by Ronald H. Epp, August 2019) William W. & Ruth Putnam Of Salem William W. (1761-1827) m. 1. Martha Proctor (1762-1788); 2. Joanna 'Nancy' Chipman (1761- ) Thomas Wren Ward (1786-1858) m. Lydia Gray W. (1788-1874), daughter of Samuel Gray (1760-1816) m. Anna Orne (1767-1797) Samuel Gray George Cabot Martha Mary Gray William Mary Gray John Thomas Wm. (1817-1907) (1824-87) (1812-53) (1816-19) (1819-30) (1820-1901) (1822-56) (1831-59) m. 1840 m. 1850 William Dorr Anna Hazard Barker W. daughter of Jacob & Eliza Barker Charles Hazen Dorr (1851 (1813-1902) (1821-1893) George B. Dorr (1853-1944) Anna Barker Ward Lydia Gray Ward Elizabeth Barker Ward Thomas Wren Ward (1841-75) (1843-1929) (1850-1920) (1844-1940) m. 1862 m. 1870 m. m. 1872 Joseph Thoron Baron Richard F. Baron Ernst Schoenberg Sophia Read Howard (1828-1901) Von Hoffman (1850- ) (1849-1918) Maria Louisa Lt. Col. George C. Elizabeth Howard Ward Howard Ridgely Ward (1864-1950) (1876-1936) (1873-1954) (1881-1946) m. m. 1901 m. 1896 m. 1905 T.W. Ward Wm. Crowninshield Justine Cutting Charles Bruen Perkins* Beatrice Kidder Elizabeth Endicott Jr. (1860-1929) Beatrice (1860-1936) Ward P.L.F.F.S. Thoron Francis Anna Elinor Mary * *son of Charles (1867-1938) Davenport 'Nancy' Perkins Perkins Callahan Perkins & Perkins Perkins Mansfield Ryan Frances D. Bruen (1897-1970) (1899-1993) (1900-70) (1912-93) 6/1/2017 The direct descent of the Pickering family, down to the Ward family is as follows: 1st generation John Pickering & Elizabeth had son 2nd Generation John Pickering who married Alice Flint, & had son 3rd Generation John Pickering who married Sarah Burrill, & had daughter 4th Generation Sarah who married Joseph Hardy, & had daughter 5th Generation Martha who married Benj. Goodhue, & had daughter 6th Generation Hannah, who married Robert Proctor, & had daughter 7th Generation Martha, who married William Ward & had son second OI the name) Thomas Wren Ward, who married Lydia Gray Quin quennial Catal st the Officers as graduate of Harvard University 1636-1915. INDEX OF GRADUATES Walsh Walz Warder 1804 Owen 1827 John Henry 1803 h Michael 1895 g John Albrecht I874 S Robert Bowne I832 Theodore 1814 John 1899 i William Emanuel 1819 h Robert Wardman 1832 William 1903 William-Seaver 1858 m Peter Duggan Wambaugh 1888 Ervin 1871 l James Laurence 1873 m Edmund 1876 Eugene Warner 1884 Correa Moylan I9IO Miles Wardner 1754 William I888 Henry Steele 1815 William Augustus 1885 m Frank Winfield 1890 George Philip 1850 Hermann Jackson 1889 Rich. Varick DeW. Wang 1895 Townsend I9IO En Tsê 1905 Drew Mallon 1863 m Emerson 1864 l Aaron Edwards 1898 Vincent James 1913 Chen-Fuh Wardwell I868 Vespasian I900 I Joseph Patrick 1853 George Smith I869 Joseph Bangs I90I Richard McC. Wannamaker I902 l Charles Albert r888 m Wm. T. Sherman 1870 m Charles Henry I902 Olin Dantzler 1903 Homan Watson 1898 I Allen 1870 m George Otis 1902 g William Hane 1898 Henry@Fitch 1872 l Edgar Morris 1903 Peter Leo 1903's Frank Wellington 1874 William Pearson I904 Edmund Francis 1905 Richard Brabrook Wanton 1905 m James Knight 1882 Henry Eldridge 1891 l Milton Burrage 1906 Charles Burton I75I Joseph 1907 l Sheldon Eaton 1893 Edgar Haga 1906 Francis Martin 1907 Richard John Ward Ware 1898 Eugene 1898 Roger Sherman 1908 l Fred William 1909 l Edwin Raymond I645 James 1785 Henry 1902 dn Charles Thomas 1719 Robert I790 Jonathan 1903 Hoyt Landon 1910 m John Gormley I733 Thomas 1804 Ashur 1903 Langdon I9II Dennis Joseph 1913 John Gaynor I736 Enoch 1812 Henry 1906 Joseph Everett 1914 Joseph Francis 1748 Artemas 1813 John 1907 Frederick Harris 1763 Ephraim I816 William 1009 Goodwin 1834 Charles Eliot Walshe 1765 Nathaniel 1009 John Adams 1783 Artemas 1838 George Frederick IQI2 Sam Bass 1853 m John Danvir I79I Henry Dana 1838 John W. 1808 Andrew Henshaw I842 Thornton Kirkland Warren Walster I816 Henry Artemas I843 Henry 1816 Henry Dana I850 John I725 John 1913 g Harlow Leslie 1816 William I850 Loammi Goodenow I745 James I852 Darwin Erastus I759 Joseph Walsworth 1829 Joshua Holyoke I852 Robert 1760 John 1836 Samuel Gray 1905 l Roscoe I843 George Cabot I852 William Robert I77I John I86r l G. Washington 1776 James I843 h Thomas Wren Walter I845 h George Atkinson I862 Charles Pickard 1782 Charles 1684 Nehemiah 1848 m Eliab 1865 Frederic I784 Moses I7II Increase 1867 Horace Everett I786 Joseph I853 David Henshaw I7I3 Thomas I862 John Langdon 1871 William Rotch I790 Joseph I729 Nathaniel 1864 John Tucker 1873 Arthur Lovell 1795 Silas 1756 William 1876 Charles Eliot 1797 John Collins I866 Thomas Wren 1817 Lynde Minshull 1879 l John Allen 1800 Ebenezer Tucker 1870 dn Frank Edward 1857 h Thomas Ustick 1870 m Rollin Clayton 1880 Charles 1805 Isaac I88I Edward James 1813 Henry 1871 Joseph Rhoads 1876 Samuel Gray 1890 Clarence Rosa 1883 g Duren J. H. 1890 Richard Darwin 1813 Winslow 1906 g Herbert Eugene 1885 Andrew Henshaw 1893 Henry 1815 Pelham Winslow 1914 Alfred 1895 g Richard 1817 Charles Henry I886 Hugh Campbell 1887 m George Otis 1899 s John 1817 George Gilbert Walters 1889 Robert DeCourcy I899 Leonard Everett 1826 Edward 1901 Francis C. 1829 m Samuel 1873 s Henry I892 g Henry Baldwin 1902 Moses Weld 1830 George Washington 1892 Stanley 1902 Storer Preble 1832 James Sullivan Walthall 1893 l Chris. Longstreth 1896 John Chamberlain 1903 Thornton Marshall 1832 m Jonathan Mason 1843 I John Nathaniel 1898 George Cabot 1904 Richard C. 1834 Charles Newell 1898 g Harry Frederick 1906 Charles Eliot 1836 m John Wright Walton 1907 Malcolm C. 1841 Charles 1898 m Parker Myles 1908 Gordon 1846 m Royal Sibley 1729 Benjamin 1899 Artemas 179I John I899 S Harry C 1910 Thornton Kirkland 1854 William Wirt 1855 s Cyrus Moors 1875 George Lincoln 1899 m Wm. Greenleaf 1900 Holcombe Warfield 1858 Winslow 1879 m Alfred 1860 George Willis 1894 dn William Joseph 1900 m John Thomas 1913 l William Smith 1862 I Lucius Henry 1903 Daniel Day 1903°m Edward Silvanus 1863 m Dewey Kellogg 1904 Bartlett 1903 Howard Ridgely Waring 1863 Horace Winslow 1913 Charles Franklin 1903 Lauriston 1852 William Henry 1863 John Collins 1905 S Neil Callen I882 Guy Walver I865 Wm. Harrington 1906 g Benjamin Rogers I9I3 James Henry N. 1866 Webster Franklin 1647 Abraham 1908 g Fred Uriah I871 Jos. Weatherhead Warland 1873 Thomas.Barnes Walworth Warden 1770 Owen 1874 m Herbert 1848 h Reuben Hyde 1878 Henry Prince 1786 John 1875 Samuel Dennis I033 Pg. of3 American National biography. V. 22. Eds. garraty M. carnes (c) 1994) 2 652 WARD been questioned by other critics. Nevertheless, it was private study, and Boston social life. However, by cor widely regarded as one of the finest dramas by a black September 1827, he confided to his diary, he would to American up to its time. shortly have to either reenter business or retrench. If flo: he chose business, he added, then his commitment me Ward's unpublished scripts are deposited in the Hatch-Bil- should be wholehearted. In 1828 he visited England, Se lops Collection in New York. This collection also contains a where he was invited by Joshua Bates to become sole dle four-hour taped interview (five tapes) of Ward conducted by agent for Baring Brothers in America. Bates had tio Camille Billops, dated Apr. 1974, and other primary materi- worked with Ward in William Gray's counting house, fev als. Ward's published plays are included (often with exten- sive commentary) in the following anthologies and periodi- had then managed Gray's ships in England, and had cals: Big White Fog: A Negro Tragedy (1939), is excerpted in recently become a leading partner in Barings. After eff Sterling Brown et al., eds., The Negro Caravan (1941); the some consideration Ward agreed to Barings' proposi- ca: complete script is in James V. Hatch, ed., Black Theatre, tion in October 1829. pr U.S.A. (1974). Our Lan' (1947), is in Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, With Ward's assistance, Barings became the leading of A Theater in Your Head (1960), and in Darwin T. Turner, Anglo-American merchant house in the early 1830s. re ed., Black Drama in America (1971). John Brown (1949), is excerpted in Masses and Mainstream, Oct. 1949. The Daubers The Barings and Bates provided the capital and strate- ha (1953), is excerpted in Alice Childress, comp., Black Scenes gy of the house, but Ward provided the essential la (1971). Challenge (1962), is in Mainstream, Feb. and Mar. American connection and representation. The Lon- th 1962. The following unpublished scripts are listed and de- don partners recognized Ward was hard working, de- El scribed in Bernard L. Peterson, Jr., Early Black American termined, honest, and well informed, if sometimes to Playwrights and Dramatic Writers (1990), which also includes also mildly eccentric. His main task in the early 1830s sources of reviews and commentary, and further references: W was to select, organize, and report on the Barings' cli- Sick and Tiahd (1937) Falcon of Adowa (1938), Even the fl Dead Arise (1938) Skin Deep (1939), Deliver the Goods ents and business interests in North America. He was U (1941), Shout Hallelujah! (1941), Throwback (1951), Whole able to build a strong clientele for the firm among th Hog or Nothing (1952), The Daubers (1953), John de Conquer- prosperous New England merchants and manufactur- li or (folk opera, 1953), Madison (musical, 1956), Charity (mu- ers who needed Baring credits to import coffee and di sical, 1950), Big Money (musical comedy, 1961), The Bell and sugar from Latin America or cotton from the Ameri- Y the Light (musical, 1962), Of Human Grandeur (1963), and can South. He also tapped into the network of New B Candle in the Wind (1968). An "Interview with Playwright England merchants, who, like Jonathon Goodhue and g Ted Ward is included in Afrika Must Unite 2, no. 15 (1973). Prime Ward and King, had established themselves in p Extensive commentary on Big White Fog and Our Lan' is in- New York in the early nineteenth century and had be- p cluded in Doris Abramson, Negro Playwrights in the American Theorre, 1925-1959 (1969). An obituary is in the New York come the leading American trading houses. These and g Times, 5 May 1983. similar firms controlled many of the New York packet J: BERNARD L. PETERSON, JR. lines. Through them the Barings' interests extended to financing several packet lines and controlling a sub- t stantial share of the southern cotton trade. Ward also r WARD, Thomas Wren (20 Nov. 1786-4 Mar. 1858), bought and sold on the firm's behalf. F merchant banker, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, The Barings controlled the general policy of the I the son of William Ward, a merchant, and Martha firm, for instance, encouraging Ward to expand cred- t Proctor. His father had worked for William Gray of its in the early 1830s and to contract sharply in 1836. 1 Salem, the leading New England shipowner; he later They also established detailed rules over the handling moved to Medford and became president of the State of credits. In practice, however, slow transatlantic Bank in Boston. Thomas's mother died when he was communications often obliged them to trust Ward's young, and his father married Joanna Chipman of discretion. Almost all of the Barings' North American Marblehead, Mrs. William Gray's sister. Thomas business passed through his hands, and he was paid a Ward was educated at Foster's School in Andover but substantial basic salary of £2,000 in 1832, with addi- was sent to sea at the age of ten. By the time he was tional allowances and opportunities. In the first three twenty he had sailed several times to Asia, Europe, years of his agency-exclusive of bond operations, he and the American South and was commanding his calculated later-he had granted credits to American own ship. At age seventeen he had brought his ship merchants worth $50 million. In comparison, the total home from Calcutta, his captain being ill and the mate value of American imports over the same period was dead. In 1810 he married Lydia Gray, the daughter of about $250 million. his uncle Samuel Gray, William Gray's brother. The Barings' share fell in the mid-1830s as more aggres- couple had eight children. sive houses took advantage of the boom. Barings' cau- Ward soon set up business in New York with his tious policy and Ward's careful administration, how- cousin Jonathon Goodhue. Aided by generous com- ever, placed them in a very strong position after the missions from William Gray, the firm apparently panic of 1837. In 1837 and 1839, therefore, Ward not prospered, despite the difficult trading conditions, be- only dunned recalcitrant clients but also expanded tween 1810 and 1817. In 1817 Ward returned to Bos- Barings' operations. From 1838 to 1842 he secured for ton and formed a new partnership with William the firm very large cotton shipments on commission Ropes; this lasted until early 1825 when, "business be- and on their own account. These exceeded 100,000 coming unprofitable," he "retired" to enjoy his family, bales in 1839-1840, worth about $4 million. Barings P9.2 0F3 WARD 653 considered cotton "the great staple by which we hope "possessed the entire confidence of the House" and to make up for all our losses" (Hidy, p. 255). They also that they had permitted him "to exercise a power floated very large loans in Europe for state govern- which no one partner would have been allowed to ex- ments, canals, banks and railroads, and assisted the ercise" (Diary, 30 Aug. 1841). In 1848 Bates assured Second Bank of the United States (BUS). Ward han- him that they would "never find anyone to manage the dled the American end of all these substantial transac- business as well as you have done" (Hidy, p. 580). Pri- tions through very difficult times, effectively and with vately, however, in 1849, Bates reported Ward had be- few losses. come prolix and slow and that "the liberality and high Ward protected the Barings' interests not only by character of the House drew the business and not T. effective management but also by influencing Ameri- W. W.'s influence, which was rather a drag" (Ziegler, can public opinion. In 1838 he argued strongly in the p. 208). Finding a new agent as experienced and trust- press and with leading bankers in favor of resumption worthy as Ward proved difficult, however, and thus of specie payments. Assisted by both the temporary Ward remained Barings' agent until 1853, when his recovery in 1838 and large gold inflows, most banks son Samuel Gray Ward succeeded him and ran the had resumed payments by mid-1839. The fresh col- agency until 1884. Samuel had worked with his father lapse in late 1839, however, caused new suspension in since 1849, handling the negotiations for the large the South and West, but not in New York and New Mexican indemnity loan and managing Barings' rapid- England. Ward claimed in January 1840 that the Bos- ly growing railroad interest. ton and New York banks The relative freedom of the agent's role suited were prevented from suspending mainly through my in- Ward's personality. He wrote in 1838 that "having no fluence & knowledge of the position of the Bank of the concerns of my own, my mind is free for Barings, free United States, and that it must suspend [I showed] for Society, free for my family and free for objects of them that the effect [of its suspension] would be to re- public usefulness" (Diary, Mar. 1838). Yet this role, lieve [them] After the suspension, the [BUS] despite his relative anonymity, made him one of the did everything in [its] power to break down the New most influential men in the United States. He was on York Banks and the Boston Banks I authorized the good terms with the leading Boston merchants and Banks in both cities to draw on Barings largely, which manufacturers, the Appletons, Brooks, and Law- gave confidence & prevented export of specie and sus- rences, and few ventures in Massachusetts were start- pension. Mr. Sam Ward in New York & Mr. Wm Ap- ed without their approval and aid. Ward served as pleton and Mr. Nathan Appleton here aided much in trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital, treas- giving publick opinion the right direction (Diary, 5 urer of the Boston Athenaeum (1828-1836), director Jan. 1840) of the Massachusetts Board of Internal Improvements, Ward also led the struggle in America in the 1840s and treasurer of Harvard (1830-1842). Of the latter he to persuade state governments to avoid default and to wrote in 1841, "I should continue to hold the office of resume payments on their debts. The Barings were es- Treasurer there is no one else who has the means pecially interested in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and of doing it SO well or with SO little trouble, nor is there Louisiana and hoped that if these could be persuaded any other person in the Corporation who will give his to resume the rest would follow. "If we can keep Mary- time and thought to the general management of the land right" wrote Bates to Ward in November 1841, "I College" (Diary, 24 Jan. 1841). Ward's major private shall be very happy pray look to it without delay" preoccupation was reading, in English, the British, (Ziegler, p. 153). Initially Ward balked, but he then French, and Latin classics. His diary shows great con- launched a very effective campaign to encourage re- cern for his family. Upon his death at home in Boston, sumption. He secured Daniel Webster as counsel; he left $650,000, including small legacies to the Boston hired agents such as John H. Latrobe, the attorney of Athenaeum, Harvard, the American Peace Society, the Baltimore and Ohio, to lobby politicians; and and the Boston Missionary Society. flooded the press with articles demanding resumption. Ward's career can be followed from three main sources: the He even persuaded the clergy to adapt their sermons. Ward Family Papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society "Every Christian man and woman," he wrote, "will in Boston; the Baring Papers at the Bank in London, Eng- feel this obligation when it is presented to their atten- land; and the Baring papers in the Canadian National Ar- tion" (Ziegler, p. 154). Most states did resume pay- chives in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Barings' London ments in the mid-1840s. Long run influences such as archives originally contained all of Ward's in-letters and the the growing prosperity of the United States and the in- Barings' replies. The Baring collection in the Canadian Na- creased desire for new investments were most impor- tional Archives was created when a substantial proportion of tant. However, Ward's campaign did count at critical these letters were removed to Ottawa before World War II. points, including victories in the Pennsylvania and The collection in the Massachusetts Historical Society in- cludes Samuel Gray Ward, The Ward Family Papers (1900), Maryland legislatures in 1844 and 1847, respectively. by Thomas Ward's son; transcripts of Thomas Ward's dia- Ward continued to manage the Barings' substantial ries, 1828-1855; and many Ward family papers, 1655-1899. cotton purchases through the 1840s. He also executed These include Ward's correspondence with his family, 1797- very large secret British government corn orders for 1857, and with Joshua Bates. The most useful books on Bar- Ireland in 1847. By the late 1840s Ward began seeking ings and on Ward's role in the firm are Ralph W. Hidy, The retirement. Bates had assured him in 1841 that he House of Baring in American Trade and Finance: English Mer- Lecturer in Economic History, University of Leeds Circa 1974 654 WARDE chant Bankers at Work, 1763-1861 (1949), and Philip Ziegler, style of McCullough, along with much of the venera- The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1762-1929 (1988). Hidy fo- ble Forrest-McCullough repertory. cuses relatively narrowly on the business history of the firm's operations in North America over the antebellum period; In 1881 he formed a touring company of his own; Ziegler provides a wider ranging survey. Hidy's original rela- years of itinerant performances followed. He enjoyed tively brief Dictionary of American Biography entry was appar- great success outside New York, especially the ently written before he had used the London and Massa- South, the Midwest, and along the Pacific Coast. As a chusetts manuscript sources. Stanley Chapman, The Rise of regional star he produced a combination of classic Merchant Banking (1984), provides a good survey of British plays (much-cut versions of Hamlet, Othello, Richard merchant banking. The milieu in which Ward moved in Bos- III, Macbeth, and Fulius Caesar) and antique romantic ton can be assessed from Robert F. Dalzell, The Enterprising tragedies (Virginius, Brutus; or, The Fall of Tarquin, Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made (1987), Galba the Gladiator, Ingomar the Barbarian, and Da- and Edward Pessen, Riches, Class and Power before the Civil War (1973). mon and Pythias). Along with his contemporaries Thomas W. Keene, Charles B. Hanford, William F. J.R. KILLICK Owen, Joseph R. Grismer, Phoebe Dayies, Robert Downing, and Marie Wainwright, Warde represented WARDE, Frances. See Warde, Mary Frances. a specific type of touring actor popular at the end of the nineteenth century. Purveyors of an old-fashioned WARDE, Frederick Barkham (23 Feb. 1851-7 Feb. tradition of acting and a well-worn repertory, these 1935), actor, was born in Deddington, Oxfordshire, traveling tragedians carried familiar material far and England, the son of Thomas Warde, a schoolmaster, wide into the American provinces./ However, what and Anne Barkham. Following the death of his father, worked in the hinterlands flopped in New York City, he and his mother moved to Sussex, where young and Warde's reliance on outmoded plays and staging Frederick attended the Shoreham Protestant Gram- techniques exasperated many big/c commentators. mar School, and later to London, where he attended Some critics faintly praised his workmanlike efforts; the City of London School and was eventually articled others harshly condemned his lack of passion. Howev- to a company of attorneys. Unsuited to the practice of er, Warde's reception outside New York City was dif- law, he succumbed to the lure of the theater. He made ferent both in kind and degree, reflecting the tension his professional acting debut in a small part in Macbeth between the new theatrical forms and audience expec- at Sunderland on 4 September 1867. Like many aspir- tations then emerging in cosmopolitan centers and ing English actors before and since, he gained invalua- those still popular and prevalent in the country at ble experience in provincial companies, appearing be- large. In places like Greeley, Colorado; Nashville, fore audiences in scores of towns/across Great Britain Tennessee; La Crosse, Wisconsin; Jackson, Mississip- and honing his skills under the tutelage of visiting pi; and Sioux City, Iowa. Warde was commended for stars. From 1870 to 1872 Warde was a member of his powerful, studied interpretations. His classical Charles Calvert's stock company at the Prince's Thea- productions were particularly admired by provincial tre, Manchester; a series of engagements in Brighton, reviewers. Indeed, it was Warde's scholarly approach Liverpool, and London followed. He married Annie to Shakespeare's plays that distinguished him from Edmondson in 1871; the couple had four children. other second-rank tragedians of his day. Warde first appeared in the United States on 10 Au- In 1892 he formed a three-year partnership with gust 1874 at Booth's Theatre, New York City, as Cap- Louis James, another actor who had found his greatest tain Marston Pike in Belle Lamar, a Civil War drama success outside New York City, and appeared in by Dion Boucicault, He remained at Booth's Theatre eighty-six cities with a familiar classical repertory. The for two years, enhancing his reputation in traditional leading roles he, essayed in this period were romantic tragic roles and acting with American favorites Char- standards or new plays conceived in the romantic lotte Cushman, Joseph Jefferson, Adelaide Neilson, style: Richelieu, The Lion's Mouth, Francesca da Clara Morris, and Barry Sullivan. In 1876 he toured in Rimini, and Runnymede. In 1896 he undertook the role support of Edwin Booth and then with E. L. Daven- of King Lear for the first time. Two years later Warde port and Lawrence Barrett. After a brief return to and James were reunited and joined by a third regional Booth's Theatre, he moved to the Broadway Theatre, star, Kathryn Kidder, for a tour that included The where he supported Fanny Janauschek and Charles School for/ Scandal, Fulius Caesar, Macbeth, Othello, Fechter /Following a short tour with Maurice Barry- and Hamlet. In 1902 Warde teamed with James to pro- more and John Drew in 1878, Warde felt himself at a duce The Tempest and a new tragedy packed with crossroads: should he pursue his lifelong goal of be- thrilling incidents called Alexander the Great; in 1904 coming a classic tragedian, or should he focus his ef- he and Kidder toured in Salambo, a picturesque dra- forts on modern plays? "My ambition and inclination ma set in ancient Carthage, and a new production of favored the tragic drama," he observed many years lat- The Winter's Tale. er. Consequently he accepted an offer to support John Warde was forced from the theater following the McCullough, a physically imposing actor best known 1904-1905 season because of his reluctance to embrace in the brawny heroic roles he had inherited from his new plays and modern styles of production. His tech- teacher, the irascible Edwin Forrest. For two years nique was stentorian and sentimental, and although he Warde absorbed the thundering, declamatory acting recognized that many of the plays in which he had be- The direct descent of the Pickering family, down to the Ward family is as follows: 1st generation John Pickering & Elizabeth had son 2nd Generation John Pickering who married Alice Flint, & had son 3rd Generation John Pickering who married Sarah Burrill, & had daughter 4th Generation Sarah who married Joseph Hardy, & had daughter 5th Generation Martha who married Benj. Goodhue, & had daughter 6th Generation Hannah, who married Robert Proctor, & had daughter 7th Generation Martha, who married William Ward & had son second of the name) Thomas Wren Ward, who married Lydia Gray HATHI TRUST pg. l of 2 Ellery, Harrison Bowditch, Charles P. Contride J Wilsont Son 1897, 554 THE PICKERING GENEALOGY. Vol.2 16. VIII. 180. Mary Jackson Delano, his wife, born in Boston, died in Cambridge, Mass., of old age. Mrs. Gardner lived to the great age of ninety-four years, having been a widow sixty-one years. She was a daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Reed) Delano. Her ancestry includes the following families: Delano, Reed, Peirce, Johnson, Wiswall, Smith, Converse, Long, Carter, Sawyer, Prescott, Wright, Dix. See ANCESTRY TABLES VIII 17. VIII. 182. Martha Ann Proctor [Robert 17. VII. 104], born in Salem, died in Salem, pneumonia. Residence: Salem. 17. VIII. 182. David Nichols, her husband, born in Salem, died in Salem. A tanner. Residence: Salem. Mr. Nichols was a son of Stephen and Abigail (Moulton) Nichols. Ichabod Nichols [44. VI. 69] was his granduncle His ancestry includes the following families: Nichols, Moulton, Gaskill, Southwick, Gardner, Frier, Pope, Folger, Buffington, Buffum, Pope, Moulton. See ANCESTRY TABLES VIII 77. 17. VIII. 183. Thomas Wren Ward [Martha 17. VII. 105], born in Salem, died in Boston, of heart disease. A banker. Residence: Boston. After his mother's death, Thomas Wren Ward was sent, at an early age, to Mr. Foster's school at Andover, Mass., a superior school for those days. On leaving school, he went to sea, and at eighteen, as second officer, brought home his ship from China, the master and first officer being disabled. After having made one or two voyages to China as captain, he married at the age of twenty-four, left the sea, and went into business in Boston. The times being unfavorable, he moved to New York, and, with his mother's cousin, Jonathan Goodhue, established the house of Goodhue & Ward. Though successful in New York, he preferred to return to Boston, which he did in 1817. He bought the house on Park Street, in which he lived until his death, in 1858. About the year 1824, being fond of books, and having a fair compe- tence, he retired from business for several years. During this time he Google Original from POLICETON P9 2 of 2 EIGHTH GENERATION. 555 visited his friend, Joshua Bates, in London, a partner of Baring Brothers & Co., who proposed to him that he should become the American agent of his firm. A year or two later he accepted their proposition, and carried on all the American business of the Barings until his retirement in 1852. From 1830 to 1842, he was treasurer of Harvard College. In 1843, the college conferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. A portrait of him by Page hangs in Memorial Hall. Mr. Ward was a man of great influence, and of the highest character. He was an intimate friend of Channing, Bowditch, Ticknor, Chief Justice Shaw, and others. He was named for a Dr. Wren, of England, who had befriended his father while he was imprisoned in Dartmoor prison. His portrait, painted by William Hunt, is in the possession of his son, Samuel Gray Ward, of Washington, D.C. The heliotype here given is from a daguerrotype. 17. VIII. 183. Lydia Gray, the wife of Thomas W. Ward, born in Salem, baptized there Aug. 4, 1788, died in Canton, Mass. The heliotype of Mrs. Ward here given is from a photograph. Mrs. Ward was a daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Orne) Gray, of Med- ford, Mass. John C. Gray [53. VII. 301], Horace Gray [53. VII. 304], Henry Gray [25. VIII. 253], and Alice Orne [52. VI. 93] were her first cousins; Edward Orne [52. VII. 288] was her first cousin once removed; Timothy Orne [1-11. IV. 1] was her great-granduncle. Her ancestry includes the following families : Gray, Williams, Calley, Burrill, Ivory, South, Jarvis, Orne, Thompson, Ingersoll, Felton, Elvins, Beadle. See ANCESTRY TABLES 17. VIII. 184. Stephen Wheatland [Martha 17. VII. 107], born in Salem, died at sea. Residence: Salem. Mr. Wheatland, H. C. 1816, entered upon a sea-faring life, and died at sea on board the ship Perseverance, while on his second voyage. was very fond of music, and was a good performer on several instruments, 1 Letter of Samuel Gray Ward, dated Sept. 25, 1893. Digitized Google Original from PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Ward Family Papers Sameel Gray ward. CHILDREN OF THOMAS WREN WARD AND 1900. LYDIA GRAY WARD Mass. Hist. Society. T HE children of Thomas Wren Ward and Lydia Gray Ward were as follows :- Martha Ann Ward, born August 12, 1812; died November 2, 1853; aged forty-one years, two months. Mary Gray Ward, born June 3, 1816; died Feb- ruary 6, 1819; aged two years, eight months. Samuel Gray Ward, born October 3, 1817. William Ward, born February 6, 1819; died June 24, 1830; aged eleven years, four months. Mary Gray Ward, born September 29, 1820. John Gallison Ward, born September I2, 1822; died January 5, 1856; aged thirty-three years, three months. George Cabot Ward, born November 4, 1824; died May 4, 1887; aged sixty-two years, six months. Thomas William Ward, born September 3, 1831; died December 3, 1859; aged twenty-eight years, three months. Jr. Thomas Wren Ward was born Oct. 8, 1844 at Lenox. ] Thomas Wren Ward born Nov. 20, 1786, died March 4, 1858. Married Nov. 15, 1810 Lydia Gray, daughter of Samuel Gray and Anna Orne his wife. They had eight children. 1. Martha Ann Ward, born Aug. 12, 1812, died Nov. 2, 1853 2. Mary Gray Ward, born June 3, 1816, died Feb. 6, 1819. Samuel 3. Lawrence Gray Ward born Oct.2, 1817, died Nov. 17, 1307. Married, Oct. 3, 1840 Anna Hazard Barker, daughter of Jacob Barker and Elizabwth Hazard his wife. 4. William Ward, born Feb. 6, 1819, died June 24th, 1930. 5. Mary Gray Ward born Sept. 28, 1820, died Oct. 21, 1901. Married June 4, 1850 Charles Hazard Dorr, sore of Samuel (sic) Dorr and Susan Brown his wife. 6. John Gallison Ward, born Sept. 12, 1822, died June 5, 1856. 7. George Cabot Ward born Nov. 4, 1824, died May 4, 1887. Married Jan. 82, 1852 Mary Ann Southwick, daughter of John Alley Southwick and Elizabeth Kinsman his wife. They had two children, Samuel Gray Ward, Marian Ward. 8. Thomas Wren Werd born Sept. 3, 1831 died Dec. 3, 1859. (Not same as bracketed lead sentence] ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTORICAL CO LLECTIONS VOL. LXXIII. OCTOBER, 1937 No. 4 "REMARKS ON THE CANTON TRADE AND THE MANNER OF TRANSACTING BUSINESS." From A MANUSCRIPT OF 1809 IN THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF SALEM. CONTRIBUTED BY WALTER MUIR WHITEHILL Among the commercial papers of Captain Benjamin Shreve of Salem, received by the Peabody Museum of Salem in 1930 from the estate of Dr. Octavius B. Shreve, is an unbound manuscript notebook of sixty pages con- taining chiefly records of the business transactions of the ship Minerva of Salem, Thomas W. Ward, master, during a stay at Canton in the autumn of 1809. Pages 4-15 contain the ship's disbursements, port charges and fac- tory expenses, and pages 17-33 the Prices Current at Canton for 1809. Pages 32-42 are devoted to an account of the manner of transacting business at Canton, with brief characterizations of the principal merchants, which is here reprinted, while the remainder of the book con- tains copies of the invoices for part of Thomas W. Ward's adventure from Canton and comments upon transacting business with Chinese merchants. ne Society When a ship arrives in Macao Roads it is customary to put anchor at about 3 or 4 miles distance, when no danger is apprehended from the Ladrones, or you may if you please go within 1/2 mile of the town in 2 fathoms water, where you will be completely sheltered from exter- nal danger, and in case of a Tyfong coming on, there is a channel across into the Typa with 14 fathoms water. Of these circumstances a man may make himself acquaint- (303) "REMARKS ON THE CANTON TRADE AND THE MANNER OF TRANSACTING BUSINESS" 305 a short time on shore. There is a post established sail is prudent to carry, when a ship will for-reach, or en Macao & Canton, unless interrupted by the when drop astern. You must by questioning him & by ones. looking at your directions find the Channel & where it is : anchoring you will send your Boat (a China Boat narrow as at the Bay. If beating to the windward or be hired for two or three dollars as the weather may going down with the ebbtide, continually keep his mind ut keep a hostage on board or pay no money till the fixed on his business by asking questions &c. returns) ashore with an Officer or Master & give in If you have a fair wind and everything favourable, of your men, guns, passengers & cargo, of which it these precautions are perhaps unnecessary, or some of the cessary to have some to obtain an entry without Pilots may be better than those I have seen. Of this the le; a very little will answer. After you have given our list (or before) you will call on the Portuguese master must judge. The navigation is plain generally, and but few accidents ever happen in this river. When rnor a few minutes, & you have nothing else to do you arrive among the shipping, you had better take en- ake your pilot as soon as they will permit & proceed tire charge & place your Ship where you find the best o Whampoa. birth mooring with a Stream anchor to Wd (up River) here is nothing gained by endeavouring to hurry these & a Bower to the Eastward, if convenient as near the le in giving you a Pilot by loud talking; coaxing & weather shore as possible. Take care to have your Cables sing the palms of hands being the only means of do- well served. t. I believe in general there is not much trouble or tion, but this year we were 36 hours before we got You will now or before perhaps have some applications for the birth of Ship Comprador, and they are all with- op for the Pilot, besides paying the whole pilotage, on the nail. out exception a set of cheats, & this they will vouch for, if you should doubt their rascality. They are not SO fond ou need not be very particular in your Cargo esti- S handed in here, & if it is expedient, or policy should of taking a small Ship as a large, the former not wanting ate, you may call your wooden guns Iron, & keep SO much provisions as the latter. They will expect a Cum- y Chinese out of your Ship & have a whistle on board shaw of 260 or 280 dollars for the Liberty of cheating you out of twice that sum, & that too with your consent ake all the show possible. It is generally easy to ure a few men at Macao, to go as far as Whampoa, as it were, as you are knowing to the fact, without having it in your power to prevent it. The prices of the articles our Ship if necessary. are fixed by old custom, and you agree to pay him the same efreshments may be had more reasonable at Macao as other Ships pay. The price of every article must be 1 at Whampoa. There is a decent tavern or hotel ; by a Mr Bodwell, who is obliging, treats you well & named in the agreement & he bound as fast as you can bind him. lot very extravagant in his charges. Here the Eng- , Dutch & other Supercargoes reside during the leisure It is sometimes the case that Ships employ the Hoppo- ths: the Americans, I believe, generally tarry at Can- man (or Custom House officer who stays by the Ship all the time you are there to prevent smuggling) instead of throughout the year. You may perhaps see at the dows some handsome Ladies to regale your eyes after a Comprador, in which case you must pay to the Linguist 200$ in lieu of Compradors Cumshaw, & perhaps 20 dol- our or five months passage. lars per month wages to the Hoppoman who will supply Having your Pilot on board you are not to place your you at the same rate that the Comprador does. I do not p entirely in his charge, as perhaps more attention is uisite on the part of the Commander than before. He approve of the practice, as it gives the Hoppoman an op- not work the Ship, nor does he generally know what portunity of getting too well acquainted with your crew, & tampering with them, and likewise you often have 306 "REMARKS ON THE CANTON TRADE AND THE MANNER OF TRANSACTING BUSINESS" 307 trouble in procuring what things you want by reason of of furniture. We paid ours 80 dollars M' Hurd 70 dol- his not being a regular Comprador, & the Mandarins give lars Mr Dorr 50 dollars & as may be judged expedient. him much disturbance at times. The House Comprador furnishes whatever may be wanted There is nothing more essential to good order, regular- for the use of the Factory & charges the customary prices, ity, and safety of a Ship at Whampoa than a very strict and if you expend 1000$ will clear 700 or more. Here lookout for every boat that comes along side, permitting you may see & feel imposition to perfection. none in the night, particularly the Hoppoman, as there Of the Servants it will be well to ask a resident, as they is no villainy that they will not be guilty of if possible. know a great many, and can tell you if they are notori- They ought to be made at Sundown to drop astern, till ously bad. Take care the Washman does not change your Sunrise and never be permitted to come on board, & linen, that your Servants do not steal, and tell the Com- flogged every time you detect them in any connection with prador when you employ him that he shall be accountable your people. With regard to Compradors, it ought to be for all losses taken out of the Factory. agreed that he should be accountable for what is stolen Your House establishment consists of Comprador, Cook, from the Ship, and his accounts to be cut the value of Boy & two Coolies to bring water &c &c. and to attend at the same. the Pack House when you ship goods. Having seated Having immersed the Ship in roguery, we will now you amidst Capons, Geese, Turtle & all the luxuries of look at Canton to which place if you go in a passage boat life, living at the expense of 3 or 4 dollars per day, or you must pay Three dollars. The Factories generally more if you please, we will now call upon the merchants: occupied by the Americans, are the American, which has 5 parts, the Sweedish which has 6 or 7, the Imperial & HOUQUA² is at the head of the Hong-is very rich, sends the French Factories. The front Factories are generally good cargoes & just in all his dealings, in short is a man of engaged and rent from 1000 to 1500 & 2000 dollars per honour and veracity-has more business than any other man annum or season. The Interior Factories rent for 900, in the Hong and secures 12 or 14 American Ships this year. 800, 600 & none less than 550 dollars. YOUQUAS is next best not rich-honest-sends good It is usual for two Ships families to live in one Fac- cargoes-pushed for money at times- is well esteemed by tory, there being about room sufficient, and no business is the E. I. Company & has two shares of their business-will transacted at the house which can interfere or clash with in a few years be head man perhaps. Head of the house is each other. If one hires a Factory and afterwards takes Pwanqua. Youqua excellent judge of Tea. Secures 3 Ships. in another, it is customary for the new comer to pay in CHEONQUA4 very rich-suspected of roguery-bad lieu of House rent 550 dollars, and bear his proportion cargoes sometimes. Secures 2 or 3 Ships this year may of all expenses, or to pay 1000 or 1200 dollars as may be do very well with a Strong agreement & good looking after. agreed, and bear no expense whatever. CONSUIQUA Rich-roguish-insinuating-polite- Having taken a Factory, you hire your China Ware sends some excellent cargoes-some bad Cargoes-not atten- of Old Synchong, or some other merchant and your plate tive enough to business and a man with whom you cannot of Cumshing or some other Jeweller: your house Com- talk with safety, as he will promise everything & perform what he pleases-not to be seen always. prador which you now take will furnish your house with what furniture & other articles that may be wanted, & KINQUA honest-poor-few friends-will do at times -no advance of cash-good man for black teas. charge you for the use of them. The Philadelphians gen- erally pay the Comprador $100 for Cumshaw and hire 2 Marginal Note: Houqua is rather dear, loves flattery & can be coaxed. 1 Marginal Note: Take care the first day or two after your 3 Marginal Note: Do much Bengal business. arrival, as there is more thieving then than afterwards. 4 Marginal Note: Company's Business. 308 "REMARKS ON THE CANTON TRADE AND THE MANNER OF TRANSACTING BUSINESS" 309 NUNQUA is in nearly the same case as Kinqua-probably you may without much risk, if necessary by making not SO honest. proper inquiry. LOONQUA PONQUA & HENQUA do no American business, but all the above have a share in the ESHING-Of outside Merchants Eshing is the first. He Companys business in rotation, & some two shares. A share is a silk merchant but deals in Teas & Nanking likewise. in common times is worth to the merchant 70 to 100,000 His prices rather high-always has supported the character dollars per annum. of an honest man, and many purchase of him without ever seeing their Goods. He is the most candid man in Canton- It is customary to make a written agreement with the his goods will pass in the United States without opening. merchant who secures your Ship, wherein is named your POONQUA-Silk merchant Old Ch. Street, a good man outward Cargo-the price-the allowances, and all charges sends good goods & is pretty safe to contract with for Silks. paid by him except boat hire which you pay-Goods LOONSHONG-Old Ch. St. general dealer-will do well weighed on board Ship & free of risk on delivery. Goods with looking after. which compose the return cargo-prices-qualities-time WASHING-China St. is next to Eshing-a safe man to -musters of particular Kinds of Goods (any unsaleable deal with, always performs his contracts, is honest no doubt, article in the outward cargo, to be taken off your hands) but more from interest than principle. He will do you jus- tice-is rising very fast in business. All damages on outward cargo had best be settled HEPSHING-is an honest chow man & deals fairly, because on Shipboard, & whatever items may occur to the Factor. he is wise enough to perceive it is for his interest SO to do. All goods are sent on board by the merchant free of charge He is also rising in the world. except the price originally agreed on prepaid &c All YINQUA-Laquered Ware. goods are imported free of charge if sold to a Hong Mer- CUMSHINGSilver Smith. chant except boat hire for which you pay the Linguist TYSHING-Ivory, Combs, Fans &c. from 15 to 25 Dollars per boat of 30 tons. AsHIE-Cabinet Maker. are head men at their business These items ought to be expressed in the agreement. & pretty honourable men, & deal fair with looking after. In the sales of any article to outside men have every thing KINGLUN-CHEEQUA-MUTON0 and most of the outside mentioned in the agreement that you can think of make Merchants will cheat you if possible. The best way of deal- him write down the substance of it in Chinese, & have it ing with these men & most or all of the outside merchants, read over before his face, & have ernest money of him, is to buy by muster & examine & pack at your own house, taking care not to exasperate them too much by sticking too before you close the agreement, than if he disapoints you close to the agreement when you are making a very good you can keep the ernest money, that being China Custom, bargain. And in buying goods by the weight, always make & never deliver the article till you have received the full it a part of the agreement that the goods shall be weighed value thereof. by English Scales and reduced to Piculs @ 133 1/3. Their There is no risk in advancing money to the first men Dotchings or weights not being very exact are short weight here, say Houqua, Youqua, Cheonqua, perhaps Consequa, & a stranger very liable to be cheated by them. but to the poorer Merchants it is as well to receive the goods previous to payment. It is often the case that the There are many outside men who do considerable richest of them do not want money: having no immediate American and English business, some men fancying one use for it, they will not then receive it unless as a favour. man honest, & some another. The only way of trading Sometimes they are much pushed for money, which you with safety is perhaps by dealing with those whose char- will always know, if not from themselves, from many acter & standing are such as to secure their honesty by ties of interest. It is best to have as small a chow chow others, & the probability of their standing may be gener- ally ascertained. It is not best to advance money, but chop as possible, the Mandarins giving much trouble EARLY AMERICAN MERCHANT SEAFARERS 1 IRA DYE FEW GROUPS in our history are seen through farers began, by the mid-1780's, to carry papers such a romatic haze as are American seafarers of attesting to their citizenship. These apparently the early 1800's. We are unable to see the men were copies of parish or town birth records or for the stereotype: Jack, the Jolly Tar, bowlegged, notarized statements by persons of substance and happy-go-lucky, a gold ring in his ear, a fancy reputation attesting to the bearer's American pigtail down his back, loyal, large-hearted, throw- citizenship. Seamen often obtained passports ing away the pay of a six-month cruise on six from the secretary of state or from American days of rum, whores and tobacco, then back to sea consuls overseas.4 None of these documents were again, and SO forth. This is not to say that there "official" in the sense of being the result of a gov- may not be much truth in this picture. However, ernment program designed to help the seaman it is a picture drawn from sources which, even if avoid impressment. contemporary, did not see the seamen up close Although there had been considerable discus- and which either romanticized or patronized him. sion of the impressment issue in the Congress, However, the men themselves rarely left letters little was done until after a particularly flagrant or diaries. Attempts to see them clearly must incident of impressment from an American ship lean heavily on contemporary newspaper accounts at sea in February, 1796.5 Public arousal forced or surviving official records. Of the latter, a congressional action and "An Act for the Relief considerable volume exists mostly related to the and Protection of American Seamen" was passed impressment issue, usually unexploited, nearly al- April 28 and approved May 28, 1796. e ways containing personal detail on specific in- The act called for a number of things, among dividuals : protection certificate applications, crew them the following lists, and later, British prison records from the Each district collector of customs was to keep a book War of 1812. The reason that these records have registering the names of all seamen who produced to remained largely untouched is principally the diffi- him authenticated proof of their American citizen- culty of using them without modern data-process- ship.7 ing equipment. To these seamen, he was to furnish a certificate of their American citizenship in the form prescribed by There have been a few useful attempts to get the act. In common parlance this was the "protec- behind the stereotype. This paper is intended to tion." complement these efforts and to provide a quanti- Zimmerman, 1925: p. 30, has a 1790 example. The tative context for further work in this direction. earliest example so far found in the National Archives' Its purpose is to use the detailed information files dates from July, 1794 (certificate of George from these records of individual seafarers to build Hartley). A number of such passports, dating from as early as a quantitative, statistical description of the group 1794 were found among the early SPC applications, ap- and to provide some initial analyses and in- parently submitted to the Collector as the evidence of ferences. citizenship required under the 1796 Act. Attempting to protect themselves against illegal 5 The Lydia Case. Described in Zimmerman, op. cit., impressment by the British navy, American sea- at p. 48. Also, there is a brief contemporary official re- port of the incident in RG 59, National Archives: (NNFD-90(529)) 1 Research for this article was conducted with the 6 Acts of the Fourth Congress, 1796: pp. 477-478. support of a grant from the Penrose Fund of the 7 There were 67 Collectors of Customs in the various American Philosophical Society. The author is grateful ports (most of these ports are now minor or little used), for the advice, criticism and encouragement of Pro- established by "An Act to provide more effectually for fessor Daniel S. Smith, University of Illinois at Chicago the Collection of Duties," passed May 4, 1790. Circle, and for the technical assistance of Professor 8 Figure 2 provides an example of the form as used David G. Smith, University of Virginia, in the develop- in Philadelphia in the early years. The wording of the ment of the career lengths methodology. form did not change from 1796 to 1861, although the 2 Notably, Lemisch, 1968: pp. 371-407, for American purpose of the SPC did, from "protection" to "identifi- seafarers of the Colonial and Revolutionary period. cation." PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. 120, NO. 5, OCTOBER 1976 331 This content downloaded from 137.49.191.250 on Thu, 21 May 2020 15:41:27 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Members of the Salen East India Marine Incorp. 1801 162 Appendix B society 77 Jan. 1804 John Forrester d Salem, 1837 11 78 Jan. 1804 d Salem, 1847 11 Joseph J. Knapp 79 Jan. 1804 John Clarke d West Indies, 1815 12 80 Mar. 1804 Thomas Binney Osgood d Salem, 1818 15 81 May 1804 William Ashton d Salem, 1835 li 82 May 1804 James Gilchrist d New Hampshire, 1826 83 May 1804 Ward Blackler d at Sea, 1815 84 Jul. 1804 Benjamin Swett d Andover, 1820 85 Sep. 1804 John R. Dalling d Salem, 1808 86 Sep. 1804 Solomon Towne d Sumatra, 1835 87 Sep. 1804 Abijah Northey, Jr. d Salem, 1853 88 Sep. 1804 Jesse Smith d Salem, 1844 89 Sep. 1804 Jeremiah Lee Page d St. George, 1866 90 Sep. 1804 George Peirce d Salem, 1822 91 Sep. 1804 William Putnam Orne d Springfield, 1815 92 Nov. 1804 Henry White d Salem, 1826 93 Mar. 1804 John Andrew d Salem, 1829 94 Jul. 1804 Jeremiah Briggs d Boston, 1844 95 Nov. 1804 William Story d Salem, 1860 96 Nov. 1804 Thomas West d Salem, 1849 97 Nov. 1804 Nathaniel Hathorne d Surinam, 1808 98 Mar. 1805 Thomas Ruee Lost at Sea, 1813-14 99 Sep. 1805 William Haskall d Cuba, 1833 100 Nov. 1805 William Allen d Salem, 1853 101 Jan. 1806 Charles Burrill d abroad, 1812 102 Jan. 1806 Francis Coffin Dead 103 Mar. 1806 Peter Lander, Jr. d Salem, 1832 104 Jul. 1806 John Beckett, Jr. d at Sea, 1815 1 105 Sep. 1806 Nathan Leach d Boston, 1826 1 106 Sep. 1806 John White d 1840 1 107 Sep. 1806 Joseph Beadle d Salem, 1848 108 Nov. 1806 Thomas Wren Ward Left Society 109 Nov. 1806 Benjamin Goodhue, 3d d Salem, 1814 110 Nov. 1806 Nathaniel Fisher, Jr. d Salem, 1810 111 Nov. 1806 Richard Ward, Jr. d New Orleans, 1822 112 Nov. 1806 Charles Saunders d Cambridge, 1864 113 Nov. 1806 Samuel Dudley Tucker d Salem, 1857 114 Nov. 1806 Timothy Wellman, 3d Lost at Sea, 1823 115 Nov. 1806 Benjamin Beckford d Beverly, 1811 116 Jan. 1807 Oliver Obear d New York, 1849 117 May 1807 Gamaliel H. Ward Left Society The East India Manni Society ad the Peabady leasen oF Salem: a Scsquicentennicl History Walter Muir Whitehill Salen: Pealoody buseur 1949, MHS T.SN. Ward Papers Martha Ann wad, sister of Many Ward. (1812-1853). CBP's aunt. George Cabot word, (CGW) brother of Mary word (1824-1887). GBD'S uncle. Esq. Harvard College Thomas When Ward, father of Treasurer of Boston Atheneum (1788-1858). - 3/4 In second decade of 19thc 11/20 check. Come to NY6 to "with L relative" Green Jonathan goodhue, founded in NYC "gudhere + Wand In 1817 Fretherned to Boston + In 1827 become the Am. agent I Baring Brothers. with Thomas' death (1858), business devolved to son Somed Gray Ward( ). n. GCW graduated from Hanvard (Class of ), studied in Heidelberg after voyan on sailing shop and wored. Seltes in Nec founded firm of ward, Compbell Co. Capt. Martha Ann (8/12/12- - 11/2/53) Villiam - TW ward Lacorence Gray C1013/17- 11/17/07) m. 1840 Annal B. Ward and George Cabot(1114/24-54/87 M. .1852 Barteer Mary Gray (6/5/16 2/6/19 Sathwick & Many Sam Gray - Lydia Gray Mary Gray (9/27/20 - 10/21/01) m. C.H.Dor * + m. ma orne 11/15/10. (13th) Villian C (2/6/19. 6/24/30) 7/30/88 Thomas www.(933)-12(3)54) John Gallison (9/12/22-6/5/56) fcw. Shard from with Somere the Baring 1885. Extensive characteryatia to GBD. GCW wa Twestes of children's ANd Society " " Bank of IF cer. " interested in of gave "air" of quaint vess 1 abstraction. that 622 for Son of S anwel Dorr t Susan Brown. Two children Samuel Graward 4 llarion Wards HATH / TRUST Ellery, Harrison 10/17/2017 Bowditch, Charles P. Contride. J Wilsont Son 1897 554 THE PICKERING GENEALOGY. (Vol.2 16. VIII. 180. Mary Jackson Delano, his wife, born in Boston, died in Cambridge, Mass., of old age. Mrs. Gardner lived to the great age of ninety-four years, having been a widow sixty-one years. She was a daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Reed) Delano. Her ancestry includes the following families: Delano, Reed, Peirce, Johnson, Wiswall, Smith, Converse, Long, Carter, Sawyer, Prescott, Wright, Dix. See ANCESTRY TABLES 17. VIII. 182. Martha Ann Proctor [Robert 17. VII. 104], born in Salem, died in Salem, pneumonia. Residence: Salem. 17. VIII. 182. David Nichols, her husband, born in Salem, died in Salem. A tanner. Residence: Salem. Mr. Nichols was a son of Stephen and Abigail (Moulton) Nichols. Ichabod Nichols [44. VI. 69] was his granduncle His ancestry includes the following families: Nichols, Moulton, Gaskill, Southwick, Gardner, Frier, Pope, Folger, Buffington, Buffum, Pope, Moulton. See ANCESTRY TABLES VIII 77. 17. VIII. 183. Thomas Wren Ward [Martha 17. VII. 105], born in Salem, died in Boston, of heart disease. A banker. Residence: Boston. After his mother's death, Thomas Wren Ward was sent, at an early age, to Mr. Foster's school at Andover, Mass., a superior school for those days. On leaving school, he went to sea, and at eighteen, as second officer, brought home his ship from China, the master and first officer being disabled. After having made one or two voyages to China as captain, he married at the age of twenty-four, left the sea, and went into business in Boston. The times being unfavorable, he moved to New York, and, with his mother's cousin, Jonathan Goodhue, established the house of Goodhue & Ward. Though successful in New York, he preferred to return to Boston, which he did in 1817. He bought the house on Park Street, in which he lived until his death, in 1858. About the year 1824, being fond of books, and having a fair compe- tence, he retired from business for several years. During this time he Google Original from PRINCETON UNIVER EIGHTH GENERATION. 555 visited his friend, Joshua Bates, in London, a partner of Baring Brothers & Co., who proposed to him that he should become the American agent of his firm. A year or two later he accepted their proposition, and carried on all the American business of the Barings until his retirement in 1852. From 1830 to 1842, he was treasurer of Harvard College. In 1843, the college conferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. A portrait of him by Page hangs in Memorial Hall. Mr. Ward was a man of great influence, and of the highest character. He was an intimate friend of Channing, Bowditch, Ticknor, Chief Justice Shaw, and others. He was named for a Dr. Wren, of England, who had befriended his father while he was imprisoned in Dartmoor prison. His portrait, painted by William Hunt, is in the possession of his son, Samuel Gray Ward, of Washington, D.C. The heliotype here given is from a daguerrotype 1 17. VIII. 183. Lydia Gray, the wife of Thomas W. Ward, born in Salem, baptized there Aug. 4, 1788, died in Canton, Mass. The heliotype of Mrs. Ward here given is from a photograph. Mrs. Ward was a daughter of Samuel and Nancy (Orne) Gray, of Med- ford, Mass. John C. Gray [53. VII. 301], Horace Gray [53. VII. 304], Henry Gray [25. VIII. 253], and Alice Orne [52. VI. 93] were her first cousins; Edward Orne [52. VII. 288] was her first cousin once removed; Timothy Orne [1-11. IV. 1] was her great-granduncle. Her ancestry includes the following families : Gray, Williams, Calley, Burrill, Ivory, South, Jarvis, Orne, Thompson, Ingersoll, Felton, Elvins, Beadle. See ANCESTRY TABLES THE 17. VIII. 184. Stephen Wheatland [Martha 17. VII. 107], born in Salem, died at sea. Residence: Salem. Mr. Wheatland, H. C. 1816, entered upon a sea-faring life, and died at sea on board the ship Perseverance, while on his second voyage. K was very fond of music, and was a good performer on several instruments, 1 Letter of Samuel Gray Ward, dated Sept. 25, 1893. Digitized Google Original from PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 2 Note on front of original: This written by my father's uncle Benj Ward T. W. W. Joshua Ward was born in the Towne of Hurr in the Country of Kent ( Old England) came to this country soon after the First settlement. Obtained a Lot and Settled in Salem. Was lost a Shallop fishing about the year 1677 or 78 (his widow maried a Mr Kezer) Left Issue Two Sons & three daughters viz: Joshua Ward who was killed in the Great Pasture by a cart whele going over his Neck at about 10 or 12 years of age. One daughter who maried a Mr Pitman of Marblehed One daughter who maried a Mr Collins. One daughter who maried a Mr Mosses. She deranged at times and was found drowned in a well up at Trask's Plains. And Miles Ward born about the year 1672. He maried a Massey, daughter of Mr Massey who was the first male child born in the Massachusetts Collony. This left Issue four sons viz: Joshua, Miles, John & Ebenezer. He married a second wife, Sarah Ropes. She died 7 Febriy 1768 aged 86 years. He died 20 Aug't 1764 aged 921/2019 years. His son Joshua Ward, before mentioned, was born died aged He maried three wives. By the first he had issue sons and daughters. By his second wife he had issue By his third wife he had: Miles Ward born 16 Aprill 1704. He died 14 June 1792. He had two wives By his first (a Webb) he had issue two Sons and Six daughters. By his second (a widow Hawthorne) he had issue - three sons and five daughters. Page 2 of 2 2. John Ward born Died He married a Higginson his first wife & had issue three sons and one daughter. His second wife, a Batter No issue. Ebenezer Ward born April 10, 1710 Died March 4, 1791 Aged 81 years. He Maried Rachel Pickman Born July 25, 1717 died Jan'y 7, 1789. They had issue five Sons and five daughters viz: William Ward born August 9, 1736; died Oct'r 9, 1767 on a passage from Jamaica. He mar ied Ruth Pytman born They had issue two sons and one daughter vis William Ward born Ruth Ward born died of a throat distemper May 25, 1770 Caleb Ward born died of a throat distemper May 28, 1770 Ebenezer Ward born 26 May 1738 died Oct'r 26, 1773. He marie Mehitable Buttolph. They had issue one son and five daughter Benjamin Ward born 18 Sept's 1739 maried Elizabeth Babbidge Nov'r 17, 1770. His first wife had issue three sons and three daughters who all died in Infancey. He maried a second wife Mary Carlton. Sarah Ward born July 19, 1741 Died Oct 17, 1754 Caleb Warn born Jan'y 12, 1743. Lost at Sea Jan'y 3, 1764. Miles Ward born July 12, 1744 died Oct'r 23, 1796. He maried Hanah Chipman. They had issue one Son & one Daughter. Rachel Ward born Jan'y 10, 1746. Maried to Edward Lang April 23, 1768. Had issue three sons & seven daughters. Abigail Ward born June 14, 1748 Maried William Hathorn Jun. Issue none. 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 Thomas Wren Ward Papers 1717-1943 ; bulk: 1778-1858 Guide to the Collection COLLECTION SUMMARY CREATOR: Ward, Thomas W. (Thomas Wren), 1786-1858. TITLE: Thomas Wren Ward papers DATES: 1717-1943 BULK DATES: 1778-1858 PHYSICAL 13 document boxes and 2 volumes in cases. DESCRIPTION: CALL NUMBER: Ms. N-1726 REPOSITORY: Massachusetts Historical Society , 1154 Boylston StreetBoston, MA 02215 library@masshist.org (mailto:library@masshist.org) ABSTRACT This collection consists of the family papers, business papers, and diaries of Thomas Wren Ward (1786- 1858) of Boston, a merchant who served as an agent in the United States for the English firm Baring Brothers from 1830 to 1853. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Thomas Wren Ward (20 Nov. 1786-4 March 1858) was a prominent Boston merchant and agent in America for the English banking firm Baring Brothers. Ward was born in Salem, Mass. to William Ward (1761-1827) and Martha Procter Ward (1762-1788). Following Martha's death just two years after Thomas's birth, William Ward married Joanna "Nancy" Chipman Ward. Thomas Wren Ward first followed his father into the mariner's trade, earning command of a ship at age 19, but after marrying Lydia Gray Ward (b. 30 July 1788) on 13 Nov. 1810, he relocated to Boston and established himself in business. With the help of Josiah Bates, a friend and Baring Brothers partner, Thomas Wren Ward became the American agent for Baring Brothers in 1830 and held the post until 1853. Ward was essential in helping Baring Brothers weather the financial crisis of 1837-1842 and responsible for retaining Daniel Webster as the firm's legal council. After his retirement from active business life in 1853, his sons Samuel and John assumed the duties of the Baring Brothers agency. Among the other positions held by Thomas Wren http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 1/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 Ward were Treasurer of Harvard College (1830-1842) and Treasurer of the Boston Athenaeum (1828- 1836). Thomas Wren Ward and Lydia Gray Ward had eight children: Martha Ann Ward (12 Aug. 1812-2 Nov. 1853), Mary Gray Ward (3 June 1816-6 Feb. 1819), Samuel Gray Ward (3 Oct. 1817-17 Nov. 1907), William Ward (6 Feb. 1819-24 July 1830), Mary Gray Ward Dorr (29 Sept. 1820-21 Oct. 1901), John Gallison Ward (12 Sept. 1822-5 June 1856), George Cabot Ward (4 Nov. 1824-4 May 1887), and Thomas Wren Ward, Jr. (3 Sept. 1831-3 Dec. 1859). COLLECTION DESCRIPTION The Thomas Wren Ward papers consist of 13 boxes and 2 cased volumes spanning the years 1717 to 1943 (bulk: 1778-1858). The collection is divided into four series: family papers, bound manuscripts, business papers, and diaries. The first series, family papers, contains family correspondence (including many typescripts), essays on faith, and genealogical materials. Family matters are the primary theme of the family correspondence, but Thomas Wren Ward frequently discussed business with his father and his sons, sharing information on the condition of trade as his family members traveled. The second series, bound manuscripts, contains a compilation of letters, essays, and other manuscripts by Thomas Wren Ward, once bound together in a volume. The series includes letters to Nathan Hale (1784-1863) and Daniel Webster, essays on trade and finance, and papers relating to the Boston Athenaeum and Harvard College Library. The third series, business papers, contains general business correspondence, Joshua Bates correspondence, Daniel Webster correspondence, and accounts. Most of the series relates to Thomas Wren Ward's duties as agent for Baring Brothers. The series also documents his earlier careers as a ship captain and Boston merchant. Among the notable correspondents are Edward Everett, Nathan Hale, and Thomas Baring. The final series contains 8 diaries (with typescripts of most), and one typescript copy of a diary for which MHS does not hold the original. Of particular interest are the largest diary which Thomas Wren Ward kept from 1827-1853, which recorded business, family, and public events, and the smaller diaries he kept documenting his 1828 trip to England. The diaries and many letters have been marked up, apparently for publication, but there is no record that the papers were ever published. NOTE: Typescripts of manuscripts are extracts, not full transcripts. ACQUISITION INFORMATION Gift of the estate of George B. Dorr, April 1946. http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 2/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE COLLECTION I. Thomas Wren Ward family papers, 1717-1943 This series is divided into nine subseries, as listed below. Typescript copies accompany a majority of the manuscripts. There are also typescripts of letters for which MHS does not hold the originals. All typescripts and manuscripts are interfiled in one chronological sequence within each subseries. NOTE: Typescripts of manuscripts are extracts, not full transcriptions. Correspondence is organized into series of letters between Thomas Wren Ward and individual members of the Ward family and two series of general family correspondence. A. Thomas Wren Ward-George C. Ward correspondence, 1835-1853 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and his son George C. Ward. During George C. Ward's trip to Europe, 1846-1848, he traded many letters with his father discussing contemporary European events, including the 1848 Rebellion in France. Thomas Wren Ward frequently asked for information on the state of trade in places where George traveled and mentioned the economic situation at home in Boston. See also Thomas Wren Ward - John G. Ward correspondence for Thomas Wren Ward letters addressed to John and George Ward. Box 1 Folder 1-16 B. Thomas Wren Ward-John G. Ward correspondence, 1843-1855 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and his son John G. Ward. The series also contains letters from John to his mother, Lydia Gray Ward, and correspondence from Thomas Wren Ward addressed to both John G. and George C. Ward. John G. Ward traveled to Europe and on to China as a partner in A. Heard & Co., 1847- [1849]. He and Thomas Wren Ward exchanged business advice and observations on politics and trade during the trip and at other times. Box 1 Folder 17-26 C. Thomas Wren Ward-Martha A. Ward correspondence, 1816-1853 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and his daughter Martha Ann Ward. Martha A. Ward frequently wrote her father while he traveled on business and kept him informed of family matters. Box 2 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 3/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 D. Thomas Wren Ward-Martha A. Ward correspondence, 1816-1853 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and his eldest son, Samuel G. Ward. Samuel followed Thomas Wren Ward as an agent for Baring Brothers and business is a recurring topic in the later correspondence. Thomas Wren Ward wrote Samuel many letters describing his trip to England in 1853 in great detail. Box 3 Folder 1-21 E. Samuel G. Ward Family correspondence, 1836-1901 This subseries contains correspondence between Samuel G. Ward and other members of the Ward family, not including Thomas Wren Ward. Among the correspondents are mother Lydia Gray Ward and sisters Mary Ward Dorr and Martha A. Ward. Family matters were the primary theme of the correspondence. Box 3 Folder 22-28 F. Thomas Wren Ward-William Ward correspondence, 1797-1825 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and his father, William Ward. The series also contains correspondence with Thomas Wren Ward's step-mother Joanna "Nancy" Chipman Ward. Of note are discussions of Thomas Wren Ward's adventures at sea and later discussions of business matters. Box 4 G. Ward Family correspondence, 1760-1855 This subseries contains the correspondence of various members of the Ward family, including but not limited to Thomas Wren Ward, wife Lydia Gray Ward, brother William Ward, Jr., sons William Ward (1819-1830), and Thomas Wren, Jr., daughter Mary Ward Dorr, daughter-in-law Anna Barker Ward (wife of Samuel G. Ward), as well as various friends of the family. Early family correspondence includes letters between William and Joanna "Nancy" Chipman Ward and William, Jr., Thomas Wren, and Lucy Ann Ward Lawrence. Also included are some of William Ward's business correspondence with William Gray, Jr. and Capt. John R. Dalling, as well as Joanna Ward's correspondence with members of the Chipman family. This series also includes Lucy Ward Laurence Reminiscences, [1850s]. 1760-1816 Box 5 1817-1848 Box 6 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 4/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 1849-1855 Box 7 Folder 1-13 H. Essays on faith, n.d. and 1717 This subseries contains essays, also called "Confessions of Faith," by [Capt. John Gardner] and Elizabeth Gardner (Thomas Wren Ward's great-great-grandparents) and Ruth Putnam Ward (Thomas Wren Ward's paternal grandmother) that discussed each author's relationship with God and the nature of their faith. Several of the essays have typescript copies. See also Genealogical Materials for more information on the relation of the authors to Thomas Wren Ward. [Capt. John Gardner?], n.d. [1] Box 7 Folder 14 [Capt. John Gardner?], n.d. [2] Box 7 Folder 15 [Capt. John Gardner?], 3 June 1717 Box 7 Folder 16 (manuscript and typescript copies) Elizabeth Gardner, n.d. Box 7 Folder 17 (manuscript and typescript copies) Ruth Putnam Ward, n.d. Box 7 Folder 18 (manuscript and typescript copies) I. Genealogical materials, 1786-1943 This subseries contains materials related to the family history of the Ward family. The series includes one bound volume containing a family tree, William Ward sundry accounts, 1801- 1809, and an autobiographical letter (and manuscript copy) from William Ward addressed to his grandchildren, [1820s?]. The series also includes a variety of manuscript, printed, and typescript materials including obituaries, family trees, brief family history essays, and correspondence concerning the genealogical research of the donor, George B. Dorr. For an additional autobiographical essay, see Lucy Ward Lawrence Reminiscences [1850s], in the Ward Family correspondence. Bound volume, 1801-[1820s?] Box 8 Folder 1 William Ward autobiographical letter to Box 8 Folder 2 grandchildren (manuscript copy of original in Bound Genealogical Materials) 1786-1943 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 5/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 Box 8 Folder 3-4 George B. Dorr Correspondence, 1901- Box 8 Folder 5 1940 II. Thomas Wren Ward bound manuscripts, 1825-1840 This series is comprised of letters, essays, and other papers of Thomas Wren Ward that formerly were bound in one volume. It is unclear who is responsible for compiling the volume. Due to the fragile nature of the volume, the MHS staff removed the binding while retaining the page order number. The volume includes letters to brother William Ward, Jr., Nathan Hale, and Daniel Webster. Essay topics include education, taxes, finance, foreign mercantile debt, and tariffs. Also included are papers relating to the Boston Athenaeum, Harvard College Library, and a savings bank. Box 8 Folder 6-14 III. Thomas Wren Ward business papers, 1805-1857 This series is divided into four subseries, as listed below. A. Business correspondence, 1805-1857 This subseries contains Thomas Wren Ward's correspondence with a number of business associates, including but not limited to John R. Dalling, William Gray, Jr., William Ropes, Jonathan Goodhue, Edward Everett, Nathan Hale (1784-1863) (see also Thomas Wren Ward Bound Manuscripts), George Ticknor, Baring Brothers, Thomas Baring, Edmund Forstall, Dr. James Jackson, and William Sturgis. Thomas Wren Ward's careers as ship captain, Boston merchant, and agent for Baring Brothers are all represented in the correspondence. See also Thomas Wren Ward correspondence with William Ward, Samuel G. Ward, George C. Ward, and John G. Ward for additional discussion of business matters. Box 9 B. Joshua Bates correspondence, 1828-1857 This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and Joshua Bates, a partner at Baring Brothers and close friend. The correspondence is a mix of business, American and European politics, family news, and gossip about mutual acquaintances. For additional Baring Brothers correspondence, see Business Correspondence. 1828-1842 Box 10 1843-1847 Box 11 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 6/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 1848-1857 Box 12 Folder 1-21 C. Daniel Webster correspondence, 1824-[1845?] This subseries contains correspondence between Thomas Wren Ward and Daniel Webster, as well as one letter from Joshua Bates to Webster. Webster served as legal council to Baring Brothers in America. The correspondence discusses matters before Congress and international politics and how both were likely to effect trade. For copies of additional letters to Webster, see also Thomas Wren Ward Bound Manuscripts. Box 12 Folder 22 D. Accounts, 1810-1811 This subseries contains several accounts involving shipping. The accounts include balances with William Ward, Thomas Wren Ward, and Essex Bank. It is unclear who kept the accounts. Box 12 Folder 23 IV. Thomas Wren Ward diaries, 1827-1855 This series contains eight original diaries and one typescript for which MHS does not hold the original. A typescript copy accompanies most of the diaries in the series. Several of the diaries are travel journals kept on trips to Cape Cod and to England. The largest diary, 1827-1853, records business and family events, as well as observations on politics and philosophy, the city of Boston, his involvement at Harvard College, and thoughts on hearing Ralph Waldo Emerson lecture. Diary, 1827-1853 Case 1 Note: A typescript of extracts from this diary can be found in Box 13. Papers removed from diary, 1827-1853 Box 13 Folder 1 Typescript of diary, 1827-1853 Box 1 Folder 2-5 Diary, 1827 Box 13 Folder 6 (manuscript and typescript copies) Account of trip from Boston to Cape Cod Diary, 3 July 1828-[1828] Box 13 Folder 7 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 7/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 Diary, 15 Sept 1828-[1828] Box 13 Folder 8 Diary, 19 Oct-20 Nov 1828 Box 13 Folder 9 Typescript of portions of diaries 3 July 1828- Box 13 Folder 10 [1828] and 19 Oct-20 Nov 1828 Account of trip to England Diary, 1834 Box 13 Folder 11 Diary, 14 July -6 Oct [1834] Box 13 Folder 12 Typescript of diary, 1845 Box 13 Folder 13 Diary, 1855 Case 2 Note: A typescript of extracts from this diary can be found in Box 13. Typescript of diary, 1855 Box 13 Folder 14 PHOTOMECHANICALS REMOVED FROM THE COLLECTION The following photomechanicals have been removed from this collection for placement and cataloging with the Massachusetts Historical Society Photomechanical Collection. Two photomechanicals, one of Paul Thoron, Esq., and one of Mrs. Paul Thoron, by J. Fabre, Marseilles, n.d. PREFERRED CITATION Thomas Wren Ward papers, Massachusetts Historical Society ACCESS TERMS This collection is indexed under the following headings in ABIGAIL (http://www.masshist.org/library/abigail.cfm) , the online catalog of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Researchers desiring materials about related persons, organizations, or subjects should search the catalog using these headings. http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 8/10 6/17/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 PERSONS: Ward family--Genealogy. Ward family. Bates, Joshua, 1776-1854. Dorr, Mary Gray Ward, 1820-1901. Everett, Edward, 1794-1865. Gardner, Elizabeth. Gardner, John. Goodhue, Jonathan, 1783-1863. Gray, William, Jr. Hale, Nathan, 1784-1863. Jackson, James, 1777-1867. Lawrence, Lucy Ann Ward. Sturgis, William, 1782-1863. Ticknor, George, 1791-1871. Ward, George Cabot, 1824-1887. Ward, Joanna Chipman. Ward, John Gallison, 1822-1856. Ward, Lydia Gray, b. 1788. Ward, Martha Ann, 1812-1853. Ward, Ruth Putnam. Ward, Samuel Gray, 1817-1907. Ward, Thomas Wren, 1831-1859. Ward, William, 1761-1827. Ward, William, 1819-1830. Webster, Daniel, 1782-1852. ORGANIZATIONS: Boston Athenaeum. Harvard University. Treasurer. Baring Brothers & Co. SUBJECTS: Business and politics--United States. Family history--1750-1799. Family history--1800-1849. Family history--1850-1899. Merchants--Massachusetts--Boston. Ocean travel. Religious thought--18th century. Ship captains. Shipping--Massachusetts. Voyages and travels. Boston (Mass.)--Commerce--England. China--Description and travel. http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0013 9/10 417/2015 Thomas Wren Ward Papers, 1717-1943 England -- Commerce -- Massachusetts -- Boston. England -- Description and travel--1801-1900. France--Description and travel. United States--Politics -- and government--19th century. Collection processed by Michael Rush, October 2001. Revised 22 Feb. 2005 Encoded by Michael Rush, May 2003 http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa001 10/10 WebVoyage Record View 1 Page 1 of 3 THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY ABIGAIL: MHS Online Catalog Search Headings Titles History Help ABIGAIL Home Database Name: Massachusetts Historical Society Search Request: Keyword Anywhere = baring & company Search Results: Displaying 2 of 10000 entries Previous Next Bibliographic Holdings Table of Contents MARC Format Thomas Wren Ward diaries, Relevance: Database: Massachusetts Historical Society Format: Manuscripts Call number(s): Ms. N-1726 Contained in: In Thomas Wren Ward papers. Creator: Ward, Thomas W. (Thomas Wren), 1786-1858. Title: Thomas Wren Ward diaries, 1827-1855. Description: 1 box and 2 volumes in cases. Scope: Nine diaries kept by Thomas Wren Ward, a Boston merchant and an agent in the United States for the English firm Baring Brothers, 1827-55. Two diaries, for the years 1827-53 and 1855 respectively, record daily events (including foods eaten and books read) and family matters such as the deaths of his son and daughter, and include discussion of religion, business, politics, and government; the weather (including temperatures); a fishing trip in Boston Harbor with John Quincy Adams and other dignitaries; thoughts on a Ralph Waldo Emerson lecture; and notes on his involvement as treasurer of Harvard College. Six diaries (including a typescript for 1845 of which MHS does not hold the original), kept 1827-1845, contain details of Ward's travels to Cape Cod, New York City, England, and France; measurements of latitude, longitude, and wind on transatlantic voyages; observations of English markets, goods, and society; descriptions of Baring Brothers partners; and an account of Edward Everett as ambassador in London. One diary, kept 1834, includes memoranda of subjects relating to his responsibilities as agent for Baring Brothers. Finding aids available: Unpublished guide in the Library. Most items are individually described in the MHS manuscript catalog. Subject(s): Ward family. Baring Brothers & Co. Harvard University. Treasurer. Business and politics -- -United States. Merchants -Massachusetts -Boston. http://balthazaar.masshist.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=2&ti=1,2&Search%5FArg=baring.. 6/1/2009 WebVoyage Record View 1 Page 2 of 3 Merchants --Diaries. Ocean travel --Diaries. Religious thought -- 18th century. Transatlantic voyages -- -Diaries. Voyages and travels -- Diaries. Weather. Cape Cod (Mass.) -- --Description and travel. England -- --Description and travel -- 1801-1900. France -- -Description and travel. New York (N.Y.) -- -Description and travel. United States --Politics and government -- 19th century. Diaries -- -1827. Diaries -1828. Diaries -1829. Diaries -1830. Diaries --1831. Diaries --1832. Diaries -1833. Diaries --1834. Diaries --1835. Diaries --1836. Diaries --1837. Diaries --1838. Diaries --1839. Diaries -1840. Diaries --1841. Diaries --1842. Diaries --1843. Diaries --1845. Diaries --1846. Diaries --1847. Diaries --1848. Diaries --1849. Diaries --1850. Diaries --1851. Diaries --1852. Diaries --1853. Diaries -1855. Previous Next Record Options http://balthazaar.masshist.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=2&ti=1,2&Search%5FArg=baring... 6/1/2009 WebVoyage Record View 1 Page 3 of 3 . Select Download Format Full Record Format for Print/Save Enter your email address: Email Search Headings Titles History Help Exit http://balthazaar.masshist.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=2&ti=1,2&Search%5FArg=baring... 6/1/2009 5/27/04 Ward Famila Papers:Notes MHS 2 copies inste 5/28/34. Note: Typescopt can I us Not exact consespondence. BI,F.2 6 large C. word to uss Tw.ward (Nather) Calcutta, 4/17/42. Refers to Mather interest IN his eyes. "Since I have been her they have bee gradeval improving and I think the G the time I get from they well be near recovered. As yet I have not he able to are than Much " BIFF T.W. Was tw Surge (6/16/45) describy his visit to Lenoxad expectation - it become a "very tolerable and recrouable idle man." B 1, F5 Georgewed to T.W. (10/4/45) Fro NYC "a clerk for 2 gean, now 21 yrs of age Waste to go to Germany to study several year at University On 10/7/45 george wite that heis "courved which I have seen her before that should I take copy a literars life, I could succeed in it a fully any in business on 10/0/45 goose says her object cu to become a man ot letter end an author " - confine itself to Pretry, Play and Novels, ad Philosophy. But, such a person "is the lash new in te world, you of I or ay other then would line for a son. T ward (1019) encourage son to return have to talk over matters. Father write (10/11) to sm tollow a takin on Park Street between the two Received his return he wats to arrive at what is best," not to Note a pat win position, 107- his "we take." Nonether going abroad to "not at all practical le and wouldn't contribut to respectable I usetulous or happens." Fru NYC, giogs anter (10/17) two scetence lette: be deliveration at a and, not to futu Cernan but well return have John in Bus New Box 1 F6 T.W tofer (1/30/46) reter to Anna writz for be nox GeoRgity T.W. (2110146) ton London are because + tour Encourages in to and for hero as Basing's house". that keep J 13 below zero it every at the Sedgwick's, Cour to T.W. (2/22 Antworp of Westminster Fliny. on trouch teadelberg (save at letter box 1,F7. Geor to T.W. 4 (3/9) 46) study Geruan. will alted leature. (4/2) danawhics Germande system will they "alwayslooh more at theory their at fact." More an them, (4/22) + his da z activities (5/21), he excussion down Rhine (615) T.W. to George (7/15/46) be has mather's tonal to Mentual bab Ehappian + hah longe for bl 3 weeks. T.w. is x 1,F8 = that ing sister at Nahant. Feerge 8/22/06) u transite So the (914) is aatherizin James on to Progre (9124). Urenia pleased him the Most he says (9124) From perlin. He not to be done I work have IA but in Mo (1848) Several more letter CFT These with (Jan - llanch. 1847) in her states t come Tw. group hesting of T.W (3170) uputs from Boston on of deed 2 the of slow at Pittsfield; Horace gray last was, bused at let Auborn San "Martha is very well + Mery well." + hids at henox and Ance at Haggenty; in Ny. 's Four or fivi more letter re London trip + Itellan tup preparations Tisney- (5/25) includes notet an le Jeffries Wyman, Anesea naturalism and nest who use staying 10 group Street has all the flover of geoge B Dorr. Jeffer been Harvoid profession a cal chargem of evolution. (3) X / E,11 Tw to graze (7/10/47) is "Tom is at henox and Many at Mr. Storeg's at redford." writs T.W. TW. (8/14) in family sailing at "Secconnet in R.I, (8/7/47) the he I on My way home". Design Bible. 6 me earh of Neepart. "Mary is at Lanor: Sam now hach at fanox followy (says GBD) a heinting and cavoing tryi in th Aderendar "themseal wilderness Box 1,F.M george to T.W. (9/25/47) off to Italy. 'give of love to the girls since in just heard from each. "llary is pretty had nevertheless; four letters in two years is no great thing! Mathe is better but she does not tell ne much of what is joy on." From Helan (11/7/47) Tw. to grow (11/17/47) re "We drand te i at the. Everett: last even " He, bee read Tacitus, gibbon, Hame a Like of Colaridge groze to TW 12129) sped X was in Naples, for , F 13 better from Naples, ind Vist to Pamper (lette 2/22/48) u "Everyth in Europe is in the greatest agitation now owing L the revolved on in France." (3/20/48); Fronh Story arried from Boston, also other Bostoner Word Sears's others. More from liaple (4/19/48), then Rome (5/7/48) who he he sea "Louisa word: F 14 Sangs has stay in Italy (6/4) 48 "themoral profestable part of my whole lite." On to Paus (6/18/48), anoth late (6) 2014F) is great libellion" on last 4 days but George ua not hurt in the "stat of Siege Fearh Story is there + well Tw write (7/26/45) that "Trade is had March factory very had + we are shrinbin j up. Refer to their "parenty a) " to do with less." helts (8/7) Cost If Europen trous ? 31, 200/ you in georgts T.W (11/8/48). refer to Mary at Nahant with Julia Howe," Truck plan in Ny,will follow lifecature T again 4 declines business offers of T.W. Here use my from Kevex he naming a letter for T.W. who appear to U have vened has favourial support at groge a & right to with device it." Agui (11/13) Surger a trust and not a gift, youhard in doubted write that Twhen always for and "use home lived tepther without exchanging a (11/15/48) from Lensy he write that be is not single word on the subject of money Again made me. "wite the allowance that you have Letters being copied. on 10/4/49 group 5gs Le will become in "broken in Stat Street (Bouton) 31F16 Group timels to New alean (5/3/50). Tw. says (5/12) that "Many easy for the present No employment for Sleeps an no profiture trade Manifacture contineous had." From 5th ours (6/5/50) sup From 'st hous that he hopend to be hour in time for lang's wedding Refer to Calterna exigration, aholitia it slavery, etc 5 . 1.17 John to Urs word from London (612/43) ot he Meet To Mr. Thomas Basing. West to fee Juice Ward (notation that llaward to John to lears was la neve (8/14/43); Dr Someone Home) on her wedding Journey B.F. 18 Lyon ( 8127) Agu, many annotation, 3 6 BD. Lette for TW the "Dear Boys a 7/3/44 say pg you bills + dail have hills "stang unrecessary nor any longer than neurous TW to hate haps (12/7/44) stack transport of $20 K each from shares at Amosteag, Mammark Bank of Commany Cobat, etc. F15 T.W to John secured litter a Groge & also @ Gusion Job (7/23/47) on 56 day vagar for Southaupt to Malta to Cairo the Caygon to Hona Kong Her her a paster (in Carton) in A. Hoard No. 1,F.20 Canton letter (1847) , F 21 Economic was. in Booton (1/26/48) TW salp "shirinteing .. will reach us all near all our factories maln no dividends, and the stocks are unalable. John S we situated in Carton T.W. s days (2/22/48) that hes heart to ur Divwell (partner in Canton Hown of Heard x (o.). T.W . sap (8/7/48) in letter John that "Ishall utine as som a leasers. Baring source ever well premie not may maths. Response it From (9/26) w that he too "shall give up business "for he has enough "and now then large to Lunz as I should best urst." He usent 2 invest in safe Manver + live structy with has income of educate self, "an independent main at last." 6 B.L.F.22 Letter emonte home. T.W Says "George in at Cambide, ad studen hard, be does not touch ruch but I dure Siley he reserve B1.F23 will vauch before your Sunshine.' (5/8/49). Tw. to John (5/12/50). "Mary says you will be In unk the in a few dgs (GBD rate that T.W.s left arm had he mohan from house "After may is named hell take long journed falling in Jan. 1850), health now improving. T.W to For 18/25) u "Mary seem most at Passure with lers. Ward. Freseas "Empty home "syndrome, and at ease." 1st notes Chini total Dorr T w an to for (9/17/50), "Mary is in the family way perfectly well, and her husband and his House of business all right, and Mar is very happy." B1.F24 T.W. to John (1/25/51) Heory signed a sprest for a new partner dop For 5 year under return name of Blake, Ward, t Co. ad we an all pleased, T.W. to for (11/2/51). "many and her baby will Dorr are all fewil rate." 3.1.F25 Tu to John (1125/52) Georgi Lever married on the 22nd + is stay with at Clargis, + llan in the Dar accuse wis for the week or tuc. Later (3/9/52) May the Dorr are day happy as possible and Mer Dorr is a friend with lang all from a house read He also he lt sudden qualities." TW higs group says (8/26/52) tent Thorna Baring will liky person have short Unit heven Fee him in 23 years hope to retire (TW) at 3.1.F26 Death * lot us of 1852. Cop 04 MHS 7 Box 8 Ha draw curology (E is date). F 1 - Handwritin Willia Ward autobay leta C grandbhild 27 pp. The Gray pid green for Thomas ward Eag. for Same Swett, 3/30/54, Marblehead Mass vegining 1. William Grey st Lynn a Farm (sea hawis' Hitory ) in 1706 on Millips Hill. Discount 1758 lites Soz Abrahom how 1713, mane hyder Calley. The dautter (daywlenst Francis Cally F2 36 pp. handwritte Were word autoh bellet In 6BDs hand: Wm gray, the educat su, was born in Lynn on For 27, 1750, hamed for has grandfather wm 10pp.or 3x5" Gray, Then ratz a not clear 3 Baring House Arcestry SCIC Note. William Gray of Salem Merchant Biograph Shetah L. Edward Gra Houghtar little R.d. 4. FES Wm Wand [1786].4 pp. had essy Josheen Ward un born in the toune of Hurr in the conf of Kent (old Empand) class to the country soon after te 1st scetler t settled in Salem F5 May fanf had records of Has letter to george @ his work ( ol'+ 0'3) felter to Wm C Endicatt (1908) record arcestry of Willia Graysurfe time Sidney Perley. Edward In (1/7/12) letter 12 us. Dor' in Joshua Bates t relate to William Hron Thomas W. Ward 9/30/17 had leck to DEEN re SMM pint= pussed seeing you a (8 88F5 7/21/17 letter. Copied, F7 Un of LNP stationary for statetes of naval battle F9 Lette to Her. Hale (under) to Form F12 Howan College when hibray, 2 preconvent "Sauntic an relating Lisrary 1826. Box 3 Ganual & word F1 Typescupt copes by GBD. Letter from 1830's to T.W Word F 3 S. C ready Barke, Pitts life & (Imple Boston , March 6, 1836 letter to "My dear Father, says on 18 2 "It is a City that - before to F4 marther Character a well. Reference to Marthain illness (6/15/38, 6/17/38) F5 Letters 1. from " Dittshurgh. Cinanat F6 11 " New Orean (1839) F7 u " N.Y. Litte (3/4/39) for N Ocean upond a "lady to whom I have been for some time story attached" Us Anna Backer. Wante 2 propose to her. Presini assessment jeep. cotton F8 hella to Horana, 4/12/39 Aug 9,1839 we from "llary some to be will + styong May wish to stay until when some of her friends will be coming to Booton They to have her with them seen much attached to her, a desires MSts 5/27/04 2.F8 Dug 26, 1839 letter to TW Ward "we selectoring part with this Many who for with same young falks 11 whom I gladf commit to your find care Sept. 9, 1839 letter ri Martha edite account for Johni "failure to enter college. San has great respect for John intelled but "hehan 1 dith with in grasping particulars as holding then in his Rind." 3 PP on John abilities All are suddy disappointed. N.V. 1,1839 : 3 p.p in Anna Backer + San feelings for ber. Dec 3, 1839. Defense to Many's attachment to Julia Chick. F9 Day 1, 1940 3 pp with an Anna New Oclear Sept 28, 1840 New York wedding plans Oct 2 , 1840 Sam's brother dies Say, Mary unil be great affordance since sh Oct 7. 1840 from with Nontain anna Barber Ward prized him most. to T.W. that father. in-low for he Oct. 14, 1840 Saul december Wt lt l's + 30 rule clessir Clish Mt Washing in next duty horseback treff Oct 18, 1840 encoute to Nothernston. Signed by noth Sexu to and STOP, 18 folders remains MAS T.SN. Ward Papers Martha Ann ward, sister of Mary Ward. (18 -1853). GBP's aunt. George Cabot word, (GGW) brother of Mary word (1824-1887). GBD's uncle. Esq. Thomas When Ward, father of Treasurer of Harvard College Boston Athenoum (1788 11/20 - 1858). 3/4 In second decade of 19thc check Come to NYC to "with his relative" Green Jonathan goodhue, founded in NYC + Wand. In 18 Fretherned to Boston + in 1827 become the Am. agent I Baring Brothers. with Thomas' death (1858), business devolved to son Somuel Gray Ward( ). cn. GCW graduated from Hanvard (Class of 1843 ), studied in Heidelberg after voyan on sailing ship and wored. Seltis in NYC founded firm of ward Compbell Co. Capt. Martha Ann (8/12/12- 11/2/53) William - TWWard Lacorence Grog S1013/17- 11/17/07 m. 1840 ArnaB Ward and SamGray - Lydia Gray Mary Gray (6/3/16 2/6/197 Sauhwick Many & George Cabot(1114)24- 5/4/87 M.1852 Basteer Mary Gray (9/29/20 + 10/21/01)m.C.H.Dor + M. Anna orne 11/15/10. (13th) William C (2/6/19. 6/24/30) 7/30/88 ) Thomas with (913131-12/3/59) John Gallison 9/12/22-6/6/56) gcw Shared from with Somere the Baring agency anti 1885. Extensive characteryatia in obstrary similar to GBD. ck GCW wa Twestes of children's Aud Society IL " Bank of Ficer. " interested in transculutural of gave air of quaint 1 abstraction. at odd born the Son of Samuel Dor to Susan Brown. 0 Two children s Samuel Grayward & llarion Ward MHS T.W. Ward Papers - 2 Thornas Wien Word ship commanded by fathers, Capt. wm. Ward. Began career as mariner, ferit officers for At 19 becomes commander of an "Indiamen" belong to Hon. Wm. Gray. by age 23 relocated to Boston, established self a business (in what?) until 29 years when he become ch forther in William t Hardy Ropes CRopes i ward), until age 38 what Two metern X here eg Booton agent for Baring Brathers (London) Treasures of Haward college, 1830-48, - Treasure K Bostm athereum received Hon. u. of arts in 1843 from Howord Trustee : mass. General Hospital Did TWW have a son c same name? Letter to George for TWW "dated 2/1/13 from th ch. S.S. Caropic refer to Georgi's editorial In the Huald." Ch. x GBD letter (3/15/13) to Henry L. Higginson, Eag. re plan to deposit TWW to WilliamWard letters in MHS, but also questmare cleck survival Joshiaa of Bates TWW 's original letters Bates his efforts to locate grandfathere letters to ^ Bates (1834-39). 6BD is very thoroughin to he professional calleagues. Scholarly Holles? stratigg. Response from H.Z.IH. ?2 check MHS T.W. Word Papers 3 Thomas W. Ward letter to "Georgi (9/30/17) re appreciation for from dullaut Pub. which TWW wishis he had hnow@ when hear "in net. Desert " sure it would have "spurred me to explore more of the northern traistion the Ban Harber side. "He traced teails the "high pilze of enjoyment for the contribution to his health .He messed seey - GBD - letter for Perkins St., Januaria Plain. was EBD in Booton ? Washergton 9/30/17?? (by whom) at about the Library ie poletical matter-funtry the fots Lazy - Updated handwritte B pg. utter from Howard Calley ch Hous's defending the need for th Haward college therey. Date? The BPL Thes is a duft of a letter Thrus W.Ward litte to CBD for ast con P.O. (7/21/17) Claiming that GBD's letter "seemed like an apparition from out of the void," includy a clapter map. Ward talk of be classes? of a plastic seef hovering topopophecially over the land." Tww say " I wonder whether any one appreciate what Grethre done. as a hounty of nature without further thought." Wards airfe is "Sophie". MHS T.W. WordPopers-4 14 "memoir of Joshua Bates", for 12th Anneal pp Trustee of the Public Lobolary forchea Bates of Waymouth (1788- - ). At 15 years (1803), be entered "counting house" of Willian R. Gray Eog., eldest son of the Hon. Wm-Gray, "the first merchant of New England, in the last generation." Formed fun 7 Beckford :-Bates what did not 1875 survive the "pressured the times, C. At this time ? (he went down e the crash.). Shepower 30-40 in the country, hairing usealy Mr. Gray was "the largest Bates Squar-rigged vessels afloat, " 30 is Grays foreign agent, not get Bates years of age (c. 1818). secured friending from Peter Caesar Lebrouchers Bates related y waving to te boung famely secured America bus wen I Saring forif. Date: Still confusion @ P Thomas When Word (1844- ) parentage, marriage, + death date. 2 Samuel gray Ward Appart not Son of elder T.W.Ward; MHS Gray T.W. ward Papers-5 mary Ward in her youth had one sister and 5 brothers. By the time f her manage (1850), one sister ad 4 brothers surved of the eight children of T.W-ward. Her out sester died a month fee George birth. may in 1853, is only female -is 1 ler mother Cohydia Gray 7. still alove. - left in this family ch I need t secured dates and accest of data m Leyded Gray Ch, The Friday Club. Included Francis Calley Gray Thomas When Ward note : acc. to Mary Gray ward. accesting chart, T.W. Ward's 6666 Grandfather was litele work comefro Erith in Kent, few rule s.of London deed in Verging March 2, 1650 Uiles Joshua likes Ebevezer William William Thomas When (Mary's dad). 8/24/49 letter for Groy Cabot Ward to "Sir, the father T.W., affeining to commetinet later into business. with brother Johns return. George is not interested in an alliance. Asho father's helpsbeat wants tobe free f depending now oftho educators corpleted. MHS T.W. Word Papers-6 T.W Ward letter to Deayn (9/27/39) detailing "your balance" [inheritance] of 20, 400, larning 1,505 annually Question Dnst Late : 1929 or 1839. T.W.Wad letter to John & Geogre (12/9/44), gurig each stocks & cash valued at &20K; George is 18. how to manage there feed John is 22; so too for "Some offers five advice on T.W. Ward letter to steen Dogn (7/00/47)-age 25- ri feminical affairs John G.Ward to T.W. ward (May, 1850) Age 28. very condid account of has mistaken topium habit inteopositions (including drinking in excess) Refers to Sam is to confers to father. & make self right. T.W Ward to John (8/26/52) Me Johns letter Vienna. Father's response takes the high load (7/31/52) expressing desire tospend year year in Refer to Life +Letters of Niebur(the Germae historion) " OCLC to tork coming visit of Thomas Baring who T.W. has not seen for 23 years, T.W. will dis cass retirement c hin. Refers to Sam as being "will suited to the business he has choser. MHS T.W. WardPaper-7 T.W. Ward lettor to John (8/26/52): (continued) Says "anna"is at Lynn. who is Anna? Tom in Conada. T.W. offers an illuminating characterization Shipping of the era into which GBD will be born. Use this as context! Admirable figure! John Ward to T.W (10/26/53), two months death. He begins by stating "I legret that before GBD'S birth, one mouth before llastha's Martha is no better "Reflects on life + death. Sam bought a form GBD's note says they ck. X was form at Conton formerly belonging to ch has friend tngersoll Bowditch, son of Nathaniel days. T.W. bought adjoining farm and the Dorr's death . was them that my brother + bought S.G. it ward's form after his father's I pest our springs + autumn that therefter until we grew up. More appreciation of T.W.'s wife's appreciation for flower gardens T.W. to John (1/15/54) discrety admonishes John for not writing since Martha's death. GBD's birth : "another fine boy. and [Mary] is as happy as possible." John's mother greeving TW speaks of his Library and the loss of So many friends Dedicate self to make others happy. MHS T.W. Ward Papers-8 T.W. letter to John (7/18/54) opens by noting that it is months since I have had letter from you Pray write and let us know any your Whereabouts, and what your plans are," gardens of an is having a guerhouse built and a Carton). gaide Mrs. She Ward "delighted c her farm (at GBD "Mary acre illr. prepared Dorr are for at Nahant," fruits to f lowers. Hll Describes life inform. mary still at Carton. Sample next ours at Carton "is realf beautiful of "hoth Anna and hermelf are perfect satisfied. Both business conditions. are in five health. ChapterHead T.W. to Jehn (7/13/55) begins with claim Anchered that you mother ad I are anchored Canton in here in the country now. "San is very busy in the agency." Lydian buog garden 10 gardens. Refer to Friday Night Dining Club photo (in 1855- survived ??). ch Chief Just ic Lemuel Shaw John contracts consumption in Winter 1855 andhis death It spey 2856 notes GBD. MHS T. W. Ward Papers-9 Argot tough draft GBD essay on Barings [1/18/43) This mg he the On the origin of Backing House of Baring Brothers. fenal his by GBD Monday evening, Mar. 13. Somo fragments for use in text. My grandfather kept the letters he received in his long correspondence with the Barings and mter-press copies of those he wrote, meaning to use them in writing a history of his time when he was through, which would have at least, he wrote "be true." But he unwisely mentioned it in a letter to one of the Baring firm, written near the and, and they ,alarmed lost things should come out they might not wish to give the public, asked my unole who succeed d in the agency, to burn the whole, which he did, without even Examining the oononts for historicol material, as his son, Thomas Wren Ward the second, who is living still, in his early nineties, told me a few years since, looking back through to his doing it at his father's bidding, when he first the office. Every generation sees such material in great quanitity go to destruction but it would be a wonderful source offer material of study not only for the study of the passing times but, which go so quickly by, but for the study of human life and character, which, far more than history in the broader sense would furnish the material to make better. man 8. March 1213 But one ohest mong many which grandfather loft fing Tilled will in more personal matter came into my mother's hands and through her to me and I have found it full of interest. Some day a porti in of this I hop trust may be given to the public. Monday October 31. The bookcase in the library of Storm Beach Cottage stood when I first remember it in the late 1850's against the wall of the library of my grandfather Ward's house on Park Street, Boston. I remember well climbing up on a chair to look at the back of the books on the yet shelves, for I could not/read, and pulling out a volume of Professor Lane's translation of the Arabian Knights, for it gives emblazerment on a pale green cloth cover, and finding delightful engravings in it, strewn through the printed pages, of armies fighting in the air, of giant Afrits, of Sinbad the Sailor, and the like. We had driven in -- whoever we may have been from my father's and mother's home by Jamaica Pond and I carried the book back with me when we returned. IZYNT my kind old nurse, Mrs. Hind, a Welsh woman, who received me in her arms, the first of all, when I was born and was as devoted to me as if her own. I remember well sitting up on a high chair in front of a glowing hard coal fire in the nursery while she read to me from the book, 6A. to which I added on another trip to Boston the other two, equally fascinating, volumes of the set. I was young enough still to have long, fair curls and not to have graduated into trousers yet. It was difficult reading for my nurse with long verses from the Koran interspersed in the set but I listened with attention as I looked into the fire and delighted in the tale. My grandfather's library looked out back on the Gronary Burial Ground over a back garden that my grand- mother tended, while the front rooms on that floor, the dining room and parlor, looked out delightfully over the Common with the sunlight streaming in the afternoon on the walls and ******! throwing/colored light from X glass prisms hanging from a great chandelier in the center of the parlor, the colored light shifting constantly on the wall as the afternoon sun descended. After my grandfather died, not long afterward, we lived for a winter in the house, which then was sold by my grandfather's executors, while we built our- selves a new home alongside my grandmother, being among the first to build on the new-made land beyond the Public 13. The families fall all thishays attending Differences School had summer homes to which they moved in spring, returning in the fall, a custom then of recent origin made possible by the railread. Some went to the North Shore, others to Nahant, reached by steamboat; others to the South Shore, where there was splendid opportunity for small-boat sailing. The boys whose homes were by the sea lived on the water through the summer. Edward Burgeas, the famous yacht and cup-defender builder, was one of the older boys at Dixwell's when I entered and got his interest in boats and early training in this way at Beverly. Charles Francis Adams, the recent Secretary of the Havy and famous for his skill in sailing cup- defenders, got his on the South Shore. Others families moved into the country, to Chest- nut Hill and Brookline, Milton and beyond, the boys coming in by train to school, their fathers to business, and Beacon Hill and the Back Bay were like a deserted city through the summer. We went to Canton, an old town on the Boston and Providence Railroad a few miles beyond Milton and its Blue Hills, in order to be near my grandmother, who had 14. infamilies all tobays stending a SUMSOT home there and a famous garden, taking many prises at the Boston about. It came about because my grandfather, told by his doctor to get himself a country home, bought an old homestead there of the Nichola family, relations of his friends the Bow- ditches, one of whom, Ingersoll Bowditch, had built himself a country home alongside the Nichola homestead, which first my uncle, Samuel Gray Ward, on coming from Lenox, bought and occupied, then we, when business took him to New York to live. There, in real country, with woods and a lake for neighbors, dogs and horses for companions, my brother and I grow up, springs and falls, till college days. It was great country for us. My brother, a born sailor by inheritance from my mother's family, rigged up a row-boat with a sail, and sailed the lake; I roamed the woods, meadows and pasture-lands about us, gathering wild flowers and collecting birds' eggs in the spring. But when the hot, dry summer came we went to the seashore for my mother's sake, and it was on one of these mid-summer trips that we first came to Mount Desert. [G.B.DoRR] 122 MEMOIR. Dr. Bowditch generally enjoyed excellent health, the result, beyond doubt, of his regular and temperate habits. At the age of thirty-five years, however, his life was considered in danger from the disease of which, at that precise time, (1808,) his two sisters were dying. He, like them, was attacked with the alarming symptom of bleeding from the lungs. Upon this occasion, his friend Thomas W. Ward, Esq., relinquished all his own engagements, and devoted himself to the invalid during a journey of several weeks. As they were leaving an inn in a town about twenty miles from Salem, the landlord beckoned to Mr. Ward, and asked him where his friend lived, and, on being told, advised their return, in the apprehension that the latter could not even live to reach the next stage in their intended route. By the invigorating effect, however, of the exercise thus taken in the open air, his disorder was checked, and his health completely reestablished. Until this time, he had never tasted wine. It was then prescribed as a medicine. When a young man, - but at what precise age is not known, - he had agreed to sit up with a friend who was ill, and, being unwilling that SO much precious upon this subject, once said, " There is a gentleman in this city, (naming him,) who possesses such courtly manners, that he can utter a bitter sarcasm, or express profound contempt, in the most mild and conciliatory language. Such, however, is not my case. If 1 am obliged to measure my words, or even to think the least about them, I lose the substance of what I intended to say. When I feel that I cannot remain silent, I speak - and in such terms that no one can mistake my meaning. But, my speech being ended, the whole affair is over. I pour out, indeed, the contents of my vial of wrath, but I then let it be seen that it is left empty." And though it is certain that his was not that guarded demeanor, which, upon every occasion of life, prevents the utterance of a word which it may be desirable to recall, it is also certain that this was a source of more regret to himself than of pain to others. MEMOIR, 123 time should be idly spent, he passed the whole night in mathematical computations. He was much alarmed, the next morning, to find his vision obstructed by little motes or specks passing before him in grotesque variety and constant succession. It was ascertained that he had taxed his eyes beyond their powers, and it was two years before he was able again to use them freely. Dr. Bowditch removed to Boston a few months before the necessary arrangements could be made for his family to join him in that city. Hardly had he been there two days, when, under the influence of a disorder to which he had never till then been subject, he fell senseless in the street. It happened that the hospitable mansion of the same friend, to whom, as just stated, he had before been SO much indebted, was now freely offered him as a temporary home. Only once again did this vertigo cause him to fall in a similar manner; and then great indeed was the consternation excited in his family as they perceived a crowd approaching bearing his apparently lifeless body, while, from a wound in his head, blood was flowing profusely. A tendency to this species of attack, however, always continued. But, ascertaining that it was brought on by exercise immediately after eating, and that it was always carried off by sitting down and resting a few minutes, he avoided its exciting cause, and thus never experienced any subsequent ill effect from it. It was rarely, however, after this, that he walked alone. And often, when attended by one of his sons, has he stopped to look in at the window of some shop which they were passing, or even walked in, and asked for a seat, because he felt the sure indications of approaching danger. He well knew the delicate organization 4/15/2021 files.usgwarchives.net/ny/newyork/bios/oldmerchants/goodhue-jonathan.txt BIOGRAPHY: Jonathan Goodhue; New York CO., NY surname: Goodhue submitted by Elizabeth Burns (burns at asu.edu) Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.org/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.org/ny/nyfiles.htm Submitted Date: June 3,2005 This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.org/nyfiles/ File size: 3.2 Kb Author: Walter Barrett Jonathan Goodhue Page 111 Old Merchants, Walter Barrett, Thomas R. Knox, 1885 The founder of the firm of Goodhue and Company was Jonathan Goodhue. He commenced business in this city in 1808 under the firm of Goodhue and Sweet, at No. 34 Old Slip. The store was afterwards removed to No. 44 South Street. This building belonged to Theophilacht Bache. Goodhue and Sweet did a very heavy regular commission business for three or four years and sold largely of foreign dry goods, and acted as agents of Salem ship owners. In 1811 the house was dissolved, and J. Goodhue carried on business upon his individual account until 1816. It was then Goodhue and Ward,* and the store was kept at 44 South Street. In 1819 it became Goodhue and Company and Mr. Perit became a partner. He had formerly been of the house of Perit and Lathrop. Goodhue and Company, kept at 44 South Street until 1829 when they removed to 64 South Street where the same large house is still located. Mr. Goodhue was born in Salem. Mr. Perit was born in Norwich, Connecticut and received a collegiate education at Yale College. This is not often the case with merchants in this city. In the first partnership of Mr. Perit with Mr. Lathrop, his brother-in-law, he was not successful and during the war he was connected with an artillery company and performed military service in the forts that protected the harbor. After he went with Mr. Goodhue, his commercial good fortunes returned and their house coined money. In 1833 or 1834 the health of Mr. Perit declined and he conceived the idea that it was necessary to take more active exercise and in order to insure that ,daily he purchased a piece of property on the North River, lying between Burnham's and the Orphan Asylum. It may have cost him perhaps $10,000. He sold it about two years ago. I suppose it is worth now half a million of dollars. This is a comment on preserving mercantile life. files.usgwarchives.net/ny/newyork/bios/oldmerchants/goodhue-jonathan.txt *Thomas Wren Ward. 1/2 4/15/2021 files.usgwarchives.net/ny/newyork/bios/oldmerchants/goodhue-jonathan.txt By a -mere accident Mr. . Perit buys a small lot of land and makes more money than Goodhue and Co. ever made in fifty three years of work. Mr. Goodhue died a few years ago and his funeral, at his own request, was attended only by the members of his family and a few of his most intimate friends. Since Mr . Perit sold his property in New York, he has removed to New Haven, Connecticut to a magnificent house on Hillhouse Avenue. He married Miss Coit, a very lovely girl and still living, the ornament of the circle in which she moves. They have no children. He has done more than most merchants do for the benevolent enterprises of the day. He is unequalled as a merchant and has been for many years honored with being President of the Chamber of Commerce. files.usgwarchives.net/ny/newyork/bios/oldmerchants/goodhue-jonathan.txt 2/2 Journal of the Early fepublic 2, 3 3 (1982):284-299. Daniel Webster, the Boston Associates, and the U. S. Government's Role in the Industrializing Process, 1815-1830 Carl E. Prince and Seth Taylor The relationship between government and industry in the United States has never been a simple one, and the labels used in categorizing these relationships at different times are often mis- leading if not false. In the early nineteenth century, for example, it is quite clear that the laissez faire label is an inappropriate one. 55°C This essaytta empts to develop some insights into the emerging close association between the federal government and America's earliest and most formidable industrial entrepreneurs during this See 294 period. It will do SO by examining in depth the Boston Associates' connection with Daniel Webster: Between 1815 and 1830 Webster provided the Associates with access to federal legislative and banking influence, avenues of federal redress, and even federal fi- nancial support> Two points in particular are worth singling out. One has to do with existing perceptions of emerging Jeffersonian- Jacksonian conceptions of laissez faire. The second touches on the apparent conflict in economic interests between commerce and manufactures, and the role the federal government played in ameliorating that conflict. Mr. Prince, editor of The Papers of William Livingston, is a member of the De- partment of History at New York University. Mr. Taylor is a graduate student in history at the same university. *An earlier version of this essay was published in Essays from the Lowell Con- ference on Industrial History, 1980 and 1981, ed. Robert Weible, Oliver Ford, and Paul Marion (Lowell, Mass. 1981), 114-127. Mr. Prince presented the paper to the conference on May 21, 1981. It is reprinted here with the kind permission of the editors and the Lowell Conference on Industrial History in hopes of reaching a larger, less specialized audience. Additional information concerning this collection of essays appeared in the "Publication Notices" section of our previous issue. JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC, 2 (Fall 1982). © 1982 Society for Historians of the Early American Republic. This content downloaded from 137 49 on Mon. 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 284 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC With regard to the first, if the Associates are any indication, there was in the new nation no real commitment to true laissez faire either among investors or in government, as Jeffersonian Re- publicanism gave way to the Age of Jackson. Historians today like- wise differ on the subject. According to David Brody, one pre- vailing assumption of the "new labor history" is that government in the early nineteenth century was largely passive towards the rise of industrial and commercial capitalism. This view is tempered by other historians who perceive that state governments, at least, were anything but laissez faire during the first third of the nine- teenth century. 1 In reality, the Associates tapped a vein of con- sensus political and governmental support for their industrializing endeavors among both post-Jefferson Democractic Republicans and Federalists, a consensus that grew stronger as the first party system gave way to the second at the dawn of the Age of Jackson. The second point that surfaces here is that the economic con- flict existing between commerce and manufactures in the new nation was more evident in the breach than in the observance. If it is true that a growing commitment to industrialization worked in some ways to undermine commerce - for example, protective tariff legislation - nevertheless in Boston and the Merrimack valley, at least, the men of commerce and the new industrialists were often the same people. Even if they were not identically over- lapping in their involvement in both economic spheres, Boston's gentry were bound by ties of common commitment to both profit and noblesse oblige, class interest and intermarriage, and joint in- vestments in banking, insurance, and transportation. These social and economic areas of mutuality bridged the gap between com- merce and industry. Relatively superficial differences in attitude toward developing government policies were more often than not overridden by these common bonds, and by an indigenous unified regional economic outlook as well. By following one thread of the Associates' activities, the rela- 1 For some representative divergent views of laissez faire, see David Brody, "The Old Labor History and the New: In Search of an American Working Class," Labor History, 20 (Winter 1979), 111-126; Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton 1961); George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (New York 1951); Oscar Handlin and Mary Flug Handlin, Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774-1861 (New York 1947); Stanley I. Kutler, Privilege and Creative Destruction: The Charles River Bridge Case (Philadelphia 1971). This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 285 tionship to the federal establishment that Daniel Webster's com- mitment to the Associates engendered, it is possible to say some- thing about both of the above points. The Boston Associates were pioneers both in terms of their or- ganizational cohesion and the range of their economic activities. The men represented Boston's first families, and from 1813 to 1830 they made the transition from merchant house to manufactory. Some did SO more quickly and deeply than others. As a group, first, they pioneered in the concentrated application of venture capital to manufacturing; second, they were forerunners in the ex- ploitation of both the new technology and the new working class; and, third, they were innovators in the assimilation and use, under one coherent leadership, of the diverse economic forces of transportation, banking, and insurance. The Associates also both tapped into the resources of state government and, not least, mined the power and largess of the developing federal establish- ment. The names of the families involved reads like a pantheon of Thn those who became the Massachusetts great: Appleton, Cabot, Gore Gorham, Jackson, Lee, Lowell, Thorndike, Ward, and others Of Webster himself, it may be noted at the outset that he was a political sophisticate. He was an adept legislative tactician, a charismatic and popular figure, and, above all for the Associates' purposes, a man of great needs who constantly teetered on the edge of financial disaster. The "godlike Daniel," moreover, was (and remained almost until 1830) an unreconstructed Federalist, thus sharing an ideology both Hamiltonian in essence and cer- tainly consistent with the Boston Associates' endeavors. Webster's standing at the bar, his central place first in the House of Repre- sentatives and later the Senate, his stature before the Supreme Court, his proximity to the top echelons of both the dying Fed- eralist and emerging Whig parties, his entwinement with both the Bank of the United States and its Boston branch, and his little known but crucial influence with the United States government's Spanish Claims Commission between 1820 and 1825 all combined to make him the Associates' ideal emissary in Washington. Webster's ideological heritage is clear: from his earliest political involvement in 1800 at age eighteen, he was a Federalist who embraced a traditional eighteenth century elitist notion that rested on the assumption that the "rich and wellborn" were the proper governors of society. These leaders, the familiar dogma ran, This content downloaded from 137 49 125 110 on Mon. 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 287 (but not government-run) venture." Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin's brilliant 1806 Report on Manufactures was a worthy successor to Hamilton's similar pioneering survey fifteen years earlier. It anticipated closely the radical Jeffersonian reversal that followed the Embargo of 1807. The embargo transformed American policy from occasional resistance to industrialization to energetic encouragement of manufactures in the national interest. This new policy survived a decade of political indecisiveness and culminated in Jeffersonian Republican support for the protec- tionist Tariff of 1816. Daniel Webster moved to Boston in that same year, although he had not yet finished out his term as congressman from New Hampshire By relocating, he confirmed his already developing tie to the Boston Associates, founders of the Boston Manufacturing Company in 1813. Francis C. Lowell, while in Washington in 1816 to represent the Associates' interests in the course of the tariff debates, had made it a point to befriend the young congressman, encouraging him at the same time to establish himself in Boston. That the Associates played on Webster's continuous need for money, even as they lionized him politically, is a pattern that emerged early in the relationship. From 1815 on, Webster appeared everywhere on behalf of the Associates and his own bank account A superb advocate, he defended Associate interests, as well as those of the Bank of the United States, before both the Supreme Court and the Spanish Claims Commission. Webster, moreover, became the attorney of record for many Associates in- dividually, representing them and their banks, insurance com- panies, and factories, including the Boston Manufacturing Company. The new Bostonian, finally, was the frequent recipient of "subscriptions," "gifts," and "sweeteners," as he once called them, from individual Associates, Associate-influenced constitu- encies, and the Bank of the United States, all to enable him to continue to make the "financial sacrifice" his continued presence in Congress required. From 1816 on, finally, his financial path is 3 Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York 1965), 33. For two views of Hamilton's role that differ from this standard inter- pretation, see William Appleman Williams, "The Age of Mercantilism: An Inter- pretation of the American Political Economy. 1763-1828." William and Mary Quarterly, 15 (Oct. 1958), 419-437, and John R. Nelson, Jr., "Alexander Hamilton and American Manufacturing: A Reexamination, "Journal of American History, 65 (Mar. 1979), 971-995. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 288 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC strewn with notes to his friends and clients neither deposited nor discounted. 4 In return, Webster clearly did a great deal for the Associates. Apart from his representation of the Bank of the United States, he is best known in his early years as the Boston group's liaison to Congress on tariff matters. Although in its outlines it is a familiar story, its particulars remain obscure. Webster's relationship to the Associates on this matter is more important for what it tells about the sophistication with which the Bostonians wooed Washington than for what it says about "Black Dan," for Webster was but one of a host of politicians who understood that they represented economic as well as political interests. The Associates sought specific protective legislation for their growing woolens manufac- turing capability, and this was one of Webster's tasks in Washing- ton. Conversely, however, Webster and the Associates initially soft-pedaled cotton protection, because high cotton levies abetted their industrial competitors significantly more than their own well established and more efficient cotton mills, particularly the Waltham Manufacturing Company. Finally, many if not most Associates were, into the 1830s at least, heavy investors in both commerce and its ancillary insurance and banking enterprises. This was true to the extent that it was necessary to balance tariff support against the need to maintain New England commerce as a continuously viable endeavor. The Bostonians thus fostered in Washington a selective protection of manufactures. This was a tightrope the Associates walked to perfection. Tariff legislation, the Associates believed, could be SO arranged as to meet all conflicting needs, and they proved remarkably adept at inserting their requirements into government legislation Virtually all Webster biographers over the last century concur in this inter- pretation. See in particular the best of many biographies: Irving H. Bartlett, Daniel Webster (New York 1978). With specific reference to the Associates, the fol- lowing will provide a sampling of the documentation available: "Memorandum of Professional Fees, August 14, 1816-August 14, 1818," The Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster, ed. Charles M. Wiltse (41 reels, Hanover, N.H. 1973), reel 3; The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, ed. Charles M. Wiltse and Harold D Moser (5 vols. to date, Hanover, N.H. 1974- ), I, 203; S. Jandon to Thomas Ward July 26, 1833, Edward Everett to Ward an. 16, 1834, Thomas H. Perkins to Ward May 1, 1834, and passim, Thomas Wren Ward Collection (Massachusetts Historical Society); New York Evening Post, Feb. 12-Apr. 6, 1827; Caroline F. Ware, The Early New England Cotton Manufacture: A Study in Industrial Beginnings (Boston 1931), 83n. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 289 between 1816 and 1828. This complex combination of economic interests forced on the Associates an intricate political minuet: high protection of woolens but not cotton; nurture of their manu- factories via the tariff, but with rates not SO high as to cut into the trade of the New England merchant. The ubiquitous nature of the tariff question, in short, required that Webster be carefully coached as he represented Associate interests in Washington. Even an able attorney like Webster had a hard time sorting out these tariff priorities, SO he was never alone in Washington when passage of a tariff bill was imminent. In 1816, Francis Lowell tutored the young New Hampshire congressman, who ended up opposing the tariff legislation of that year. In the course of the debates, Webster noted that he had been assured that the manu- facturers would be content with thirty per cent duties on cotton imports. To this a house member replied that the individual con- sulted by Webster was Lowell, a wealthy manufacturer who could better stand the lower excise than many others whose means were limited. 6 In 1824, Webster wrote several Associates asking for advice as he pondered a response to the rising demands for higher protective duties. Thomas H. Perkins, more a merchant than a manufacturer at this point, but very much an Associate, replied that he expected someone would be dispatched from Boston to advise Webster on how best to protect both Boston's "Merchant and Manufacturer." Nathan Appleton arrived shortly thereafter to represent the Associates. He reported back to Boston later that Webster's posi- tion on the tariff "meets my own views." 5 Daniel Webster, "Autobiography," in Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 23. 6 Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century (Boston 1903), 145. See also the Boston Daily Advertiser, Mar. 30, 1816, and Robert C. Winthrop, Memoir of the Hon. Nathan Appleton (Boston 1861), 22, 69, for information on Webster's role as a representative of the Associates in the de- bates on the Tariff of 1816. 7 Thomas H. Perkins to Webster, Jan. 26, 1824, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 348-350; Nathan Appleton to Samuel Appleton, May. 1824, Nathan Appleton Papers (Massachusetts Historical Society). See also Niles' Weekly Register, Nov. 22, 1823, Aug. 24, 1824; Daniel Webster to Nathan Appleton, Mar. 29, 1824, Wiltse, ed., Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster, reel 4; Webster to Appleton, Jan. 12, 1824, Webster to Edward Everett, Feb. 13, 1824, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 347-348, 352; and Edwin P. Whipple, ed., The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster (Boston 1897), 101-110. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.1 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 290 JOURNAL OF HE EARLY REPUBLIC Four years later, in 1828, Abbott Lawrence was in Washing- ton to advise the new Massachusetts senator regarding pending tariff legislation. After much frenzied politicking and after ex- tensive Webster-inspired amendments from the floor, Lawrence blessed the bill as "now good enough" and urged Webster to press its passage. If adopted as amended, Lawrence wrote, it will "keep the South and West in debt to New England the next hundred years.' "8 Commercial interests as well as a manufacturing empire were represented in that generalization. Lawrence, for example, urged on the senator one final amendment: that enforcement of the new tariff be delayed sixty days from passage. This alteration would allow goods arriving from England on his bottoms to land without paying the new, prohibitive duties. This was the last amendment tacked onto the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. Webster had come into his own as a powerful spokesman for New England textile interests a year earlier, in 1827, when he guided the woolens bill through Congress. That legislation corrected a weakness, as perceived by the Associates, that had caused them and Webster to oppose the Tariff of 1824. The Harris- burg Convention of 1827 had cued Congress on the need for a supplementary excise law protecting wool manufacturers. Following up on the convention's impetus, Webster was dis- patched to Washington before the congressional session of that year "very much in the attitude of a party leader" to line up support for woolens excise revision "before Congress met." There- after he lobbied intensively, guiding the woolens bill on the floor and leading a propaganda campaign in the National Intelligencer in support of the measure.9 The hostile New York Evening Post had attacked Webster mercilessly during February and March 1827, ac- cusing him of rank inconsistency in his tariff positions in 1824 and 1827: "There he stands, boldly staring himself directly in the face." This was but one of an increasing number of criticisms and charges that Webster (then still in the House of Representatives) was a 8 Abbott Lawrence to Daniel Webster, May 7, 1828, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, II, 342-343. See also Webster to Joseph Story, Jan. 14, 1828 and Webster to James W. Paige, Feb. 17, May 12, 1828, ibid., II, 278-279, 297-298, 336-338. 9 Headnote, ibid., II, 133. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 291 captive of the Associates, charges often paired with those de- scribing him as a captive as well of the Bank of the United States. In fact, protection of the Boston Associates' interests became a congressional specialty of Daniel Webster in the 1820s. He labored for years to pass two high priority Boston-instigated measures: a uniform national bankruptcy law and more enforceable national patent legislation. The latter need was obvious, more SO for the As- sociates than for other industrialists in the nation. The Boston Manufacturing Company held lucrative patent rights to several key cotton production machines. In 1817, the company's net income from patent licenses was $34,000; five years later it was $345,000, a tenfold increase. These figures provide explanation enough for Webster's zeal in promulgating patent legislation from 1823 onward. As a member of the Committee on the Judiciary he introduced in that year a bill that would have more than trebled damages recoverable for patent infringement. He also sought legislation granting concurrent juris- diction between federal and state courts in cases involving litiga- tion over rights of patentees. Obviously, the Associates exercised enormous leverage over Massachusetts state courts. Increasingly in the 1820s, however, they were involved in textile manufacturing in more than one state, and thus needed badly to erase discrepancies between state and federal regulations governing industrial patents. Associates pressed Webster for more than a decade to promulgate legislation that would align federal with Massachusetts patent laws. The Massachusetts lawmaker did not succeed initially, but he prepared the way for the much more stringent federal patent legislation that finally became law in 1836. 11 Webster was simultaneously engaged in attempting to promote 10 New York Evening Post, Feb. 12, 1827. For other allegations that Webster was controlled by the Associates, acted hypocritically, or used his position as a developing party leader for essentially private purposes, see the headnote and Webster to William Coleman, Feb. 23, 1827, and Isaac Parker to Webster, Feb. 12, 1826, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, II, 84-85, 159-163. See also Boston Daily Advertiser, Feb. 18, 1824; New York Evening Post, Feb. and Mar. 1827; and United States' Telegraph, May 12, 1828. 11 For Webster's leadership in patent legislation, see his congressional bill amending existing patent laws, Dec. 9, 1823, Wiltse, ed., Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster, reel 30; Boston Daily Advertiser, Jan. 13, 1824; Thomas C. Cochran and William Miller, The Age of Enterprise: A Social History of Industrial America (New York 1942), 14; Hannah Josephson, The Golden Threads: New Eng- land's Mill Girls and Magnates (New York 1949), 31ff. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 292 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC a uniform national system of bankruptcy, responding to the Asso- ciates' urgings to "press it hard." Congress was not ready to ac- quiesce in this legislation either. The issue was another of those which found Boston's merchants and manufacturers aligned. The Associates were intent on solidifying the concept of limited liability for corporate stockholders. They were already protected by Massachusetts statutes, but were increasingly apprehensive about their constitutionality. Daniel Webster himself, wearing his mantle as the Associates' attorney, questioned "whether the State Bankrupt Laws are valid." He counseled the Associates that sooner or later "there will be an opinion against the State Laws," more especially as the Associates' textile manufactories crossed state borders in the early 1820s. Federal legislation which he introduced in Congress would magnify and clarify the concept of limited liability afforded by bankruptcy once and for all, even as the Bostonians' geographic range increased. Given the economic debacle of 1819 and its ensuing fallout, the trials of which the As- sociates had largely escaped, it is not hard to understand their motivation in seeking the potential protective shield corporate bankruptcy afforded. 12 Webster's close and lucrative association with the Bank of the United States, and eventually Nicholas Biddle, needs no elabora- tion here. His legal fees for representing the bank before the Supreme Court and his stipend as a director of the main bank branch at Philadelphia were well known sources of income for Webster. The role of the Boston branch in the Associates' scheme of things, however, and Webster's pivotal position in that situa- tion, needs investigation, and can only be touched upon. Daniel Webster, given both his place among the directors of the national bank and his proximity to Biddle, was in a position to dominate the Boston branch by the mid-1820s. Charles M. Wiltse's edition 12 The quotations are from Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, II, 99. For additional information on Webster's efforts in aid of bankruptcy legislation, see his "Report from the Judiciary Committee [Dec. 1823]," and "Mr. Webster to Establish Uniform System of Bankruptcy," May 26, 1824, Wiltse, ed., Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster, reels 4, 30; Boston Daily Advertiser, Jan. 6, 1824; Niles' Weekly Register, June 5, 1824, Jan. 7, 1826; Thomas H. Perkins to Webster, Dec. 23, 1823, Webster to Joseph Story, Apr. 10, 1824, Webster to Jeremiah Mason, Mar. 27, 1826, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 343-344, 356, II, 98-99; George S. Hillard, ed., Memoir and Correspondence of Jeremiah Mason (Cambridge 1873), 210, 301. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 293 of The Papers of Daniel Webster notes that "Webster could claim as close personal or professional friends or clients seven of the twelve directors of the Boston office," including his brother-in-law James W. Paige, and Associates Nathan and Samuel Appleton and Thomas H. Perkins. 13 What did this control mean? A contemporary 1833 view, for example, at the time the deposits were removed from the Boston branch by Andrew Jackson, claimed that "heretofore scarcely anyone received discounts from the Branch in this city [Boston] but the great capitalists the Appletons, the Lawrences, etc." To what degree that was really true remains to be examined, but preliminary evidence clearly suggests that Webster's grip on the Boston branch was certainly a factor in allowing the Associates to receive "kissing privileges," contemporary slang for advantageous credit access and terms. At the same time the Associates were significant shareholders in the parent bank. They reaped fairly hefty dividends and used their bank stock as wholly inadequate, almost cosmetic collateral to borrow from subsidiary Associate en- terprises like the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company. 15 Massachusetts Hospital Life was not the only Boston in- surance company in which the Associates had an interest. Two other Associate-related underwriters, the Boston Marine In- surance Company and the Massachusetts Fire and Marine In- surance Company, figured prominently in one of the Associates' most\ambitious and profitable links to Washington in the early 1820s. Webster was the key middle man at this high point of the Associates' exploitation of government beneficence. A little noticed codicil of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, in which Spain ceded East Florida to the United States, provided for United States assumption of claims of American citizens against Spain to a 13 Headnote, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspon- dence, II, 374. 14 Boston Morning Post, Sept. 28, 1833, quoted in Arthur B. Darling, Political Changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848: A Study of Liberal Movements in Politics (New Haven, Conn. 1925), 137. 15 For the Associates' involvement with the Bank of the United States, see Israel Thorndike to Webster and Nathaniel Silsbee, Apr. 28, 1828, Webster to Nicholas Biddle, Oct. 30, 1828, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, II, 336-338, 374-378; and Gerald T. White, A History of the Massa- chusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company (Cambridge 1955), 50. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 294 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC maximum limit of five million dollars. The claims, some extending back to 1795, involved Spanish depredations on American merchant shipping. The Spanish Claims Commission was created and funded for five years by act of Congress in 1820. The possi- bilities for compensation open to merchants and former merchants of Boston were not lost on Webster. He moved quickly to secure the right not only to represent those Boston Associates who had individual claims, but also to act as legal agent for the two Boston insurance companies mentioned earlier. These Boston corpora- tions had underwritten and long since made good many local merchant losses. In this instance, the confluence of interests between merchant and manufacturer, with regard to the largess to be tapped from the commission, was total. To understand the dimensions of the political, economic, and financial stakes involved, probably more than one million of the five million dollars paid by the United States went to Bostonians, with Webster, once again a congressman after 1823, representing all of them before the commission for a fee of five percent. Among the Bostonians making individual claims through Webster in his role as attorney were Nathan Appleton, William Prescott, Henry Cabot, Thomas W. Ward, Israel Thorndike, and Thomas H. Perkins. Several of these men and most other Associates were also stockholders in either or both the Massachusetts Fire and Marine and the Boston Marine Insurance Company, Where losses to Spanish depredations were insured, settlements had been made years before. In 1821 the two insurance companies stood to be re- imbursed by Washington for payouts factored from the beginning of their operations into the year-by-year cost of doing business. How much money did the American government transmit to Boston? It is impossible to set a maximum figure at this distance, but we can deal with some minimums. Webster's agreement with Massachusetts Fire and Marine in 1820 allowed him a five percent commission on all monies recovered from the government, up to a maximum of $20,000. In April 1823, Webster having already earned close to the $20,000 limit, the parties removed the cap on his commission. Thus, for Congressman Webster to have reached his first limit, Massachusetts Fire and Marine alone had been awarded $400,000 by 1823. There were to follow another two years of distributions for this company, and a second Boston insurance company was also reimbursed during the five year period. In addi- tion, a host of individual Associate and non-Associate claimants This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 295 received payments, but a projection is not difficult to make. One million dollars is probably a conservative figure. The two insurance companies, it should be noted, had reserve interest-bearing accounts which every few years would make special distributions to shareholders. These accounts held reserve capital at a fixed, permanent level. Income from other than stock investments and profits from policy sales that swelled the reserve fund in one of the companies beyond the agreed figure triggered special distributions to shareholders. Capital gains were dis- tributed in this way, for example, and SO were windfalls like the government largess deriving from the Spanish claims reimburse- ments. Thus, between 1821 and 1825, shareholders in both companies received additional lump sum returns on investment over and above normal distributions deriving from annual profits. Webster was in Washington for part of the year while Congress was sitting, and it was at these times between 1821 and 1824 that he pressed his claims before the three man government commis- sion, a group he knew well. It is not hard to understand why, when in 1824 the Spanish Claims Commission was about to order its last validations of claims, Thomas H. Perkins urged Webster to remain in Washington SO as to "be in at the death of the Commission. "16 16 Perkins to Webster, May 12, 1824, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 360. For background and terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty, see Philip C. Brooks, Diplomacy and the Borderlands: The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 (Berkeley 1939), and Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York 1949). On Webster's efforts to secure the right to serve as attorney for an organized group of Boston claimants (including both Associates and insurance companies), the sums involved, and Webster's success in representing this group, see "Agreement with Peter Chardon Brooks, et al., Spanish Treaty Claimants," [Aug.?] 1821, "Waiver in Agreement with Massachusetts Fire and Marine Insurance Company," Apr. 24, 1823, and Peter C. Brooks to Webster, Oct. 10, 1823, Wiltse, ed., Microfilm Edition of the Papers of Daniel Webster; reels 3, 4; Webster to , Feb. 24, 1819, Webster to Alexander Bliss, Jan. 16, Feb. 19, 1822, and Thomas H. Perkins to Webster, May 12, 1824, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 274ff., 303-304, 306-307, 360. For a financial analysis of money moving from the federal government to Boston between 1821 and 1825, its correlation with the investment of venture capital used in the establishment of Lowell and the cotton mills on the Merrimack River generally, and the Boston Associates' connections with insurance com- panies and as individual claimants, see in addition to items cited above Frances W. Gregory, Nathan Appleton: Merchant and Entrepreneur, 1779-1861 (Charlottes- This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 296 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC It is always difficult, sometimes impossible, for historians at a distance to prove clear cause and effect relationships. Some in- ferential evidence, however, is available about the significance and use of that excessive government windfall to which many Associates fell heir The Boston Associates' parent company, the Boston Manufacturing Company, was founded in 1813. It was not until 1821, after the ripples caused by the Panic of 1819 had sub- sided, that the Boston Associates undertook a major expansion of their manufacturing capability. Between 1821 and 1828, new cotton mills were founded in the Merrimack valley, with the company town of Lowell at the heart of the complex. The new corporations included the Locks and Canals Company (1821), the Merrimack Manufacturing Company (1822), the Hamilton Manu- facturing Company (1825), and the Lowell Manufacturing Company (1828). While this growth coincided with the general resurgence of textile manufacturing in America in the 1820s, it also meshed nicely with the flow of Spanish claims settlements that reached Boston. Looked at another way, Spanish Claims Commission largess, for that in fact is what it was, was one factor in securing - or at least underwriting - the venture capital the Associates plowed into industrial expansion in the Merrimack valley in the 1820s. It is possible, using the data in Frances Gregory's biography of Nathan Appleton, to make the case from that direction as well. It was in 1821 that Daniel Webster was permitted to buy four shares in the Merrimack Manufacturing Company. At about this time (1821-1822), Gregory notes, "other Boston merchants joined in the [manufacturing] gamble." Webster, she concludes, was extended a "strategic invitation to join the speculation."17 The money risked at this point and for the ensuing several years, using Gregory's figures, was at least equal to the amount produced by federal remit- tances from the Spanish Claims Commission. By late 1822, costs of land purchases in the Merrimack River area, rights of way, legal ville, Va. 1975), 175-177, 179-181, 197; Webster to Joseph Hopkinson, Apr. 13, 1821, Webster to Jeremiah Mason, Sept. 12, 1821, Hopkinson to Webster, Oct. 14, 1821, Webster to Hopkinson, Oct. 28, 1821, Webster to Mason, Jan. 10, 1822, Webster to Hopkinson, Feb. 1, 1822, Webster to Bliss, Feb. 19, 1822, Wiltse and Moser, eds., Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence, I, 283, 291-295, 301, 303-307. 17 Gregory, Appleton, 180. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 297 expenses, and other capital costs apart, the Associates had bought up 352 of 600 outstanding shares of the nearly bankrupt Locks and Canals Company. Control of that entity was essential to gain its monopoly rights to the power generated by the Merrimack River. Reckoning this last expense in combination with the other Merri- mack-centered costs mentioned earlier, investments per Associate, if Appleton is representative, amounted to between $15,000 and $40,000 between 1821 and 1828. The investment amounts depended on the proportions of capital stock held by individual Associates. These figures are roughly analogous to the claims commission reimbursements, either directly or through the two insurance com- panies, to many of the Associates. This example of Daniel Webster's involvement with the federal establishment on behalf of the Associates, much more than even his familiar entanglement with the tariff issue between 1816 and 1828, demonstrates his real significance in forging a Hamiltonian partnership between govern- ment and industry in the early national era. The congressman, by means of his influence, contacts, and energy, helped to divert public money in large sums to Associate-related coffers at a critical time in the expansion of the Bostonians' industrial empire. We are not claiming here that the infusion of government money paid directly for the Boston Associates' industrial expansion into the Merrimack valley, or even that it motivated that expansion. We are suggesting, however, that United States money arrived at the time that venture capital was being invested, and that it must have been reassuring to replace capital ventured with capital found. Virtually the same story was repeated a decade later. In 1831, as a result of the Franco-American treaty of that year, a French Claims Commission was established along the same lines as its Spanish predecessor. Once again Associates, both as individual claimants and stockholders of insurance companies, were on the receiving end of approved government claims. And once again Senator Daniel Webster was the attorney of record for both the companies and many individual claimants. That he had learned something from the first experience is evident. This time around he required that claimants he represented take out life insurance policies with Massachusetts Hospital Life, a new company funded by Associate investors. These policies were payable to Webster on the death of a claimant, should death precede government settle- ment. The Boston attorney had apparently lost some income in This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC 298 JOURNAL OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC the 1820s from troubled estates of deceased claimants. After a hiatus from 1828 to 1831, the Associates built five more mills in the years during which French Claims Commission money was distributed. Creation of the French Claims Commission, incidently, roughly coincided with Jackson's assault on the Bank of the United States as a government repository dedicated to serving the "privileged" in American society. 18 It is appropriate, finally, to note that the funding of Spanish and French "claims" marked unprecedented American under- writings of private commercial losses, losses traditionally treated as hazards of free enterprise in a world of competitive nations. In large measure the bulk of the money paid out to Bostonians went to insurance companies in such a way that Washington ultimately underwrote the losses of the underwriters, thus providing capital for the private sector via insurance company stockholders at the top of American society. It is at least a probability that the money surfaced as venture capital to fuel the area's industrial expansion. This is not a comment on intent, for no evidence of government intent exists. It is a statement of result only. Daniel Webster's role as simultaneously a representative of government and an agent of the Associates was crucial in effecting this passage of funds, and fully justified the Associates' expectations of his value to them. On a sustained and organized basis the Associates pioneered in America as organizers of labor in the emerging factory system. They generated and exploited the new technology that made these factories viable; they marshaled the venture capital that made their industrial complex a reality. Significantly, the Bostonians were forerunners as well in drawing a sometimes unaware federal establishment into their partnership. In sum, these Bostonians, ostensibly vocal proponents of the new laissez faire doctrine of early national America, nevertheless construed that doctrine in very selective and advantageous ways. They rejected, for example, any hint of govenment's right to tax corporate profits, government's right to regulate factory condi- tions, and the concept of federal court protection of the right of 18 For the Associates' interest in the possibilities opened by the French Claims Commission, see Peter C. Brooks to Edward Everett, Feb. 1, 1830, Edward Everett Papers (Massachusetts Historical Society). For Webster's insurance protec- tion of French Commission claimants, see White, Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, 202. On the expansion of the Boston Associates in the early 1830s, see Gregory, Appleton, 197. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon, 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC DANIEL WEBSTER 299 workers to organize. At the same time, for good and sufficient Adam Smith-oriented reasons as they saw them, they applied suc- cessfully to government for protection, literally and figuratively, over a whole range of operations, not excluding, finally, direct cash reimbursements from Washington, money that appears to have been converted into the venture capital used to expand an in- dustrial empire. This content downloaded from 137.49.125.110 on Mon. 20 Apr 2020 14:26:15 UTC H.U.P., 1955. Gerold T.Whete A History of the 12 MASSACHUSETTS HOSPITAL LIFE INSURANCE FOUNDING OF THE COMPANY Boston Common Council. Prescott served the Hospital in its pur- Co. 13 chase of land for construction of its first building and had been both without exception these men were supporters of the Hospital either an overseer and member of the Corporation of Harvard College. through substantial contributions or active participation in the management of its affairs. He was also the father of the historian, William Hickling Prescott. Daniel Webster was to say to Prescott at his death that "at the mo- On February 6 Prescott, Lowell, and Francis were appointed to distribute the remaining 2,400 shares. Since SO much of the stock had ment of his retirement from the bar of Massachusetts [1828], he stood at its head for legal learning and attainment." 18 It is indica- already been sold to SO few holders, in only one instance were more than 50 shares sold to an individual. Nathaniel Bowditch was al- tive of the continuity of Boston families in positions of prominence, and also in the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, lowed 65. These 2,400 shares were allotted among 56 shareholders that the present chairman of its Board of Directors, Samuel H. Two of the new stockholders, John C. Warren, 50 shares, and James Wolcott, is a great-grandson of William Prescott. Jackson, 30 shares, were the doctors who had led the campaign for 1818 Two other individuals also important in getting the company the establishment of the Massachusetts General Hospital. 23 Nearly under way were John Lowell, lawyer and celebrated Federalist pam- all were residents of the Boston community, but a few were from the phleteer, and Josiah Quincy. Both men were active in a wide variety north shore of Massachusetts Bay Salem especially, but also Bev- erly, Marblehead, and Newburyport. of civic and philanthropic causes, including the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital. Lowell, in fact, had been chairman of the Committee Concurrent with the stock subscription campaign, another com- of Trustees which in 1814 had gained from the legislature the right mittee was at work drawing up regulations governing the transfer of Massachusetts Hospital Life stock after its issue. The committee to grant annuities. Both men, and especially Lowell, had been among the most energetic of a group of philanthropically minded gentle- sought to eliminate the possibility that some of the stock might men in establishing the Provident Institution for Savings. 19 The later be acquired by individuals interested in speculation, The founders were particularly anxious that the confidence of the com- experience gained in this latter activity seems to have influenced certain of the patterns of organization and operation of the new munity, SO necessary to a fiduciary institution, never be jeopardized. insurance company. The committee's report was adopted on February 3 Holders who desired to sell their shares were obliged to offer them to the directors These four men were the prime movers in meeting the problems at the original cost to the holder plus accrued dividends. If on resale which had to be solved in launching the company: At the meeting of January 28 Ebenezer Francis and Josiah Quincy were appointed to by the directors, the selling price was more than 6 per cent above draw up a list of desirable persons for stockholders. 20 The list they that paid the former holder, he was to be paid the excess above 6 presented shortly thereafter included 20 prospects for 2,400 shares.21 per cent. If the directors failed to buy the shares within 30 days, the In addition, the trustees of the Hospital had authorized a subscrip- holder was free to sell elsewhere. Similar provisions governed the tion by the Hospital of 500 shares. 22 Of the prospects, four individ- transfer of stock following the death of a stockholder. The only dif- uals - Ebenezer Francis, William Phillips (former lieutenant gov- Gardiner Greene, president of the branch of the Bank of the United States in ernor of Massachusetts, president of the Massachusetts Bank and of Boston; John Phillips, mayor of Boston; and Joseph Head, T. H. Perkins, Joseph an astonishing number of civic and philanthropic enterprises, in- Coolidge, David Scars, William Pratt, John Parker, Israel Thorndike, Thomas M. Jones, Theodore Lyman, James Perkins, and William Gray, all merchants or of cluding the Massachusetts General Hospital), Samuel Parkman, mercantile families. Only William Gray refused to participate. merchant, and Peter C. Brooks - were considered likely candidates Many rivals in prominence to the larger stockholders were among this group: T.W. for 200 shares each, but the latter two accepted only half of this C.K. Thomas Wren Ward, George Cabot, Amos Lawrence, William Sturgis, John number. There were 16 candidates for 100 shares each.* Almost Bryant, Thomas Motley, Thomas Wigglesworth, Harrison Gray Otis, Nathan about Appleton, Charles Jackson, Joseph May, Daniel Parker, Henry Codman, Patrick These men were: William Prescott, Josiah Quincy, and John Lowell, lawyers; Timey Jackson, William Appleton, Samuel P. Gardner, George Ticknor, John C. Gray, Benjamin Guild, and Nathaniel Silsbee, CLASS AND CULTURE IN BOSTON: THE ATHENAEUM, 1807-1860 RONALD STORY University of Massachusetts, Amherst RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY Boston elite handily survived in the face of the democratic capitalist forces of ante-bellum America. In Boston, as in other cities, the elite actually in- creased its control over the economic system and its share of total com- munity wealth. Moreover, this elite seems to have achieved a unique cohe- siveness and a singular cultural complexion, so much so that by the 1860s it had acquired the distinctive title of "Brahmin Boston." It may in fact be argued that the ante-bellum era witnessed the birth, rather than the death, of a genuine Boston upper class. Institution-building, particularly in the economic sphere, was integral to the process of class evolution. By 1850 the Boston elite controlled a network of commercial, financial and manufacturing enterprises which extended their sway throughout New England and helped them to maintain their prominence and identity in the decades to come.2 The evolution of a viable social class, however, entails more than economic activity. It involves such matters as the modification of individualistic or acquisitive behavior in the interests of a larger group; the integration of potentially rival families, eco- nomic interests and politico-religious groupings; the harmonization of business and nonbusiness, particularly cultural, elements; the acculturation 'An upper class may be said to differ from an elite in the greater proportion of community wealth it controls; in the greater cohesion of its occupational, familial and generational components; and in its greater consciousness of its interests vis-à-vis antagonistic social do- ments. This is the meaning of the terms as employed here, with clite being used in general for the cra before the 1850s and upper class thereafter. See, e.g., Robert K. Lamb, "The Entrepreneur and the Community," in William Miller, ed., Men in Business (New York: Harper, 1962). pp. 94-98, 106-13, 119, 350; Vera Shlakman, Economic History of a Factory Town: A Study of Chicopee. Massachusetts (Smith College Studies in History, Vol. 20, nos. 1-4, Oct. 1934-July 1935). 39-42, 243-47. AmericanQuarterly 27 (1975):178-199. Note: T.W.Ward; s Treasurer of Athenaeum 1828-1836, Nathan appleton (1816-1827).Josiah V.P. succeeding quincy succeeded T.W.W. F.C. gray is (1826-1832), President(883-1836).