WILLIAM G R A Y Of Salem, Merchant A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH BY Coward Gray With PORTRAITS and other ILLUSTRATIONS BOSTON and NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Ribersine Press, Cambridge 1914 FOREWORD HEN I undertook to write a life of William W Gray, I knew that all his papers with the ex- ception of one letter-book, from which many COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY EDWARD GRAY of my ideas of his commercial transactions are taken, were ALL RIGHTS RESERVED destroyed in the Boston fire of 1872, and that I should have to rely on contemporary notices in the newspapers Published July 1914 and in diaries of individuals for facts; but I little realized what else was in store for me. In 1782 there were three B William Grays in Salem. The one here discussed was qG795g known as William Gray, Tertius, and not to be confounded with William Gray, the sea captain, who made a brilliant record as captain of privateers during the Revolution. In 319614 1798, at which date our William Gray was known as Hist William Gray, Jr., the confusion is even worse. There were then at least five William Grays in Salem. I find in the Laws and Resolves of Massachusetts, February 5, 1798, chapter 37, that " William Gray the fifth of Salem in the county of Essex, son of William Gray the third of said Salem, be empowered to take the name of William Shep- ard Gray"; also in 1802, June 23, chapter 14, "that William Gray, a minor, son of William Gray Junior of Salem be allowed to take the name of William Rufus Gray." In FIVE HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED AT THE RIVERSIDE writing this sketch, I have tried to err always on the safe PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. NO. 419 side, and not credit my subject with anything which re- fers to a William Gray about whose identity I am at all doubtful. The portrait of Mr. Gray reproduced here was painted by Foreword t in 1807, and his signature is taken from . John Quincy Adams dated August 4, ILLUSTRATIONS ams Papers. My thanks are due to all who assisted me, and particularly to Mr. George of the Essex Institute, Mr. Worthington WILLIAM GRAY Frontispiece Massachusetts Historical Society, and Mr. From a portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1807. In possession of Miss Isa E. Gray. Gray. E. G. MRS. WILLIAM GRAY (ELIZABETH CHIPMAN) 8 CHUSETTS, 1913. From a portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1807. In possession of John Chipman Gray, Esq. A LETTER OF WILLIAM GRAY 24 From the original in possession of the Peabody Academy of Science. WILLIAM GRAY'S HOUSE, SALEM 30 Drawn by Ralph W. Gray, Esq., from a lithograph of it (Lafayette Coffee House), and a photograph taken at a later date (Essex House). WILLIAM GRAY HOMESTEAD, CAMBRIDGE 48 The property of John Chipman Gray, Esq. WILLIAM GRAY 80 From a bust by Dexter. In possession of the Peabody Academy of Science. SHIP FANNY, WILLIAM GRAY, OWNER; CAPTAIN KINSMAN, MASTER 98 From the copy of the painting by M. Corné, 1801. In possession of the Peabody Academy of Science. SHIP ULYSSES, WILLIAM GRAY, OWNER; WILLIAM MUG- FORD, MASTER 100 From a water-color by Anton Roux, painted at Marseilles, 1804, showing the temporary rudder, by means of which the ship safely reached that port, about to be put in place. In possession of the Peabody Academy of Science. WILLIAM GRAY Of Salem, Merchant CHAPTER I 1750 - I 800 ILLIAM GRAY, or, as he was often called, W "Billy" Gray, was the oldest son of Abraham Gray, of Lynn, Massachusetts, and Lydia Calley, daughter of Francis Calley, of Marblehead. He was born in Lynn on June 27, 1750, old style, equal to July 8, new style, in a gambrel-roofed wooden house which stood until quite recently on Marion Street, near the Boston Road. William Gray, his grandfather, for whom he was named, I find mentioned in the Essex County deeds as husbandman and cordwainer, and he is said to have ini- tiated the manufacture of shoes by operatives in Lynn.2 Our William's father, Abraham Gray, seems to have fol- lowed along the same lines, being one of the first shoe manufacturers in Lynn who employed journeymen and apprentices. When William was still a small boy, I have the above dates in Mr. Gray's handwriting. - Author. 2 Lynn Weekly Reporter, July 2, 1864. 3 Alonzo Lewis, History of Lynn (second edition), p. 243. Abraham 4 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 5 Abraham Gray moved to Salem; he took this step some- who wishes to compare the signatures of Wm. Gray Ter.," time between 1760 and 1763, as the Lynn records show as bonder of letters of marque, or as signed to the pe- that his son, Samuel, was baptized in Lynn, August IO, titions to the Governor of Massachusetts for the appoint- 1760, and the records of the First-Church in Salem that ment of masters to the said letters of marque,2 with the "Francis Cawley [Calley], infant son of Mr. Abraham later signatures of our William Gray, can assure himself Gray," was baptized December 29, 1762. After taking of the fact that our William Gray was William Gray, up his residence in Salem, Abraham Gray continued for Tertius. He is also called "Tertius" in his marriage many years to be Deacon of the First Church-until notice in the Salem "Gazette," which I have printed in his death in 1791. He was buried in the Charter Street full a few pages later on. His grandson, William Gray, of Burying-Ground, his tomb standing among those near Boston, writes of him as follows: "He was rather below the entrance. the medium height, and his manners were singularly Of William Gray's youth little is known, except that simple and genial, his only peculiarity of dress being the he was apprenticed at an early age to Samuel Gardner, plaited queue much worn in his day." His portrait, Esq., of Salem, and later entered the counting-house of painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1807, when Mr. Gray was Richard Derby, Esq., of the same port. He seems to have fifty-seven years old, shows a pleasant-looking man, not stepped from the counting-house to mercantile life, as I at all handsome, with sandy hair parted in the middle can find no record whatever of his going to sea, and he be- and worn in a queue, a broad forehead and high cheek- gan business for himself when he was about twenty-eight bones, deep-blue eyes, and a ruddy complexion. The gen- years old. eral effect of the face is determination of purpose and a At this period, there were three William Grays in certain kindly sense of humor. Salem: Captain William Gray, who made a brilliant In the troublous times prior to the Revolution, William record as master of letters of marque during the - Revo- Gray joined the militia in Salem. When hostilities broke lution; William Gray, Jr. (of another family); and Wil- out, his company, under Colonel Timothy Pickering, made liam Gray, Tertius, our William. who, though he was the a forced march to Lexington, arriving, however, only in son of Abraham Gray, and only a distant relative, if any, time to exchange a few shots with the retreating British. of the other two, seems to have been called "Tertius" After the battle, the Continental Congress deemed it wise because he was the third in point of seniority. Any one Papers of the Continental Congress, Library of Congress, no. 196, vol. Essex Institute Historical Collections, vol. VIII, p. 212. In the 3, pp. 71, 74; vol. 7, pp. 40, 53; vol. 8, p. 3I vol. 15, pp. 39, 81, 98. Essex County Deeds, 107 273, Abraham Gray is called " of Lynn" on Massachusetts Archives, vol. 172, pp. 63, 220, 229, 263, 270. February 21, 1761, and of Salem," February 26, 1762. 3 Lynn Weekly Reporter, July 2, 1864; also a letter written by Colonel Samuel Swett, June II, 1864. who to 6 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 7 to send word of the engagement as well as of the general chusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War," state of affairs in this country to England, so that another vol. VI, p. 783:- side of the question might be presented to the British pub- William Gray 3rd, 2nd Lieut. Captain Richard lic than that shown in the official report sent from Boston. Ward's (3rd) Company, IST Essex Co. regt. of Mass. mili- As it was of utmost importance that their report should tia ; return dated Salem May I 5th, 1776, signed by Col. reach England before the official report, the Quéro, a Timothy Pickering Jr. and Joseph Sprague, of officers fast-sailing ship, belonging to Richard Derby, Esq., of chosen by the several companies of militia in Salem and Salem, was selected to carry the news. In the bill rendered returned to be commissioned, said officers accepting the to the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and paid August I, appointments, however, only upon condition that the 1775, I find that William Gray contributed £ IO sterling General Court would compel a more equal distribution as toward the outfit of the vessel. ¹ This £10 from William to the persons required to undergo military training and Gray and the pay of John Derby, as captain of the ex- to be subject to service calls, and also in order that the pedition, who, in the bill rendered, modestly estimated the existing companies might be kept fully trained and value of his time and services at "o," were the only con- equipped; ordered in Council June 6, 1776, that said tributions made by individual citizens toward the expenses officers be commissioned; reported commissioned June of the voyage. 6, 1776." The following April (1776) the 3d Company of the Whether or not Mr. Gray saw any active service in the First Regiment of Essex Militia elected as officers Rich- above capacity, I do not know. ard Ward, captain; Miles Greenwood, IST lieutenant; Owing to our almost entire lack of a navy during the William Gray, 3d, 2d lieutenant,2 and I find in " Massa- Revolution, the Continental Congress issued privateer I have compared very carefully the signatures of William Gray, Ter- licenses and "letters of marque" to individuals, in order tius, with the handwriting of the bill rendered for the Quero in 1775 (Massachusetts Archives, vol. 206, p. 94), and have come to the con- to supply the deficiency in fighting ships. A letter-of- clusion that William Gray, Tertius (our William) wrote the bill and was marque vessel carried a cargo to a destined port or ports, probably a clerk in Richard Derby's counting-house at this time. That taking prizes if they came in her way, and defending her- being the case, it seems very probable that the William Gray mentioned self against the enemy as a regularly commissioned private was he, as he was in a position to know the cost and needs of the voyage. ship of war under heavy bonds to her government to obey Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., attributes the £10 to our William Gray. (Essex Institute Historical Collections, vol. XXXVI, p. 21.) The incident seems the rules of warfare, thus combining commerce and war. to me of enough interest to insert on the chance that the William Gray Our William Gray was owner or part owner of several mentioned was our William Gray. of these privately armed vessels during the latter part of 2 Pickering Manuscripts, Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 56,p 78. the war, and from time to time his ships captured some chusetts British 8 William Gray British property. His activities, however, seem to have been confined to equipping his vessels, as I do not find any record of his going to sea himself.2 During this period, with daily life full of the business of war and of sending forth letters of marque, Mr. Gray was deep as well in the art of love. He evidently found time to court the pretty and vivacious Miss Elizabeth Chipman, daughter of Hon. John Chipman and Eliza- beth Brown Chipman, of Marblehead. His attentions proved successful if not altogether acceptable to the friends of the young lady, for the rumor goes that the Chipmans did not look with too much favor on the suit of young William Gray, feeling that his prospects were not good enough at the time to support Miss Chipman in the same comfort to which she was accustomed. However this may be, the marriage took place, and his "darling Betsey," as he then and afterwards called his wife, became Mrs. William Gray on March 29, 1782. The notice of the marriage appears in the Salem "Gazette" as follows: Pickering Manuscripts, vol. 28, p. 389. Letter from G. Cabot, December 13, 1808. Mr. Cabot was evidently not a particular friend of Mr. Gray when this letter was written (the Embargo period), and inti- mated that he returned the property to the British; but it seems hardly likely that a man would go to the expense of arming a vessel, and to the risk of total loss during an engagement, merely to return the captured property to the enemy. For a list of letters of marque of which our William Gray was owner or part owner, see Appendix A. 2 The Captain William Gray, with a brilliant record as captain of privateers and letters of marque, is not the same as William Gray, Ter- tius. The signatures of both men are among the Massachusetts Archives, and William Gray, Tertius, is our William Gray. 3 Alonzo Lewis and James R. Newhall, History of Lynn, p. 499. 'Married of Salem, Merchant 9 "Married, on Friday last, Mr. William Gray, Tertius, of this town, merchant, to Miss Betsey Chipman, daughter of the late John Chipman, Esq., of Marblehead." It is interesting to note in this connection that her brother, Ward Chipman, at the outbreak of the Revolution, re- mained loyal to Great Britain, and fled to Boston. When the British evacuated that town, he left with the troops and went to New York, finally joining the Loyalist colony in New Brunswick, where he became judge of the Supreme Judicial Court. The portrait of his sister, Mrs. Gray, painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1807, shows her at the age of fifty-one, a handsome woman - brown eyes combined with auburn hair and a vivacious and pleasing expression about the mouth, high coloring, and an erect and well-rounded figure. She is gowned in satin and lace, and has, as she sits looking out at us from her background of crimson drapery, a certain distinction of face and character that charms one at once. Their first child, William, who later had his name changed by an act of the Legislature to William Rufus Gray2 because of the number of William Grays in Salem, was born June 23, 1783. Mr. Gray's business ventures having proved by this time SO successful, he bought, a few months after his boy was born, the house of Mr. William I Salem Gazette, Thursday, April 4, 1782. Mr. Gray himself wrote the date as March 29. Records of the First Church, Salem, give date as March 28. 2 Laws and Resolves of Massachusetts, chap. 14, June 23, 1802. " And that William Gray, a minor, son of William Gray, Junr. of Salem, be allowed to take the name of William Rufus Gray." Browne IO William Gray of Salem, Merchant II Browne, on Essex Street. Here most of the other chil- William Gray, Jr., Edward Pulling, Esq., Edward Norris, dren were born, and the family lived until 1800, after Esq., and Mr. John Hathorne being chosen. which time they built for themselves a new house on the In December, 1787, "at a meeting of the town of opposite side of the street. Salem to choose members of the Convention to consider By 1783, William Gray began to take an active part the Federal Constitution, two hundred and eight voters in the town affairs of Salem, the selectmen for that year were present, and the following gentlemen were chosen: being Messrs. William West, John Appleton, Joshua Richard Manning, Esq., Edward Pullen, Esq., Mr. Ward, Jerathmeel Peirce, William Gray, Tertius, all of Francis Cabot, and Mr. William Gray, Jr." The present whom were reèlected the two following years.2 In May, Constitution of the United States was first drawn up by a 1785, George Williams, Esq., the Honorable Benjamin convention which assembled for the purpose at Philadel- Goodhue, Esq., Mr. Samuel Page, and Mr. William Gray, phia, and was then submitted to the several States for ratifi- Tertius, were chosen to represent Salem at the General cation. The Massachusetts State Convention assembled in Court for the year ensuing.3 The following November, January, 1788. At the outset, public feeling and a ma- 1785, Captain William Gray died 4 and William Gray, jority of the convention were against the Constitution, Tertius, became known as William Gray, Jr., the select- but it was finally adopted by a majority of only nineteen men for 1786 being: Messrs. William West, John Apple- votes, William Gray, Jr., being among the "yeas." 3 ton, Jerathmeel Peirce, William Gray, Jr., Joshua Ward,5 After the ratification the members of the convention dined as in the three preceding years, except that William Gray, together, toasts were drunk, and the asperities of debate Tertius, is called William Gray, Jr.6 The next year there were forgotten for the moment in a general sense of satis- was a change in selectmen, Joseph Sprague, Esq., Mr. faction and relief that the Constitution had been adopted.4 Essex Antiquarian, vol. VIII, p. 114. The house was bought Septem- the third, of Salem, Merchant, "on which an execution issued returnable ber 17, 1783, for £1003. Mr. Gray sold it in 1805 for $13,500. into the Court of Common Pleas to be holden at Salem aforesaid on the 2 Salem Gazette, March 27, 1783; March 25, 1784; April 5, 1785. first Tuesday of December last past &c." Mr. Gray's earliest signature 3 Ibid., May IO, 1785. as William Gray, Jr., that I have found, is April 29, 1788, in the Essex 4 Ibid., November 22, 1785. Died on Friday last, Captain William Institute Museum. From now on until 1806, our William Gray was Gray of this town, in the 41st year of his age." known as William Gray, Jr. 5 Salem Chronicle and Essex Advertiser, April 7, 1786. Salem Mercury, April 7, 1787. 6 Captain William Gray having died, William Gray, Jr., became plain 2 Diary of William Bentley, D.D. (referred to hereafter as Bentley), William Gray, and William Gray, Tertius, became William Gray, Jr. vol. I, p. 84, December 5, 1787. Essex County Deeds, 145: 219: a deed signed May 3, 1786, by Wil- 3 Salem Mercury, February 12, 1788. The Boston Gazette and the liam Gray, Jr., in which William Gray, Jr., of Salem, Merchant, is re- Country Journal, February II, 1788. corded as having recovered a judgment by the name of William Gray, Memorial History of Boston, vol. III, p. 196. William In I2 William Gray of Salem, Merchant I3 In 1789, General Washington, President of the United large proportions. He was one of the first of the Salem States, made an official visit to New England, and arrived merchants to embark in the trade with India and China, in Salem on Thursday, October 29. Orders were issued the brig William and Henry, belonging to Messrs. Gray and in the town for the inhabitants to assemble at one o'clock Orne, arriving from Canton in 1790. In 1792, Captain to greet the President; at two he arrived from Marble- William Ward sailed for the East in the brig Enterprise, head and there were numerous festivities. In the evening and I give Mr. Gray's letter of instructions to him:- he received the principal gentlemen of the town, and after seven o'clock attended the assembly and stayed until after SALEM Aug. 9, 1792. nine. According to Mr. Bentley, who was present at the CAPT. WILLIAM WARD,- assembly, the ladies were numerous and brilliant, and The Brig Enterprise under your command being ready the gentlemen were also numerous." The dress worn by for sea, you will embrace the first opportunity and pro- Mrs. Gray on this occasion is preserved in the Essex Insti- ceed for the Cape of Good Hope- - your arrival tute Museum at Salem; it is of rich flowered brocade, a sell such part of the cargo as you can to advantage which delicate shade of pink, and was treasured in the family I suppose will be the Russia duck, coles and such other for many years before being presented to the Museum. part of your cargo as you think proper. I then advise you, Mr. William Gray, Jr., was mentioned as a State Sen- if you can, to purchase about twenty hogsheads of brandy ator from the County of Essex in 1792,2 and received the and from 60 to 80 hogsheads wine, such as is best calculated second highest number of votes in Salem for that office,3 for the Isle of France market, some raisins and almonds, but he was not elected. About this time the merchants and then proceed for the Isle of France, then sell your of Salem were beginning to feel the need of a bank, and cargo or such part as you think for my interest to sell, in 1792 the Essex Bank was organized with banking- which I expect will be the whole, when you have sold rooms in a part of the Custom House, William Gray, if you can find any sugar, coffee, tea, Indigo, or cotton Jr., being chosen its first president.4 that will pay one hundred per cent profitt reckoning As soon as the Revolution was over and peace had been them to sell at the price you have at foot then I advise declared, William Gray launched into foreign trade, and you to come back with such of those articles as you find his commerce grew SO rapidly that by 1792 it had reached will do best if you cannot find goods to answer to come home from the Isle of France, then I advise you to pro- Bentley, vol. I, p. I3I, October 29, 1789. Salem Gazette, March 27, 1792. ceed for Calcutta in the Bay of Bengal, and there take 3 Ibid., April 3, 1792; June 5, 1792. Charles S. Osgood and Henry M. Batchelder, Historical Sketch of 4 Ibid., June 19, 1792. Salem, p. 138. large sugar 14 William Gray of Salem, Merchant I 5 sugar, saltpeters, Bandanno silk Handkerchiefs, or such advantage, do it. She cost five thousand dollars and other goods as you suppose will answer best in this market. will be worth that surely when she returns, you will take If you have advise that nothing can be done to advantage into your calculations what freight she will make home at Calcutta then you may go to Canton if you can get a what you must pay freight and what you can make profitt cargo of Black wood, cheep, provided you can make out upon the proceeds of the Brig. a stock of $20,000. exclusive of the Black wood. When I expect your cargo will sell at the Isle of France at you arrive at Canton after selling your wood take on one hundred per cent profitt provided you get there be- board as much Bohea tea, as the Brig will carry with fore Cathart who will sail from Boston in ten or twenty some China ware, nankeens, some black sattins, and such days after you. You can buy the Brandy and wine by other silks as you suppose will best answer. When you the legar and then return them their casks by starting have compleated your business in the East Indies proceed them into your own casks, which will save near one half directly to this port by such rout as you think safest, if the expense upon the whole. I leave this voyage to your you should come home in the winter it may be well to prudent management resting assured that every exertion touch at St. Eustatia and then lay till the spring ap- will be made by you (to promote my interest) that can proaches, so that you may come on safer. I think it may be done. In case any accident should happen to Capt. be well to send your boat on shore of Triniti in Martinico Ward during the voyage then I appoint Mr. Benjamin where perhaps you will find letters from me. It will be best Davison his present mate to persue the plan of the voyage to sett your cooper at work as soon as you possibly can, and do and conduct as Capt. Ward would or should have and to agree for your wines and Brandies as soon as you done had no such accident have happened and in case any can after you arrive, your cargo will sell for IO to 20 per accident should happen to both Capt. Ward and Mr. cent more to take wines and brandies than cash. Davison, then I appoint Mr. Jere Putnam the second Notwithstanding what I have wrote I would have you mate to do and conduct the business as either of them sell your whole cargo at Good Hope if you can obtain would or could have done and follow those orders. 20 per cent advance and purchase sugars or any other Write me by all opportunities either to America or goods that will pay fifty per cent profitt home, then pro- Europe. If to England, direct to the care of Messrs. Har- ceed directly for this port. If you have opportunity to rison Ansly & Co in London, if to Spain to Gardoqui sell the Brig Enterprise and appurtanance at a price that & Co in Bilboa. If to France then to the care of Messrs. you think will answer and can lay out the money to Lanchon & Co at L'Orient. If to Denmark to the care The brig Enterprise was 164 tons. For a list of Mr. Gray's ships Messrs. Ryberg & Co. at Copenhagen. If to Sweden then and their tonnage, see Appendix B. to the care of Mr. Thomas Erstein at Gottenburg. The advantage port 16 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 17 port charges at Canton I suppose about three thousand dollars, at Calcutta the port charges are small. If there This letter shows not only what a thorough under- is any obstruction to your trading at Calcutta you can do standing Mr. Gray had of the trade possibilities in the business at some other port a little above to as much ad- different ports mentioned, but also the profits which could vantage. I think the favourable monsoons to go to Cal- be made if one were willing to take the risks, which cutta begin in May, I would not have you run any great were great in those days. The letter shows also how much risk as I shall have little or no insurance. Capt. Ward the success of the voyage depended on the judgment of having paid five per cent upon the amount of the cargo the captain, as, in most cases, the final decision as to what was best to do was left in his hands. here, including the cash, at the return of the Effects, he is to receive ten per cent of the whole neat stock but Mr. Gray's shipping was not all done from Salem. not to charge any commission during the voyage except- Some of his vessels were loaded in New York, in fact, ing such as he pays to some other person. But to charge according to Mr. Bentley, Mr. Gray thought very seri- the voyage all necessary charges. The five per cent ad- ously of moving to that city in 1794, and made a journey dition to the five he puts in is to pay him in lieu of com- there with that purpose in view in the fall of the same mission. year. The following letter written by Mrs. Gray to her I further agree Captain Ward shall receive of the sister, Mrs. Nancy Ward, at Salem, describes some such profitts that shall be made upon one hundred pound aver- journey. It is undated, but I have every reason to believe aging my whole stock in this voyage at his return. - as this is the journey she speaks of:- a further consideration for his services. In case you can obtain a credit to advantage and lay out the amount so THURSDAY MORNING IO o'clock. as to pay me profitt you may take to the amount of six I have neither had time or spirits to write since we thousand dollars and draw upon me-payable either here mounted our car in Salem at seven on Tuesday morn, or in London-an your bills shall meet due honour. we reached Bradeshes at Cambridge at half-past ten where Wishing you Almighty protection and a prosperous we found a carriage so so, good horses but not handsome, voyage and Silvanus ² waiting for us with elegant shoe and knee I am your Friend buckles, plated with gold, which Mr. Gray reluctantly WILLIAM GRAY JR. consented to take. Sil had an elegant ladies watch which SALEM 10th August 1792 he lent me (let Aunt Ropes know this). The transition Letter in possession of George B. Dorr, Esq., of Boston. Captain William Ward was a brother-in-law of Mr. Gray, having married Miss Bentley, vol. II, p. 109, October 9, 1794. Joanna Chipman, a sister of Mrs. Gray. Sylvanus Gray, son of Winthrop Gray and Mary Gray, our William Gray's sister. This from 18 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 19 from Barrill's Jarke waggon to our light carriage made dred miles from Salem in Palmer at a dirty house but my our journey onward more pleasing, we dined at Weston cold is much better. I think of home. Do tell Lydia to and slept at Marlborough. Facing the sun gave me a bad send soon two clean suits a week. I long to hear from headache which added to my cold prevented my sleeping. home, my daughter, my son and my cherub. Do greet I arose at midnight and opened the fire where I sat rumi- them for me-my letter is now waited for so I bid you nating near an hour - when the pain in my head abated an affectionate adieu. E. G. I went to bed and slept till five. We before six and THURSDAY NOON breakfasted and pursued our journey. We stopped in Worcester an hour. Mr. G. and the boys walked out, I fear the [sic] will impede our farther progress to-day. while I traversed some dirty rooms and read Watts' psalms MRS. NANCY WARD SALEM which I found in one of them. My head was so stuffed with a cold that not one new idea gained entrance, if it Letter in possession of George B. Dorr, Esq. This letter was prob- had the long steep hills in Northborough would have ably written between 1794 and 1797, as Mrs. Gray had five chil- jolted it out. The fading prospects around were not in- dren living at that period, and five are mentioned. Rev. William Bentley spiring. The high hills in Leicester we gained the sum- speaks of Mr. Gray going to New York October 9, 1794 (vol. II, p. 109). mit of by one. Where while dinner was preparing a John Chipman Gray was born in December, 1793, and William R. Gray and Henry Gray would have been eleven and ten years old respectively smutty boy gave Mr. G. an account of the progress of in 1794. The other two children mentioned were Lucia and Francis literature and rules of the academy and declared he would Calley Gray. Mr. and Mrs. Gray's children were:- do as he advised us if he had children send them to it. We William Rufus, born, Salem, June 23, 1783. NOT passed Mr. Moore's house but could not stop. We slept Henry, baptized, Salem, August 22, 1784. at Hitchcock's at Brookfield in the house that Mrs. Lydia Maria, baptized, Salem, February 5, 1786; died, Salem, May 22, 1786. Gardmother Spooner dispatched her husband. Rode before breakfast Eliza, baptized, Salem, April 18, 1787; this morning eight miles in the rain over hills a thou- baptized, Salem, April 8, 1787 (Town Records); sand feet from the surface of the earth, some of them died, Salem, January 25, 1791. very steep and rough. We breakfasted at Brimfield where (Her mourning ring is in the Essex Institute Museum at Salem.) Lucia, born, Salem, December 30, 1788; the ample hostess was taking up beehives and drying baptized, Salem, January 4, 1789. pumkins for pies which she extolled above any other pye. Francis Calley, born, Salem, September 19, 1790; I thought of neighbour C's apples. William's gibes keep baptized, Salem, September 26, 1790. us awake and Harry's history of beasts which he bot afford Charles (mentioned in Mr. Gray's list of his children between Francis C. and John C. but without dates, and I have been unable to find subjects of wonder and inquiry. We're now near a hun- any record of his birth or death). dred After 20 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 21 After their return Mr. and Mrs. Gray decided to re- assortment as you brought the last voyage was good ex- main in Salem, where they lived until 1809, when they cept the bandanno handkerchiefs. I would not have you removed to Boston in consequence of the bitter animosity purchase any of them at more than one hundred and of the Federalists against Mr. Gray because he supported ten rupees per cwge. Instead of the pepper brought last the Embargo. voyage, I recommend your bringing ginger, this article In January, 1797, Captain William Ward sailed for will always answer. You will get what information you Calcutta from New York, and I insert Mr. Gray's letter can at New York. Upon your arrival at Calcutta, if you of instructions as another example of the kind of articles find it will be for our interest you have liberty to draw which were imported from the East, and also to show bills on Bainbridge, Ansley & Co of London for my acct the amount paid the captain in commissions on such a or take up money in Bengal. You have liberty to take voyage: what sum you think proper, not to exceed one hundred thousand rupees. the whole stock on board for the owners SALEM Jan. 1797. CAPTAIN WILLIAM WARD acct. When you have compleated your business in the You will embrace the first opportunity and proceed for East Indies proceed directly to this port, unless it should New York, on your arrival, take command of my ship winter when you come on this coast, in that case, and John, on board which you will ship such goods as you peace between France and England should have taken place, suppose will answer at Calcutta, when you have got your you may stop at the Wind W. India islands and sell such ship in good order, proceed for Calcutta in the Bay of part of your cargo as you can to advantage, and wait for Bengal there purchase about one hundred and twenty tons good weather to come on. But if you come on this coast of good sugar, and then fill the ship with such other goods in the winter and peace has not taken place, then proceed as you suppose will answer best in this market, such an directly to New York, on your arrival write me a letter. Break no acts of Trade or laws of any nation during this John Chipman, born, Salem, December 26, 1793; voyage. In case any accident should happen to Capt. baptized, Salem, January 19, 1794. Ward, baptized, Salem, January 15, 1797; Ward to prevent his doing the business of this voyage, died, Salem, August - , 1798. then I appoint Mr. the present mate of the John, Horace, born, Medford, August 25, 1800; to do the business of this voyage and follow the foregoing baptized, Medford, August 31, 1800. orders as Capt. Ward would or could have done had no The baptisms and deaths are taken from the records of the First Church, such accident have happened, with this exception that I in the Essex Institute Historical Collections. William R., Henry, Lucia, would not have any moneys drawn or borrowed by any Francis C., John C., and Horace survived their parents. other person than Capt. Ward. assortment Wishing 22 William Gray of Salem, Merchant 23 Wishing you a successful voyage and Almighty pro- for the protection of their property. The year 1798 saw tection I am your friend and employer William Gray, Jr., Esq., elected one of the Fire Wards, WM. GRAY JR. to which office he was reelected until 1805. The Fire Wards, as was then the custom, carried a staff, bucket, It is agreed that Capt. Ward shall be allowed five per wrench, and bag, and were vested with all the necessary cent commission for selling what merchandize he carrys authority for putting out fires. out, in the John, or sells during the voyage for the owners, and two and a half per cent for what he purchases, as At the end of President Washington's administration, well the amt of what he takes up abroad for the owners, the French Directory broke off all relations with our as on the proceeds of the cargo. He is to have five per Government, and French privateersmen and frigates began cent privilidge of what the ship will or doth carry for his to attack American commerce. Intercourse with France adventure, and twenty-five dollars per month for his wages. was suspended by Congress in 1798 the treaties with that WM. GRAY JR. country were declared at an end, American frigates were authorized to capture French vessels guilty of depreda- By this time Mr. Gray's shipping had reached such tions on American commerce, and an American army large proportions, that Mr. George Cabot speaks of him was formed. Under these conditions, American shipping as the greatest merchant in Massachusetts. was in danger of being captured, and the American ves- In 1790, William Gray had joined the Old Fire Club," sels which were at Havana came home from Cuba under an institution which was organized in March, 1744, and convoy of one of Mr. Gray's ships, armed on the spot, at the time of his joining was limited to twenty-five mem- arriving at Salem September II, 1798.2 bers.3 Each member had two leather buckets and a bag Congress had at this time authorized the construction two yards in length and three quarters of a yard in breadth, of only three frigates, the country being far too poor to all with the owner's name marked thereon. The buckets create a navy adequate for its defense. Under these circum- were used in carrying water to the fire, whereas the bag stances Congress passed an act in June, 1798, to accept was for the purpose of removing valuables from the burn- vessels built on subscription by private citizens, as a loan ing house. There were no regular fire companies at that to the Government at six per cent interest. The subscrip- date, and the citizens had to form voluntary organizations tion list was opened at Salem and Elias Hasket Derby Letter in possession of George B. Dorr, Esq. Salem Gazette April 10, 1798; April 9, 1799; April 18, 1800; Henry Cabot Lodge, Life and Letters of George Cabot, p. 123. March 24, 1801; Salem Register, March 25, 1802; May 16, 1803; 3 Essex Institute Historical Collections, vol. xxxix, p. 4. March 29, 1804. for Bentley, vol. II, p. 282, September II, 1798. and WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS By EDWARD GRAY [One hundred copies reprinted from the HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, Volume LII.] ESSEX INSTITUTE SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS 1916 MAY 20 1926 Indian 122996 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. BY EDWARD GRAY. 1. WILLIAM GRAY was probably the first of his fam- ily in America, and the earliest record I find of him is his marriage intention recorded at Lynn, Nov. 16, 1706. The first land he bought in Lynn was from John Kirtland on Oct. 5, 1709; later, in 1712, he bought from Samuel Burrill, for £85, four lots of land in Lynn. He is called cordwainer in the Essex County deeds, and also husband- man, and is said to have initiated the manufacture of shoes by operatives in Lynn. At the town meeting, March 7, 1714/15, he was chosen one of the fence viewers for ye town fields for ye year ensuing." At the same meeting, and also on March 7, 1719/20, he was chosen one of those " to take care and prosecute ye town order that prohibits keeping geese in ye Commons." He was chosen one of the tithingmen, March 3, 1717/18, and March 3, 1728/29, and on March 6, 1720/21, one of the tithingmen and " to seat boyes in the Meeting House and to prevent disorders on the Lord's Day." On Nov: 3, NOTE. - As far as any one knows, this Lynn family has no connec- tion with the Gray families of Yarmouth, Plymouth, Boston, Salem, Beverly, etc., and on account of these numerous families, I have been unable, in some cases, to trace some branches of our Grays when they moved or left no record. A Gray Genealogy," by M. D. Raymond, under Salem Grays, says William Gray of Lynn was the son of Joseph Gray of Salem and Deborah Williams, but I can find absolutely no proof of it. There is also a tradition that Wil- liam Gray's father was named William Gray and came from England to Salem, but I cannot find any proof of that. From the names he gave his children, it seems possible our William Gray belonged to the Grays of Harrow-on-the-Hill and London, England, where the names William, Jeremiah, and Abraham Gray occur. There is nothing which shows whether or not, William Gray had any connec- tion with Robert Gray of Lynn, whose marriage intention is re- corded at Lynn, Oct. 19, 1700, to Dorothy Collins. (1) 2 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, 1718, he was chosen "to serve on ye jury of legalls at the next superior court to be holden at Salem." His marriage intention is recorded at Lynn, Nov. 16, 1706, to Hannah Scarlet (name also spelt Scadled, Send- let, Scadlock), daughter of Scarlet and Hannah (Paul) (Suffolk Deeds, 36: 232). She was buried at Lynn, Oct. 28, 1756. His will, dated April 13, 1743, leaves to his wife all his property, except the following : to son Abraham, one wood lot nigh Burrill's Hill, containing about three acres ; to son Joseph, one small lot salt marsh lying in Lynn, in Rumney Marsh, nigh Bear Creek, containing about two acres ; to my daughter Hannah, 5 shillings, which (with what I have heretofore given her) is her full portion in my estate. After death of wife, all estate, not herein particularly given, to my four sons, Jeremiah, Abraham, Benjamin and Joseph. He died at Lynn, June 7, 1743. Children I. JOSEPH2, b. at Lynn, Jan. 8, 1707-8; d. young. 11. WILLIAM, b. at Lynn, Aug. 30, 1710; probably d. young. 2. III. JEREMIAH, b. at Lynn, Dec. 16, 1712. 3. IV. ABRAHAM, b. at Lynn, Jan. 13, 1714-15. V. HANNAH, b. probably at Lynn; m. int. Lynn, Oct. 9, 1736, to Jonathan Blany; d. at Lynn, Sept. 8, 1767, act. 54 yrs. (grave stone). She d. at Lynn, June 1, 1744. Jonathan Blany's will, dated Aug. 15, 1757, mentions son Joseph Blany, 3 daughters, Mary Blany, Abigail Blany, Hannah Blany. Abraham Gray, executor. Children: (1) Joseph. (2) Mary, m. at Lynn, Oct. 8, 1765, Nathaniel Fuller. shipwright. (3) Abigail, in. at Lynn, Sept. 22, 1757, Nathaniel Lewis, son of Edmund and Hepsabah (Breed), b. at Lynn, Oct. 30, 1731; d. at Lynn, May 23, 1767; a cordwainer; three children, all d. young. She m. 2d, at Lynn, Jan. 13, 1774, Capt. Joseph Felt of Salem; one child. She m. 3d, at Lynn, Nov. 25, 1790, John Watts of Lynn, and d. at Lynn, June 2, 1801, aet. 61 years. (4) Hannah, m. at Lynn, March 5, 1761, Mark Graves, mariner; six children. 4. VI. BENJAMIN. 5. VII. JOSEPH. 2. JEREMIAH2 GRAY (William1), born at Lynn, Dec. 16, 1712, was a housewright, and lived in Lynn. He was AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 3 chosen constable on March 4, 1754, but did not serve. His marriage intention is recorded at Lynn, April 8, 1739, to Theodate Hood, daughter of Richard and Theo- date (Collins), born at Lynn, Oct. 27, 1719: died sud- denly at Lynn, Feb. 28, 1751. His will, dated April 1, 1781, and probated May 7, 1781, leaves to son, Winthrop Gray, one-third of my estate; to daughter, Hannah Cut- ter, one-third of my estate; to son William Gray, one- sixth of my estate to grandson Albert Gray, son of William Gray, one-sixth of my estate. Children: 6. I. WINTHROP3. 11. HANNAH, m. at Lynn, July 26, 1773, Joseph Cutter. (Cutler-Lynn vital records.) 7. III. WILLIAM. IV. Child, bur. Lynn, May 24, 1748. V. Child, bur. Lynn, Sept. 8, 1750. 3. ABRAHAM2 GRAY (William1), born at Lynn, Jan. 13, 1714/5, was a cordwainer, and one of the first shoe manufacturers in Lynn who employed journeymen and apprentices. He moved to Salem in 1761, where he be- came Deacon of the First Church. In later years he be- came a merchant. He married at Lynn, April 1, 1742, Lydia Calley, daughter of Francis, of Marblehead and Lydia (Burrill), born at Marblehead, Jan. 11, 1723/4 ; died at Salem Nov. 27, 1788. He died at Salem, Feb. 11/12, 1791. His will, dated 1790, leaves to grandsons, Sylvanus Gray and Winthrop Gray, each 300 pounds to granddaughters, Lydia Clough and Jane Williams, each 350 pounds; to daughter Hannah Gray, all household furniture, plate, etc. ; to three children, William Gray, Samuel Gray, and Hannah Gray, to each an equal part of the residue of my estate. Red hair is quite common among their descendants. Children, all except Francis Calley, born at Lynn : 1. MARY3, b. Jan. 5, 1742-3; m. at Salem, Oct. 11, 1764, her first cousin, Winthrop Gray, son of Jeremiah and Theodate (Hood); 2 children. 11. LYDIA, b. Nov. 3, 1744; m. at Salem, March 28, 1766, Joseph Clough; d. before 1771, when he married Ruth 4 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, (Putnam), widow of William Ward. Child: (1) Lydia, m. as his 2d wife, at Salem, May 28, 1799, Samuel Very, son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Giles), b. 1735; d. 1824; shipmaster and merchant; 4 children. III. HANNAH, b. Nov. 13, 1746; d. at Lynn, July 1, 1751. IV. JANE, b. July 31, 1748; m. at Salem, March 30, 1769, Ben- jamin Williams, son of Mascoll and Ruth (Phippen). Child: (1) Jane, bapt. at Salem, March 11, 1770; m. at Salem, Dec. 13, 1794, Cotton Brown Brooks, son of Rev. Edward of Medford and Abigail (Brown), sister of Elizabeth Brown who m. John Chipman (No. 8.). Cotton Brown Brooks was a brother of Mary Brooks, who married Samuel Gray (No. 9). He was born July 20, 1765. 8 children. He m. 2d, Jan. -, 1831, Anne Noyes of Portland, Me. 8. V. WILLIAM, b. June 27, 1750. VI. HANNAH, b. May 23, 1752; d. at Salem, Sept. 14, 1791; Toppit unm. VII. ABRAHAM, b. Aug. 21, 1753; d. at Salem, Aug. 6, 1788; unm. VIII. ABIGAIL, b. Sept. 1, 1755; d. at Salem, Nov. 6, 1790; unm. To pq.9 IX. FRANCIS, bapt. Jan. 22, 1758; bur. at Lynn, Oct. 31, 1759. 9 X SAMUEL, bapt. Aug. 10, 1760. XI. FRANCIS CALLEY, bapt. at Salem, Dec. 29, 1762; d. at Salem, April 27, 1790; unm. A merchant, cf. Diary of Rev. William Bentley, I, p. 163. 4. BENJAMIN2 GRAY (William1), born probably at Lynn, was a cordwainer, and lived in Lynn. He was chosen leather sealer in 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, and 1761. He was parish clerk and parish treasurer of the First Church at Lynn from March 26, 1760, to March 22, 1762. On July 11, 1765, Joseph Gray of Lynn, and Abraham Gray of Salem, stated that their brother Benja- min Gray of Lynn was non compos mentis, and Deacon Joseph Gray was made his guardian. He was declared sane again on Oct. 7, 1766. On August 29, 1777, he called himself of Boston, and no wife was mentioned (Essex Deeds, 135 : 144). He married at Lynn, Oct. 30, 1744, Sarah Hawkes, daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Haven). Children, all born at Lynn : I. BENJAMIN3, b. Aug. 2, 1745: m. at Lynn, Aug. 14, 1766, Mary Burchsted, daughter of Henry and Anna, b. at Lynn, Oct. 18, 1747. Child, bur. at Lynn, June, 1769. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 5 She m. 2d, at Lynn, Oct. 19, 1781 [1782, int. and C.R. 3], Capt. Thomas Cocks (Cox), and d. at Lynn, Jan. 21, 1795, aet. 48 yrs. II. THOMAS, b. July 3, 1749. III. SARAH, b. July 12, 1752. IV. JOSEPH, b. March 19, 1754. V. DEBORAH, bapt. July 31, 1757. 5. JOSEPH2 GRAY (William1), born probably at Lynn. I think it safe to say he was the youngest son of William Gray, because his father named him last in his will, and also on account of the date of his marriage, 1756. He was a cordwainer and husbandman, and lived in Lynn and Danvers. On March 3, 1760, he was chosen one of the tithingmen, and in 1762 and 1763 leather sealer. On Nov. 23, 1763, he was chosen deacon of the First Church at Lynn. He married, at Lynn, May 4, 1756, Rebecca Farington. Black hair is most common among their descendants. He died at Danvers, intestate, and his eldest son, William Gray of Danvers, husband- man, was appointed administrator of his estate, Dec. 8, 1784, Rebecca Gray, widow, having relinquished right of administration ; Abraham Gray, merchant, and William Gray, 3d, merchant, both of Salem, signing the bond. Children, all born at Lynn : 1. HANNAH8, b. June 9, 1757. II. REBECCA, b. March 9, 1759. 10. III. WILLIAM, b. March 26, 1761. IV. JOSEPH, b. July 18, 1763. V. SUSANNA, b. July 5, 1765; m. int. at Danvers, April 3, 1790, Nathan Page. VI. MARY, bapt. March 6, 1768.* VII. ABRAHAM, bapt. Oct. 28, 1770. He was a cooper in Salem, Nov. 9, 1791, when he signed the bond given by William Gray, Jr. and Samuel Gray, executors of the will of their sister, Hannah Gray. 6. WINTHROP® GRAY (Jeremiah2, William1), born probably at Lynn. Moved to Boston, where he was a cordwainer and later an innholder. He was commissioned *In the Lynn Vital Records these two are called the children of Dr. Gray, but in the original church records the name is written Dn (deacon) Gray. 6 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, Captain on May 10, 1776, and Captain in the 5th Com- pany, Col. Crafts (Artillery) Regiment, Oct. 9, 1776. Continental Army pay accounts for service from Jan. 1, 1777, to Feb. 26, 1779, when his resignation was accepted. He was innholder of the American Exchange Tavern on State street, Boston, in 1781. He married, first, at Salem, Oct. 11, 1764, his first cousin, Mary3 Gray, daughter of Abraham2 and Lydia (Calley), born at Lynn, Jan. 5, 1742/3; and secondly, Rebecca Stone, daughter of Robert of Boston (Suffolk Deeds, 201 : 12). He died at Boston, June 3, 1782, aet. 42 years. of. Boston Gazette and Coun- try Journal. His widow married, secondly, Andrew R. Carr of Boston, mariner (Essex Deeds, 143: 135), and thirdly, at Charlestown, Aug. 17, 1792, James Murray of Charlestown. Children, by first wife, born at Boston : 11. I. SYLVANUS4, b. Oct. 25, 1765. 11. WINTHROP, b. Oct. 7, 1768; m. at Salem, Oct. 27, 1791, Elizabeth Putnam, daughter of Bartholomew and Sarah (Hodges). News of his death was brought to Salem Sept. 15, 1800, by Captain Phillips from Calcutta (Diary of Bev. William Bentley, II, p. 349). His will, dated at Salem, Aug. 17, 1799, mentions his brother, Sylvanus Gray, as sole legatee, showing his wife had died before that date, leaving no issue. He was a merchant. Children by second wife, all baptized at Christ Church, Boston, on Jan. 19, 1783 : III. WINTHROP PARKER, b. 1777; m. at Boston, May 30, 1802, Rebecca Tucker of Norton, He was the only one of her three sons to whom Rebecca Murray transferred land in 1800. Marriage intention recorded at Norton, Aug. 7, 1814, to Lucindia Carpenter. He was a harness maker in Boston in 1803, and of Newburyport in 1814.* Child by first wife: (1) Harriot', b. Newburyport, July 1, 1808. IV. WILLIAM RAMSAY, b. 1779. V. JEREMIAH, b. 1782. A Winthrop Gray died at Boston, Oct. 25, 1820, aet. 39 years. This may be Winthrop Parker Gray, though he would have been 42 or 43 years old at that date. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 7 7. WILLIAM8 GRAY (Jeremiah2, William1), born prob- ably at Lynn, was a cordwainer, and lived in Boston, Salem, and Lynn. He married at Lynn, Jan. 23, 1771, Alice Breed, daughter of Nathan and Mary (Bassett), born at Lynn, Sept. 22, 1744. He transferred land to his brother, Winthrop Gray of Boston, on April 10, 1781 (Essex Deeds, 138 : 198), and must have died shortly afterwards, as his widow married, secondly, at Lynn, May 8, 1781*, Col. Ezra Newhall of Salem. She died at Lowell, Feb. 9, 1833. Child : I. ALBERT4, b. 1772, was a hatter, and lived in Lynn and Salem. He was senior warden of the Essex Lodge of Free Masons in 1807. He moved to Boston just before lie died. He married at Salem, May 5, 1796, Polly Pay- more of Sterling, N. H., and died at Boston, Nov. 27, 1810, aet. 38 yrs. In his later deeds no wife is men- tioned; there was no settlement of his estate, and I do not find any record of any children. 8 WILLIAM8 GRAY (Abraham2, William 1, born at Lynn, June 27, 1750. Salem merchant, and one of the largest ship-owners in New England (was also known as William Gray, tertius, and William Gray, Jr.), and famil- iarly as " Billy Gray. He was commissioned 2d Lieut in Captain Richard Ward's (3d) Company, 1st Essex Coun- ty Regt. of Mass. militia, June 6, 1776. He was a repre- sentative to the General Court in 1785, and State senator in 1807, 1808, and 1821. Was a member of the Con- vention, 1788, and of the Constitutional Convention, 1820. He moved from Salem to Boston in 1809, and was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811. Was Presidential Elector, 1820 and 1824. (See William Gray of Salem, Merchant," by Edward Gray.) His portrait, painted by Stuart in 1807, is in the possession of Miss Isa E. Gray ; another portrait, also by Stuart, is owned by Thomas Wren Ward, Esq. Thomas WeenWard He married, at Salem, March 28/29, 1782, Elizabeth Chip- man, daughter of Hon. John of Marblehead and Eliza- Both the Lynn Vital Records and the Newhall Genealogy give this date; the latter calls her "widow Alice Gray 1', daughter of Nathan and Mary (Bassett) Breed. 8 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, beth (Brown), sister of Abigail Brown who married Rev. Edward Brooks (No. 9; No. 3. IV.). She was born at Marblehead, June 9, 1756, and died at Boston, Sept. 29, 1823. Her portrait, by Stuart, painted in 1807, is in the possession of Mrs. John Chipman Gray. He died at Boston, Nov 3. 1825. Children all except Horace, born at Salem, and bap- tized at the First Church: 12. I. WILLIAM RUFUS4, b. June 23, 1783. 13. II. HENRY, b. Jan. 17, 1784. III. LYDIA MARIA, bapt. Feb. 5, 1786; d. at Salem, May 22, 1756. IV. ELIZA, bapt. April 18, 1787 (Town records give bapt. April 8); d. at Salem, Jan. 25, 1791. V. LUCIA, b. Dec. 30, 1788; m. at Salem, Aug. 24, 1807, Sam- uel Swett, son of Dr. John Barnard and Charlotte (Bourne), b. at Newburyport, June 10, 1782; d. at Bos- ton, Oct. 28, 1866. He graduated at Harvard College, 1800, A. M., and was Fellow of the American Academy. ? His)portrait, painted by Stuart, is in the Newburyport Public Library, She d. May 15, 1844. Her portrait, painted by Stuart. is in the possession of Mrs. Francis Alexander. Children : (1) William Gray, b. at Salem, July 15, 1808; H. C., 1828, A. M., Div. S. 1831; d. at Charlestown, Feb. 5, 1843; Unitarian minister; m. 1842 Charlotte B. Phinney of Lexington; one child. (2) Samuel Bourne, b. 1810; d. 1890; was a physician, and lived in Exeter, N. H.; m. 1845, Mary S. Lord of New Hampshire; five children. (3) Lucia Gray, bapt. First Presbyterian Church, Boston, June 19, 1814; m. Francis Alexander, the artist; one child. (4) Eliza Charlotte, b. 1815; died 1832. (5) John Barnard, b. 1821; d. March 25, 1807, at Bristol, R. I.; m. Jan. 10, 1849, Annie Ce- celia de Wolf, daughter of Henry and Annie Elizabeth (Marsten); one child. VI. FRANCIS CALLEY, b. Sept. 19, 1790; graduated at Har- vard, 1809, A. M., and in 1841 received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard. He was representative to the General Court in 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, and 1836; Stats senator, 1824, 1825, 1827, 1828, 1830, and 1843; member of the council, 1839. He was a Fellow of Harvard CQI- lege, member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and Fellow of the American Academy. He died at Boston, Dec. 29, 1856; unm. His portrait, painted by Alexander, is in Memorial Hall, Cambridge. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 9 VII. CHARLES (mentioned in William Gray's list of his chil- dren between Francis C. and John C., without dates. I can find no record of his birth or death). VIII. JOHN CHIPMAN, b. Dec. 26, 1793; graduated at Harvard, 1811, A. M., and received the degree of LL.D. from Harvard in 1856. He was representative to the General Court in 1828, 1829, 1880, 1834, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1843, 1844, 1848, 1849, 1850, and 1852; State senator, 1835, 1836, 1845, 1846, and 1847; member of the Council, 1832; and member of the Constitutional Convention, 1853. He was an Overseer of Harvard, Vice-president of the Massachusetts Historical Society and Fellow of the American Academy. He married at Boston, May 30, 1820, Elizabeth Pickering Gardner, daughter of Samuel Pickering and Rebecca Russell (Lowell), b. March 11, 1799; d. Aug. 8, 1879. She was a sister of Sarah Russell Gardner, who married Horace Gray (No. 14). He died at Boston, March 3, 1881; 8. p. His portrait, painted by Stuart, is in the possession of Mrs. John Chipman Gray. IX. WARD, bapt. Jan. 15, 1797; d. at Salem, August, 1798. 14. X. HORACE, b. at Medford, Aug. 25, 1800. 9 SAMUEL8 GRAY (Abraham2, William1), baptized at Lynn, Aug. 10, 1760. was a merchant, and lived in Salem; he moved to Medford in 1811 (of. Diary of Rev. William Bentley, IV, p. 27). He married, first, at Salem, Oct. 30, 1787, Anna Orne, who died at Salem, June 2/3, 1797, aged about thirty years. He married, secondly, at Med- ford, April 25, 1799, Mary Brooks, daughter of Rev. Edward and Abigail (Brown), sister of Elizabeth Brown who married John Chipman (No. 8), born Jan. 27, 1769, and died at Medford, Jan. 30, 1842. Mary Brooks was a sister of Cotton Brown Brooks who married Jane Wil- liams (3. IV). He died at Medford, Jan. 21, 1816. Min- iatures of Samuel and Mary (Brooks) Gray are in the possession of Mrs. George A. Audenried. Children by first wife, all baptized at the First Church, Salem: I. LYDIA*, bapt. Aug. 4, 1788; m. at Medford, Nov. 15, 1810, Thomas Wren Ward,* son of William and Martha Anne (Proctor), d. March 4, 1858; he received an hon- orary degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1843. He was *Data obtained from the Ward and Pickering genealogies. Unternal Side alone: and 10 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, On treasurer of Harvard College, 1830 to 1842. She d. Oct. 9, 1874. Children: 1 Martha Ann, bapt. at the First Presbyterian Church, Boston, Sept. 15, 1811; d. many 5th Gray of died 4 as in 2 at Boston, Nov. 2, 1853; unm. 2 Mary Gray, b. June 3, 1816; d. Feb. 6, 1819. 3 Samuel Gray, bapt. at Two Boston, Nov. 23, 1817; m. Oct. 3, 1840, Anna Hazard had: Barker, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Hazard), b. 680 at New York, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1813. He graduated at uncles Harvard in 1836, A. M., and d. 1907. Four children. 4 William, bapt. at Boston, Oct. 3, 1819; d. June 24, 3 2 aunts 1830. 5 Mary Gray, bapt. at Boston, June 24, 1821; m. June 4, 1850, Charles Hazen Dorr, son of Samuel 6 cousing. and Susan (Brown), b. at Boston, Aug. 27, 1821. Two children. 6 John Gallison, bapt. at Boston, Oct. 6, 1822; d. Jan. 5, 1856; unm. George Cabot, bapt. at Boston, Dec. 5, 1824; m. 1st, Jan. 22, 1852, Mary Ann Great CBD'S Aunts Southwick, daughter of John Alley and Elizabeth (Kinsman), b. at Salem, March 24, 1828; d. at New and undes York, N. Y., Nov. 20, 1880. He m. 2d, Feb. 11, 1882, Frances Morris, daughter of William Lewis and Mary Elizabeth (Babcock). He graduated at Harvard in 1843, and d. May 4, 1887. Two children by first wife. II-XIII & Thomas William, bapt. at Boston, Oct. 7, 1883; d. Dec. 3, 1859; unm. II. ANNA, bapt. Aug. 2, 1789; III. at Medford, April 9, 1815, Andrew Hall. She d. at Medford, Dec. 20, 1815. III. 15. SARAH, bapt. June 5, 1791; d. at Salem, Sept., 1805. IV. SAMUEL CALLEY, b. Sept. 7, 1792. V. MARY, William bapt. Ray 1788; Nov. July 3, 1816, Sept. 7, 1794; m. at Medford, of Boston, b. June 9, d. 25, 1825. She d. May 18, 1838, Children: (1) William, b. Nov. 9, 1817; d. Aug. 29, 1819. (2) Winthrop Gray, b. at Boston, Sept. 27, 1819; m. Nov. 10, 1845, Georgianna Wingate Clapp, daughter of Charles Q., of Portland, Me., and I. o. (Wingate), b. Nov. 30, 1822; d. Feb. 15, 1895. He was a merchant, and died at New York, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1894. One child. 3 Frederick, b. Sept. 11, 1821; m. March 31, 1851, Mary Homes, daughter of Henry and Isabella (Porter), b. Nov. 2, 1828; d. Dec.'8, 1887. He graduated at Harvard in 1842, and d. at Middletown, R. I., Oct. 8, 1900.. Two children. (4) 1st William Thorndike, b. at Brighton, Jan. 4, 1824; d. at St. Louis, Mo., 1859; unm. VI. CATHERINE, b. April 2, 1797; m. at Medford, July 22, 1823, Jonathan Porter, son of Jonathan and Phebe 12 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, XI. SARAH CHARLOTTE, bapt. at Salem, Nov. 5, 1808: m. Dec. 23, 1828, Ignatius Sargent of Boston, son of Igna- tins and Sarah Sargent (Stevens), b. at Gloucester, Jan. 20, 1800; d. at Brookline, Aug. 18, 1884. She d. at Bos- ton, Jan. 17, 1831. Child: (1) Sarah Ellery, b. at Bos- ton, Oct. 9, 1829; m. at Boston, April 22, 1851, Win- 5 throp Sargent of Philadelphia, son of George Washing- ton and Margaret J. (Percy). She d. at Philadelphia, Pa., May 4, 1852. One child. X11. HENRIETTA, bapt. at Medford, Oct. 27, 1811; m. at Med- ford, May 7, 1835, Ignatius Sargent of Boston, son of Ignatius and Sarah Sargent (Stevens), b. at Gloucester, Jan. 20, 1800; d. at Brookline, Aug. 18, 1884, her sis- ter's widower. She d. at Brookline, April 3, 1891. Children: (1) Ignatius, b. at Boston, April 13, 1836; d. at Boston, April 16, 1844. (2) Henrietta Gray, b. at Boston, June 14, 1838; m. at Brookline, Oct. 19, 1858, James McMasters Codman, son of Charles Russell and Ann (McMasters), b. at Paris, France, April 17, 1831. 1 He graduated at Harvard in 1851. Five children. (3) Charles Sprague, b. at Boston, April 24, 1841 in. Nov. 26, 1878, Mary Allen Robeson, daughter of Andrew, of Tiverton, R. I., and Mary (Allen), b. June 14, 1853. He graduated at Harvard in 1862, and received an LL. D. from Harvard in 1901; Prof. Horticulture; Arnold Prof. Arboriculture; Director Botanic Garden; Director Ar- nold Arboretum; Fellow Am. Acad.; Memb. Am. Philos. Soc., Nat. Acad. Sci.; For. Memb. Linnean Soc. (London), Soc. Nat. d'Agric. de France; For. Hon. Memb. Deutsche Dendrol. Gesellsch. (Bonn), Scottish Arboricult. Soc., Arboricult. Soc. (Loudon), Oesterreich- ische Dendrol. Gesellsch, Five children. 16. XIII. FRANCIS ABRAHAM, b. Oct. 5, 1813; bapt. at Medford, June 12, 1814. 10. WILLIAM³ GRAY (Joseph², William1), born at Lynn, March 26, 1761. He enlisted as a private in Capt. Winship's Co., Col. Putnam's Regt., at Salem, Feb. 17, 1778, term during the war; also as private in Colonel's Co., Col. Rufus Putnam's Regt. ; Continental Army pay accounts, March 2, 1777, to Dec. 31, 1779; also Jan. 1, 1780, to Dec. 31, 1780. According to S. P. Hildreth's " Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio," he was promoted to lieutenant AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 11 (Abbot), b. at Medford, Nov. 13, 1791; d. at Medford, June 11, 1859; he graduated at Harvard in 1814, A. M. She d. at Medford, Dec. 18, 1874. Children: (1) Mary Gray, b. at Boston, May 1, 1824; d. at Medford, Aug. 6, 1909; unm. (2) Anna Gray, bapt. at Medford, Nov. 5, 1826; d. at Medford, May 20, 1851; unm. (3) George Doane, b. at Medford, June 20, 1830; m. at Boston, Aug., 1860, Lucretia E. Holland. He graduated at Harvard in 1851; LL. B., Harvard, 1853; and d. at Med- ford, Nov. 25, 1861. One child. Children by second wife : VII. ELIZABETH GORHAM, b. March 4, 1800; in. at Medford, Dec. 2, 1822, Franklin Howard Story, son of Dr. Elisha and Mehitable (Pedrick), brother of Eliza (Story) White (No. 15), b. at Marblehead, March 6, 1795; d. at Boston, Feb. 13, 1871 a merchant. His miniature is in possession of Mrs. Edward Gray, and a portrait is owned by Mrs. John Butler Swann. She died at Bos- ton, Feb. 10, 1885. Children: (1) Horace Cullen, b. at Salem, Sept. 1, 1823; d. at Boston, March 25, 1847. He entered Harvard with the class of 1843, but remained only three years; unm. (2) Krapklin Howard, b. at Salem, Feb. 12, 1825; m. at New York, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1854, Adeline Wainwright, daughter of Eli and Mary Mayo (Pratt), b. at New York, N. Y., Nov. 18, 1832; d. at Stockbridge, Sept. 27, 1899; sister of Helen Wyckoff Wainwright, who m. Francis Abraham Gray (No. 16). He graduated at Harvard in 1845, and d. at Boston, June 27, 1900. Miniatures of Franklin H, and Adeline W. Story, by Nellie F. Bean, painted from photographs taken circa 1880, are in the possession of Mrs. Edward Gray; a miniature of Adeline W. Story, circa 1850, is owned by Mrs. John Butler Swann; a portrait of Frauklin H. Story, painted in 1890, by Julian Story, and a portrait of Adeline W. Story, painted in 1855, by G. A. Baker, are in the possession of Edward Gray. Two children. (See Edward Gray [No. 31]). VIII. CHARLOTTE GALLISON, bapt. at Salem, Feb. 7, 1802; d. Feb. - 1804. IX. WINTHROP, bapt. at Salem, May 20, 1804; d. at Boston, March 11, 1830; unm. x. FRANCIS ABRAHAM, bapt. at Medford, Aug. 31, 1806; d. June 17, 1809. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 13 for bravery at the attack on Stony Point. He was an husbandman, and went to Ohio with the first party of pioneers, reaching what is now Marietta, April 7, 1788 ; his family followed him in 1790. In 1791, he was chosen commander of the garrison of Fort Tyler. He was a captain of volunteers. He married at Danvers, July 26, 1785, Polly Diman, and died near Beverly, Ohio, in 1812. Children: I. BETSEY4, bapt. at Danvers, Sept. 6, 1789; m. either a Dodge or a Devol. II. POLLY, bapt. at Danvers, Sept. 6, 1789; m. in Washing- ton Co., Ohio, July 13, 1806, Andrew Fisher of Mari- etta, Ohio. III. REBECCA, b. at Fort Frye, 1791; m. at Waterford, Ohio, March 28, 1822, Rotheus Hayward. Children: (1) Co- lumbus Franklin, b. 1831; and four others. 17. IV. WILLIAM, b. 1795. V. CHARLOTTE, m. - Hayward. VI. CLARISSA, m. in Washington Co.. Ohio, Oct. 10, 1831, Josiah M. Hart. 18. VII. HANFORD, b. May 14, 1810. 11. SYLVANUS GRAY (Winthrops, Jeremiah2, William1, born at Boston, Oct. 25, 1765, was a merchant of Marble- head in 1790, and of Boston in 1794. He married, first, at Marblehead, Aug. 31, 1794, Charlotte Gallison, daugh- ter of John and Eunice (Bourne), bapt. at Marblehead, July 25, 1773 d. at Boston, Jan. 14, 1801. He married, secondly, at King's Chapel, Boston, April 24, 1806, Abi- gail Hinckley Lee, daughter of Joseph of Marblehead and Hannah (Hinckley) of Barnstable, who died at Boston, Feb. 20, 1818, aged forty years. He died at Boston, March 15, 1818. Children, by first wife: HENRY GALLISON4, b. at Boston, June 18, 1795; m. at Marblehead, July 22, 1835, Susan Hooper, daughter of Hon. Robert; d. 1880. He graduated from Harvard in 1816, A. M., and was a master mariner and ship builder. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate in 1854, and d. at Marblehead, Nov. 11, 1867; 8. p. II, MARY CHARLOTTE, b. May 25, 1796; m. at King's Chapel, Boston, April 25, 1821, John Smith Allanson, son of 14 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, Richard and Christina (Smith), b. at New York, N.Y., July 11, 1796; d. during passage from Ilavana to Mar- seilles, June 20, 1830. He was graduated at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point in 1814. She d. at Cambridge, May 6, 1870. Children: (1) Sylvanus Gray, b. at Salem, Nov. 19, 1822; d. July 12, 1826. (2) Harriet White, b. at New York, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1824; d. Aug. 15, 1826. (3) Mary Christine, b. at New York, N. Y., March 15, 1826; m. at Cambridge, May 26, 1859, Frank- lin P. Webber. She d. Jan., 1885; 8. p. (4) Horace Story, b. at Charleston, S. C., April 22, 1828. He went to California in 1849, and was unin. in 1875. He d. at Los Angeles, Cal. (5) John Sylvanus, b. at Fra- mingham, July 31, 1830; m. at St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 28, 1869, Ellen Brown, daughter of Major Joseph R., of Brown's Valley, Minn. He was 2nd Lieut. in the Navy on the battleship Narragansett in 1861, resigned his commission, and enlisted in Co. D, 2d Mass. Heavy Artillery Vols., Aug. 22, 1861; Co. E, 1st Regt. N, Y. Veteran Engineers, April, 1864, as 2d Lieut., 1st Lieut. Aug., 1804. In 1807 he was appointed 2d Liout. 20th Infantry, U. S. Army, and resigned his commission lu 1870. IIe died at Henderson, Minn., Sept. 6, 1900. Three children. III. CHARLOTTE, b. Dec. 22, 1797; d. Sept. 4, 1798. 19. IV. GEORGE WINTHROP, b. at Boston, April 10, 1799. V. SYLVANUS, b. April 21, 1800; d. at Boston, Feb. 9, 1847; unm. His miniature is in the possession of William Travers Gray, Esq. Children by second wife, all baptized at King's Chapel, Boston, Jan. 1, 1813 : VI. JEREMIAH LEE, b. Dec. 14, 1806; d. June, 1849; unm. VII. WILLIAM, b. April 18, 1808; d. July 6, 1808. VIII. WILLIAM, b. Dec. 15, 1809; was living in Cambridge in 1875. IX. ELIZABETH CHIPMAN, b. Feb. 28, 1811; d. before 1870; unm. X. ANNE HINCKLEY, b. Sept. 18, 1812; was living in Cam- bridge in 1875, unm. (The information regarding these last three is taken from a letter from Mrs. Webber to Mrs. Francis Henry Gray, written in 1875.) 12. WILLIAM Rufus4 GRAY (William3, Abraham ², Wil- liam1), born at Salem, June 23, 1783, and graduated from Harvard in 1800, A. M. In 1802, he had his name changed by an act of Legislature from William to William AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 15 Rufus Gray. He was a merchant, and lived at Boston, where he died, July 27, 1831. His portrait, painted by Stuart, is in the possession of Miss Isa E. Gray. He mar- ried, Oct. 19, 1807, Mary Clay, daughter of Hon. and Rev. Joseph, of Savannah, Ga., and Mary (Savage), born at Princeton, N. J., 1790 ; d. at Boston, Nov. 15, 1867, aged I 77 years and two months. Her portrait is in the posses- sion of Miss Mary Clay Gray. Children: 20. I. WILLIAMS, b. at Boston, Dec. 20, 1810. II. JOSEPH CLAY, b. at Boston, Feb. 24, 1812; was drowned in the Charles River at Cambridge, July 26, 1823. 21. III. FRANCIS HENRY, b. at Boston, March 2, 1818. IV. FREDERIC, bapt. at Boston, May 14, 1815; d. at Boston, Aug. 1, 1877; unm. He was a merchant. V. MARY, bapt. at Boston, July 20, 1816; d. at Charlestown, May 9, 1843; unm. VI. ANNE ELIZA, bapt. at Medford, Oct. 10, 1819; d. at Bos- ton, Oct., 1884; unm. VII. HORACE, bapt. at Medford, Aug. 5, 1821; b. June 19, 1821; d. at New York, N. Y., July 18, 1901; unm. He was a merchant, and lived at New York. VIII. GEORGE, b. Jan. 10, 1825; bapt. at the old South Church, Boston, Oct. 23, 1825; d. at New York, N. Y., March, 1850; unm. He graduated at Harvard in 1845; LL. B., Harvard, 1847. IX. ELLEN, b. March 28, 1830; bapt. at the old South Church, Boston, May 23, 1830. Lives at New York; unm. 13. HENRY* GRAY (William", Abraham2, William1, baptized at Salem, Aug. 22, 1784. He was a merchant, and lived at Boston and New York. He married, first, at Boston, Oct. 28, 1810, Frances Temple Peirce, daughter of Jos ph Hardy and Frances Temple (Cordis), born Jan. 17, 1794; died at Roxbury, March 22, 1830. He married, secondly, at New York, N.Y., March, 1833, Mrs. Nancy Safford (cf. Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot, March 27, 1833). He died in 1854. His minia- ture is in possession of Miss Frances Gray. Children by first wife* ; the first four were bapt. at Dorchester, Nov. 30, 1817 : A great deal of these data are taken from the Pickering gene- alogy. 16 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, I. FRANCES ELIZABETH*, b. July 2, 1811; d. March 3, 1894; unm. II. WILLIAM HENRY, b. Oct. 22, 1812; d. Oct. 10, 1871; unm. III. JOHN, b. Nov. 18, 1813; d. March 21, 1837 ; unm. IV. HENRY, b. April 23, 1815; d. Sept. 3, 1851; unm. V. FRANCIS, b. Nov. 22, 1816; d. Sept. 4, 1817. VI. CAROLINE, b. Jan. 18, 1818; m. Oct. 20, 1863, John Has- kins, and d, s.p. VII. CHARLES RUSSELL, b. Feb. 11, 1819; d. 1898; unm. VIII. LYDIA FRANCES, b. Jan. 10, 1820; m. April 4, 1845, Elias Cornellus, and d. at Cambridge, Dec. 17, 1913, s. p. IX. MARY CODMAN, b. April 16, 1821; m. Dec. 13, 1854, Charles A. Winthrop, and d. 8. p. x. A son, d. at Dorchester, July, 1822, aet. 2 days. XI. FREDERICK WILLIAM, b. Oct. 7, 1823; d. 1902; unm. XII. ARTHUR, b. Dec. 14, 1824; d. 1905; unm. XIII. FRANCES, b. Feb. 5, 1826. Lives at Cambridge; unm. XIV. FRANCIS, b. Jan. 23, 1828; d. at Dorchester, Nov. 19, 1828. XV. HORATIO, b. at Roxbury, Dec. 13, 1828; d. at Boston, Feb. 11, 1903; unm. He graduated from Brown University in 1849, A. M., and from the Theological Seminary, Va., in 1852. He was a clergyman. XVI. ANNA ELLEN CORDIS, b. March 19, 1830; m. Aug. 9, 1852, Rev. William Henry Brooks, D. D. Children: (1) Wil- liam Gray,* b. Aug. 2, 1853; m. Etta Maddelina O'Don- aghue, and lives at Philadelphia, Pa. (2) Grace Eliza- beth, b. July 27, 1860; d. Sept. 3, 1860. 14. HORACE4 GRAY (William3, Abraham2, William1), born August 25, 1800, and baptized at Medford, Aug. 31, 1800. He graduated from Harvard in 1819, A. M., and was a Fellow of the American Academy. He was a merchant, and lived at Boston, where he died, July 30, 1873. His portrait, painted by Hunt, is in the possession of Mrs. John Chipman Gray. He married, first, at Bos- ton, May 29, 1827, Harriet Upham, daughter of Jabez. She died at sea on board the ship " Sovereign," from Lon- don to New York, Sept. 22, 1834, aged 33 years. He married, second, at Boston, July 3, 1837, Sarah Russell Gardner, daughter of Samuel Pickering and Rebecca Russell (Lowell), born Sept. 20, 1807; died at Nahant, He should not be confounded with William Gray Brooks, son of Cotton Brown Brooks and Jane Williams (3, IV. 1), and father of Phillips Brooks, or with William Gray Brooks, brother of the latter. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 17 Sept. 23, 1893. She was a sister of Elizabeth Pickering Gardner, who married John Chipman Gray (8. VIII). Her portrait, drawn by Cheney, is in the possession of Mrs. John C. Gray. Children, by first wife : I. HORACES, b. at Boston, March 24, 1828. He graduated from Harvard in 1845, A. M.; LL. B., Harvard, 1849. He received an LL. D. from Harvard in 1871, and from Brown in 1882. IIe was a member of the Massachu- setts Historical Society and Fellow of the American Academy. He was Justice and Chief Justice of the Su- preme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, and Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He married, at Washington, D. C., June, 1889, Jane Matthews, daugh- ter of Stanley, and died, at Nahant, Sept. 15, 1902, 8. p. His portrait, painted by Constant, is in the possession of Mrs. Horace Gray, and a drawing, by Cheney, is owned by Miss Harriet Gray. II, ELIZABETH CHIPMAN, b. at Florence, Italy, Feb. 22, 1830; d. at Campobello, N. B., Aug. 26/27, 1897; unm. Her portrait, by Mrs. Whitman, is in the possession of Mrs. Horace Gray, and a drawing by Cheney is owned by Miss Harriet Gray. III. HARRIET, b. at Rome, Italy, Nov. 20, 1832; lives at Bos- ton; unm. Her portrait, by Mrs. Whitman, is in the possession of Mrs. Horace Gray. Children, by second wife : 22. IV. JOHN CHIPMAN, b. at Brighton, July 14, 1839. 28. V. RUSSELL, b. at Boston, June 17, 1850. 15. SAMUEL CALLEY GRAY (Samuel', Abraham ², Wil- liam ¹ ) born Sept. 7, 1792; graduated from Harvard in 1811, A. M. He was a merchant and lived at Boston, where he died Dec. 10, 1849. He married at Salem, July 1, 1829, Elizabeth Stone White, daughter of Capt. Joseph and Eliza (Story), sister of Franklin H. Story (No. 9, VII), born at Salem, Aug. 27, 1809; died at Boston, Aug. 15, 1842. Children : 24. 1. SAMUEL CALLEY', b. April 17, 1830. 11. CHARLOTTE SARGENT, b. Oct. 27, 1832; m. at St. Paul's Church, Boston, April 9, 1857, Henry Van Schaick of 18 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, New York, son of Myndert and Elizabeth (Hove), b. at New York, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1825. He graduated from New York University in 1843; A. M., 1846. Children: (1) Mary, b. March 28, 1858; d. April 29, 1858. (2) Henry Sybaldt, b. Aug. 22, 1859; m. 1st, - Ferguson; m. 2d, Grace Borden. He d. Feb. 24, 1901. (3) George Gray, b. July 25, 1861; m. April 20, 1897, Nonine Har- rim Beil. He graduated from Columbia in 1884, M. D. (4) Elizabeth, b. March 11, 1863; m. June 9, 1886, Alexander Boutourline. Three children. (5) Eugene, b. Sept. 10, 1864; m. 1st, Nov. 25, 1886, Sarah Howland Pyne; in. 2d, June 2, 1904, M. Harlenbeck. He grad- uated from Columbia in 1887, LL. B. III. ELIZABETH STONE WHITE, b. Jan. 3, 1835; m. at St. Paul's Church, Boston, Jan. 26, 1858, John Ellis Blake of New York, b. Oct. 20, 1831; d. Sept. 27, 1880. He graduated from Harvard in 1852, A. M.; 1855, M. D. She d. March 20, 1905. Children: (1) Henry Sargent, b. March 10, 1860; m. Nov. 19, 1887, Cecilia Gertrude Flanagan. (2) Louisa Dumaresq, b. April 8, 1862; m. 1st, April 4, 1883, William W. Russell, b. July 27, 1860; d. July 22, 1887; one child, d. young. She m. 2d, Nov. 10, 1888, Charles F. Coxwell, b. Dec. 27, 1856. Four children. (3) John Rice, b. Feb. 22, 1869. 16. FRANCIS ABRAHAM4 GRAY (Samuel , Abraham ², William1), born Oct. 5, 1813; was baptized at Medford, June 12, 1814. He was a merchant, and lived at Med- ford. He died Dec., 1888. He married at New York, N.Y., June 2, 1857, Helen Wyckoff Wainwright, daugh- ter of Eli and Mary Mayo (Pratt), born at New York, 1829; died Sept. 12, 1895. She was a sister of Adeline Wainwright who married Franklin Howard Story (9. VII. 2). Her miniature, painted about 1850, is in the posses- sion of Mrs. Edward Gray. Children : I. MARY', b. at New York, N. Y., March 17, 1858; m. at Medford, Dec. 10, 1885, George Albert Audenried, son of William and Jane M., b. Cumberland Co., Pa., Feb. 7, 1847; d. July 21, 1907, 8. p. She lives at Paris, France. 25. II. FRANCIS ABRAHAM, b. at Medford, May 28, 1867. 17. WILLIAM4 GRAY (William3, Joseph2, William1), AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS 19 born in 1795; died in 1873. He married in Washington Co., Ohio, June 10/11, 1833, Sarah Pugh, and lived at Waterford, Ohio. Children: 1. AUSTIN', unm. 11. FRANCES, m. Boyd Cowell. He d. 8. p., and she lives at Waterford, Ohio. 26. 111. WILLIAM SIERERT, b. April 11, 1841, 18. HANFORD GRAY (William8, Joseph2, William1), born May 14, 1810; died Feb. 3, 1870. He married, in Washington Co., Ohio, Sept. 17, 1844, Mary E. McCad- don, daughter of James and Mary, who died April 2, 1904, aged 81 years. Children I. ELLAS, b. June 23, 1847; d. Jan. 4, 1913; m. Dec. 14, 1865, Benonia Hurlbut. Children: (1) Etta, b. Nov. 18, 1866; lives at Beverly, Ohio, unm. (2) Mary, b. April 20, 1871; m. 1st, June 23, 1893, Robert J. O'Neill; one child; she m. 2d, Nov. 19, 1907, Charles M. Stull; one child. She lives at McConnelsville, Ohio, (3) Benoni, b. June 17, 1876; m. July 15, 1908, Linnie Earnest. One child. Lives at Beverly, Ohio. 27. II. JOHN, b. Sept. 6, 1849. 28. III. JAMES FARINGTON, b. March 16, 1854. 19. GEORGE WINTHROP6 GRAY (Sylvanus, Winthrops, Jeremiah2, William1), born at Boston, April 19, 1799. He was a merchant, and lived at New York, N. Y. He died, at the Parker House, Boston, Nov. 20, 1863. He married at New York, Nov. 12, 1829, Maria Griswold, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Woodhull). Children : I. GEORGE GRISWOLD®, graduated from New York Univer- sity in 1850; A. M., 1855; and went to China as a young man, where he lost a leg. He m. Susan Irvin, and d. at Newport, R. I., Aug. 13, 1875; s.p. II. ELIZABETH WOODBULL, m. James Morris. Child: (1) a son, Marion Gray, d. aet. 12 years. 29. III. HENRY WINTHROP, b. June 12, 1839. 20. WILLIAM GRAY (William Rufus', William3, Abra- ham2 William1), born at Boston, Dec. 20, 1810. Hegrad- uated from Harvard in 1829, A. M., Overseer, President 20 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, Alumni Asso., Fellow Am. Acad., Memb. Mass. Hist. Society. He was a merchant, and lived at Boston, where he died Feb. 11, 1892. He married, at Boston, Oct. 16, 1834, Sarah Frances Loring, daughter of Caleb and Ann (Greely), born at Boston, Aug. 24, 1811; died at Gerrish Island, N. H., Aug. 29, 1892. His portrait, painted by Staigg, is in the possession of Miss Isa E. Gray ; a por- trait by Healey, and a miniature, are in the possession of Mrs. W. A. W. Stewart. Children: I. MARY CLAY6, b. at Boston, Sept. 1, 1885; d. at Boston, Nov. 9, 1837. 30. 11. WILLIAM, b. at Boston, July 2, 1837. III. FRANCIS, b. at Boston, Nov. 3, 1839; d. at Milton, Aug. 1, 1857. IV. ISA ELIZABETH, b. at Boston, Aug. 6, 1841. Lives at Boston; unm. V. FRANCES LORING, b. at Boston, June 14, 1843; m. at Bos- ton, Jan. 6, 1874, William Adams Walker Stewart, son of John A. and Sarah T. (Johnson), b. at New York, N. Y., April 25, 1850; lost at sea during the blizzard of March, 1888. He graduated from Princeton University in 1871, and from the New York Law School. She lives at New York. Children, all born at New York: (1) Francis Gray, b. Dec. 28, 1874; graduated from Princeton in 1896. He is an architect, with business at Buffalo, N. Y.; unm. (2) William Adams Walker, b. Sept. 10, 1876; m. April 1, 1900, Frances Emily deFor- est, daughter of Robert W. and Emily J., b. Dec. 24, 1878. He graduated from Princeton in 1897; LL. B., Columbia, 1900. He is a lawyer and lives at New York. Six children. (3) Mary, b. Sept. 30, 1878. Lives at New York; unm. (4) Frances Violet, b. April 6, 1881; m. Sept. 1, 1910, Norman Mattoon Thomas, b. Nov. 20, 1884. He graduated from Princeton in 1905; Divinity School, 1911. He is a clergyman, and lives at New York. Three children. VI. ANNA GREELY, b. at Boston, Feb. 20, 1845. She lives in Europe; unm. VII. FLORENCE, b. at Nahant, June 24, 1847; d. at West Rox- bury, Aug. 17, 1859. 31. VIII. EDWARD, b. at Milton, June 7, 1851. IX. ELLEN, b. at Boston, Dec. 14, 1854; d. at Lenox, Aug. 1, 1883; unm. AND SOME OF HIS DESCENDANTS. 21 21. FRANCIS HENRY5 GRAY (William Rufus4, Wil- liam3, Abraham2, William1), born at Boston, March 2, 1813. He graduated from Harvard in 1831; M. D., Harvard, 1834. He was a physician, and lived at Boston, where he died Feb. 6, 1880. He married, July 10, 1844, Hed- wiga Regina Shober, daughter of Samuel Lieberkuhn of Philadelphia, Pa., and Mary Anne (Bedford), born at Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 1818; died at Boston, Jan. 17/18, 1885. Children: I. FRANCIS CALLEY6, b. at Boston, Sept. 5, 1848; d. at Bos- ton, Feb. 18, 1904. He graduated from Harvard in 1866, A. M.; unm, II. MARY CLAY, b. at Boston, Aug. 18, 1848. Lives at Bos- ton; unm. 32. III. SAMUEL SHOBER, b. at Boston, Dec. 30, 1849. 33. IV. REGINALD, b. at Boston, March 19, 1853. 34. V. MORRIS, b. at Boston, March 7, 1856. 22. JOHN CHIPMAN5 GRAY (Horace*, William 3, Abra- ham ², William1), born at Brighton, July 14, 1889 ; grad- uated from Harvard in 1859, A. M. ; LL. B., Harvard, 1861; LL.D., Harvard, 1895 ; Yale. 1894, Story Prof. and Royall Prof. Law; President Alumni Asso. ; Vice- Pres. Am. Acad. ; Memb. Mass. Hist. Soc. He entered the army in 1861, and served until the end of the Civil War, as 2d Lieut. in the 41st Mass. Infantry, and the 3d Mass. Cavalry ; as Aid to Gen. Gordon, and as Major and Judge Advocate of U. S. Volunteers on the staffs of Gen. Foster and Gen. Gilmore. He was a lawyer and lived at Boston, where he died Feb. 25, 1915. He mar- ried at Boston, June 4, 1873, Anna Sophia Lyman Mason, daughter of Charles and Anna H., born Oct. 4, 1854. She lives at Boston. Two portraits of him, by Zorn and Miss Emmet, are in the possession of Mrs. John C. Gray ; a portrait by Vinton is at the Harvard Law School. Her portrait, painted by Wagner, is in her possession. Children 35. I. ROLAND®, b. at Boston, April 1, 1874. 11, ELEANOR LYMAN, b. at Boston, May 25, 1876; m. at Bos- ton, June 10, 1905, Henry Dubois Tudor, son of Wil- liam and Elizabeth (Whitwell), b. at Paris, France, Oct. 22 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, 30, 1874; brother of Mary Tudor who m. Roland Gray (No. 35). He graduated from Harvard in 1895. They live at Boston. Children: (1) Anne Elizabeth, b. at Boston, July 8, 1906. (2) John, b. at Nahant, Aug. 19, 1907. (3) Henry Owen, b. at Boston, May 16, 1911. 23. RUSSELL6 GRAY (Horace4, William 8, Abraham2, William1), born at Boston, June 17, 1850; graduated from Harvard in 1869, A. M. He is in the insurance business and lives at Boston. He married, at Washing- ton, D. C., Nov. 3, 1886, Amy Heard)daughter of Augus- any bland. tine and Jane Leaps (de Coninck), b. at Boston, Oct. 7, 1860. A crayon portrait, by Lilla Cabot Perry, is in the possession of Russell Gray. Children, born at Boston : I. HORACE4, b. Oct. 11, 1887; m. at Chicago, III., Oct. 16, 1915, Katharine Meeker, daughter of Arthur and Grace (Murray), b. at Chicago, III., Feb. 1, 1894. He gradu- ated from Harvard in 1909; M. D., Harvard, 1914. He is a physician, and lives at Boston. II. AUGUSTINE HEARD b. Nov. 10, 1888; graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1910. He is a lieutenant in the Navy. Unm. 24. SAMUEL CALLEY5 GRAY (Samuel Calley4, Samuel3, Abraham2, William1), born April 17, 1830. He was at one time a sea captain, and died July 2, 1890. He married, in England, 1879, Clara Selina Baker, born Dec. 3, 1851. Child : I. ADELAIDE AUGUSTA', b. Dec. 17, 1879. She lives with her mother at Brighton, England; unm. 25. FRANCIS ABRAHAM6 GRAY (Francis Abraham4, Samuel8, Abraham ², William1), born at Medford, May 28, 1867. Lives at Evanston, Wyoming. He married at Winchester, July 20, 1898, Marion Tracy Eustis, daugh- ter of George H. and Clara (Ellis), born at Winchester, Nov. 4, 1872. Children : I. CONSTANCE, b. at Medford, Aug. 3, 1899. II. HELEN WAINWRIGHT, b. at Wellesley, July 24, 1902. 26. WILLIAM SIEBERT5 GRAY ( William4, William3, Joseph2, William1), born April 11, 1841. He served as 26 WILLIAM GRAY OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, iature, painted in 1900 by Nellie F. Bean, and a minia- ture painted in 1904, are in the possession of Mrs. Edward Gray; another miniature, painted in 1904, is in the possession of Mrs. A. Murray Youug. 32. SAMUEL SHOBER6 GRAY (Francis Henry5, William Rufus4, William 3, Abraham2, William1), born at Boston, Dec. 30, 1849 lives at Boston. He married, at Boston, Jan. 15, 1879, Caroline Balch Weld, daughter of Stephen Minot and Sarah, born at Jamaica Plain, Jan. 15, 1846; died at Boston, June 16, 1912. Children I. RALPH WELD', b. at Boston, Jan. 19, 1880. He graduated from Harvard in 1901; is an architect, and lives at Bos- ton; unm. II. HOPE, b. at Brookline, March 29, 1882; unm. III. STEPHEN MINOT WELD, b. at Boston, Feb. 9, 1893. 33. REGINALD6 GRAY (Francis Henry5, William Rufus', William3, Abraham2, William1), born at Boston, March 19, 1853 ; graduated from Harvard in 1875; LL. B., Harvard, 1877 A. M., Harvard, 1878. He was a lawyer, and lived at Boston. He died at Newton, June 7. 1904. He married, at Boston, April 2, 1892, Rose Lee, daughter of George Cabot and Caroline (Haskell), born at Chestnut Hill, Jan. 20, 1860. Child I. REGINALD', b. at Boston, March 18, 1894. He graduated at Harvard in 1915; unm. 34. MORRIS6 GRAY (Francis Henrys, William Rufus4, William3, Abraham2, William1), born at Boston, March 7, 1856 ; graduated from Harvard in 1877; LL. B., Har- vard, 1880, He is a lawyer, and lives at Boston. He is president of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He mar- ried, at Nahant, Sept. 15, 1883, Flora Grant, daughter of Patrick and Charlotte Bordman (Rice), born at Boston, Nov. 4, 1858. Children: I. MORRIS', b. at Nahant, July 30, 1884; graduated from Har- vard in 1906; unm. II. ELIZABETH, b. at Chestnut Hill, Oct. 30, 1886; unm. 11/25/17 Wettinam Gey of Lynn, Massachesetts ad Joine of he descendent Internetarchave Essychment Fete Salem MA. 1916. Probably th fut of be fanf in by hi harrap in 1706. as for as is have this Lyen from has no connection o gray familie of Yarmonth, Plymouth Boston, Salem or Severly The nephew of Fronce Calley gray, was Wm. Gry grags Hall at Heroes College, a fore-story brick buildy c mousand roof Erected by the Corporation. Ats name come memorate the muni ficence of three liberal benefations Hth ed. of UHART the calley." Moses King. Harvard its urrounding A 1883 1/ F. C. gray (class 1809) Engraving 2/ J ohn C. Gray (clans 1811) Prize in Math Dept. 3) Wim. Grap (don 1829) Gain 55K pel year for years to build 11 bay collections. y of Salem Page 1 of 2 A History of Salem Massachusetts By Sidney Perley Volume III 1671-1716 Salem, Mass. Shaye Sidney Perley 1928 p3-9 NEW SETTLERS Richard Way, born about 1624, lived in Salem from 1651 to and removed to Dorchester before 1656, when he was living and also two years later. Samuel Belknap, a joiner, lived h early as 1653 and as late as 1666. John Stone," a husban lived here from 1652 to 1662. Robert Gray, a seaman, was 5. Sarah, 3 born Jan. 7, 1700-1; married Robert Meacham of Beverl 16, 1727; 6. Susannah, baptized Dec. 13, 1702; 7. David (twin), bo 24, 1702; died Oct. 31, 1702; 8. Jonathan (twin), born Oct. 24, 170 Oct. 31, 1702; 9. Benjamin, born Oct. 19, 1704; married Abigail Nov. 16, 1727; living in 1739; IO, Jerusha,3 born July 30, 1705; 1 Peter Pride of Beverly Dec. 9, 1736; 11. Elizabeth, born Jan. 15, married Joseph Wakefield Dec. 10, 1719. 'Richard Way married Esther - and they had two children I in Salem as follows: Henry, Dec. 28, 1651 ; Elizabeth, Sept. 8, 1653 Samuel Belknap married Sarah ; they lived in Salem in 166 dren, born in Salem : Mary, born Aug. 17, 1653; Mary, born Oct. 14 Abram, born June 4, 1660; Samuel, born May I, 1662. "John Stone married Abigail Dixy; they lived in Beverly in 168 dren: I. John. born Nov. 25. 1654: lived in Beverly : married Esther http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/Perley/vol3/images/p3-9.html 7/21/2004 of Ipswich April 12, 1683; had children: 2. Samuel, born Nov. 15 lived in Beverly; married Elizabeth Herrick March II, 1683-4 ; died erly Nov. 23, 1717; had children; 3. Abigail; 4. Jonathan, baptized erly May 10, 1668; 5. Nehemiah, baptized May 29, 1670; 6. Israel, 1 June 27, 1675; 7. Anna (Hannah), baptized Dec. 21, 1679. 'ROBERT GRAY1 married Elizabeth ; died Jan. 23, 1661-2; sh ried, secondly, Nicholas Manning June 23, 1663; children : I. Eli baptized March 9, 1651; married John Priest; 2. Joseph, baptized 1652; 3. Bethiah, baptized June II, 1654; 4. Thomas, born May T 2 5. Edward,2 born May 1657; died May 1657; 6. Hannah, 1: June 26, 1659: married Allen Chard Dec. 28, 1671; 7. Robert," born I 1659; 8. Mary, born April 3, 1661; married Daniel Lambert. JOSEPH GRAY; gunsmith; married Deborah Williams Aug. IO died in 1690 ; she married, secondly, Dr. James Holgrave June 14 children: I. Joseph, 3 born June 9, 1676; living in 1701; 2. Benjami Margery; living in 1690. ROBERT GRAY? gunsmith ; married Sarah Aug. 7. 1685; died in 1725: she was his widow in 1728; children : I born May 2, 1686; 2. Robert,3 born May 18, 1689; died May 3, It Samuel, born April 15, 1691; 4. Hannah, born Sept. 16, 1693: died J 1695; 5. Sarah, born Aug. 22, 1695; married Michael Driver ; 6. Joi born May 12, 1697; 7. Josiah, born Feb. 22, 1699-1700; 8. Ber born Feb. 16, 1702-3; gunsmith; had wife Mary in 1744; 9. Jame: July 29, 1704. BENJAMIN GRAY; turner alias chairmaker; married Mary March 31. 1699; died in the winter of 1716-7; she was his widow i children: I. Benjamin, born Oct. 3, 1700; 2. Mary, baptized A 1722; living in 1763; 3. Sarah,4 baptized April 15. 1722; 4. John,4 bot 21, 1703: living in 1719; 5. Robert,4 born Dec. 15, 1704: 6. Jonathan fourteen in 1724. JOHN GRAY; cordwainer; lived in Provincetown i married, first, Abigail Mazury Dec. 23, 1710; she died Nov. 4. 1715 ried, second, Susanna Jones Dec. 16, 1717: children : I. Robert. bot 27, 1711; 2. William,4 born Sept. 21, 1713; living in 1718; 3- Abigai Nov. 3, 1715; married Zachariah Curtis; 4. John. born Sept. II, I Susanna. born Sept. 13, 1723. SAMUEL GRAY: gunsmith; married beth Ward March 23, 1721-2; died in 1730; she died, his widow, in the p3-9 http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/Perley/vol3/images/p3-9.html 7/21/2004 History of Salem Page 1 of 2 A History of Salem Massachusetts By Sidney Perley Volume III 1671-1716 Salem, Mass. Sidney Perley 1928 have ming long in general society." Later Year sts.c. Convert gray p. 224. C Thooffield Storey's descript in of hia applies egusely well to GBD. "a well-read scholar in various feel do c cultivated interest in letters ared art, and a man of the world by as meass * John chip Grandsare nan Gray Gov. (1839-1915) Uve quest MHS number the Salem meichaet who was Harval, the greatest shepaeses at the to refuse leaget when MA had a lead sale in world converse Harace Gray Father of gc gray Jaha of Count of MA & U.J. Suprese Court Joshie (1828-1902) Son of Horace Gray Sr. (1800-73) phila, thereport father If boston Puh live Garden. Horticultural Frances Cally grag. 1790 1856) netts meber interacy are GAD. On 1834 novel to Seacant's a neighbor of the Words Ticknors on Pash St. A hackeloy he died on 6BD's third birthda. 0 Wm Gray - (1750-1825). Ricked non in New Syland GBD wideede ancedated throughout into d grayfacef in T.W. used Papers. 7 C.Graz - J.Q. Adoves secretary Mass. H Rep. maker, Bodton Athensen Presdest, leary Howed he collect f 3,000 enjoying + an adorant put towal a meant comparative 200logs Grays Hall at Hernard nound few the the 9rg brother, capleted in 1863. ESSEX INSTITUTE Historical Collections 1836-18 VOL. XCIV - 1958 ISSUED QUARTERLY BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE Salem, Massachusetts William T. Whitney, Jr. "THE CROWNINSHIELDS OF SALEM 13 The Register characterized the Hamiltonians as "innovators," the term usually reserved by Federalist newspapers for Hamilton's enemies. Although elsewhere the Alien and Sedition Acts consti- tuted the most important party issue, the Salem newspapers dur- ing the year scarcely mentioned them. Only by virtue of the fact that the Crowninshields deplored the French war did the family find themselves on Jefferson's side. The Crowninshield role in local Salem society is another con- sideration crucial to an understanding of the development of Crowninshield Republicanism. The Crowninshields were a rising family economically, and their position during the years from 1800 to 1805 underwent great change. In 1800 George Crown- inshield & Sons possessed only three ships and one-third of an interest in a schooner, a total tonnage of 1249 40 Three other mer- chants then controlled more tonnage, and six others owned more vessels than the Crowninshields. But by January, 1805, the Crowninshields owned ten ships, one bark, and one brig-a ton- Gray nage of at least 2900 Only William Gray, described by Timothy Pickering as America's greatest merchant, owned more vessels in Salem than the Crowninshields. After a few years there will be no great necessity to be SO over zealous," Jacob wrote in 1804, "but now we ought to exert ourselves & push as heavy a stock round the Cape of Good Hope as it is possible to send there."43 The Crowninshields started to expand only after 1800. For a decade the brothers had captained vessels belonging either to Elias Hasket Derby, or to themselves. The Crowninshields never sailed for Derby again after 1796, and they stopped sailing as mas- 40 The firm's tonnage was abnormally large for its few vessels, for the ship America equalled two other conventional ships. J. D. Phillips, "Salem Merchants of 1800 and Their Vessels," Essex Institute Historical Collections, LXXX (July 1944), 261. 41. lbid., pp. 261-263. 43 Names and number of vessels owned are taken from Crowninshield correspondence; tonnage is calculated from data in J. D. Phillips, "Who Owned the Salem Vessels in 1810," EIHC, LXXXIII (January 1947), 5. Gray On Gray, see Pickering to E. Stevens, Nov. 29, 1799, in E. Gray, William Gray of Salem Merchant (Boston, 1914), p. 26. Gray owned seventeen ships, seven barks, thirteen brigs, and one schooner m 1807-one-fourth of 17ships the port's tonnage. R. D. Paine, Ships and Sailors of Old Salem (Boston, 1916), p. 170. 43. Jacob to Ben W., January 28, 1804, Crowninshield Mss., Peabody Museum. THE CROWNINSHIELDS OF SALEM 19 But at the end of that year and throughout the next excited politi- cal agitation was a powerful force in Salem life. As 1802 dawned, there existed a situation in which political hysteria was thriving along with an insensibility toward national issues. Salem politicos came to regard the stakes of national politics as trivial in compari- son with those of the Salem struggle. The Register's sudden and virtually unexplained shift to Jeffer- son testified to the superficiality of Salem's concern with national affairs early in 1801. When it became certain that Jefferson would be elected, the Republicans jumped to his support. First appeared the announcement couched in dispassionate terms, that "we trust his administration will well accord with his fame" and then a re- print from a New York paper conceding that although Jefferson was not "all powerful, all good, all wise," his administration ought to be given a "fair experiment." John Adams had been defeated, and, more discouraging to his Salem friends of 800, all the Federalists were now "his friends and panegyricists [sic]." The Register on this account begged all former Adams men to come to Jefferson's standard. A natural process, the Republican shift to Jefferson had been swift and easy. Salem's political lethargy of early 1801 reached a low ebb at the May election for town representatives to the General Court. Ebenezer Beckford, Benjamin Pickman, and William Prescott, all prominent militia officers, were elected without Republican oppo- sition; only one hundred citizens voted.66 It was thought that "to accept one service militia officer] & oppose another representa- tive] was inconsistent." The incident was significant as a re- version to the traditional pattern of political behavior. For in the past, whenever there was no engrossing national concern, then political ennui invariably descended upon local politics. Political leadership in established towns like Salem had long been the province of the rich, educated, and articulate. The prom- inent families provided, nominated, and elected candidates for 64. Salem Impartial Register, February 2, 5, 1801. I 65. Ibid., October 26, 1801. The Crowninshields followed suit, for Jacob warned that the name of their new schooner "may be any thing but 'John Jay.' Jefferson is as good a one as you can give her." (Jacob to Richard, November 28, 1801, Crowninshield Mss, Peabody Museum). The Jay, alias Jefferson, became George, Jr.'s private yacht. 66. Salem Impartial Register, May 18, 1801; William Prescott was Salem's leading lawyer and the father of the famous historian. 67. Bentley, op. cit., II, 372. 20 ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS political office. A candidate's name mysteriously appeared in the local newspaper, and shortly afterwards he was elected by a few citizens assembled in a town meeting. In the spring elections of 1801, as in other periods free from excitement over a special issue, politics were in the hands of a few individuals, all apathetic to- ward national affairs) This mode of political behavior determined the nature of poli- tical parties. The poor and middle classes ignored politics, and, if they did participate, it was under the direction of their betters. Political differentiation among local chiefs, if it existed, was of a factional rather than a doctrinal sort But the structure and purposes of parties underwent strik- ing changes beginning late in 1801. An increasing use of the spoils system, caucus meetings, and political festivals bespoke the fact that the fervid spirit of 1800 had come to life again. Relapse early in the year to the traditional nature of political behavior had been only momentary. These three signs of the changing character of parties, which we shall study in detail, all denoted political ex- citement not stimulated, for once, by national politics. Federalists held the Customs House collectorships for Salem, Gloucester, and Marblehead and the Salem posts of naval officer and postmaster > All the incumbents were ripe for the Republican kill. Moaning over Republican setbacks in the April, 1802, elec- tions, Jacob Crowninshield knew that "one thing ought to be done-Mr. Jefferson ought to displace every federal officer in Massach to "68 The first victim of the spoils system was Major Joseph Hiller, the Salem collector originally appointed by the Continental Con- gress. Captain John Gibaut, debt-ridden, unhealthy, and an old friend of the Crowninshields, was the family's candidate for the office. Richard sought the influence of Aaron Burr in New York, and Jacob wrote Jefferson But in August, 1802, Jefferson ap Gray pointed Colonel W. R. Lee, William Gray's man, as collector.69 Though bitter and doubtful of Lee's Republicanism, the Crownin- shields could not match the wrath of the Federalist deputy collect- 68. Jacob to John, April 6. 1802, Crowninshield Mss., Peabody Mu- seum. 69. Jacob to N. Silsbee, November 17, 1801; Jacob to Richard, January 5, 1802; Jacob to Richard, November 28, 1801, all Crowninshield Mss., Peabody Museum. THE CROWNINSHIELDS OF SALEM 31 (Not only did the Federalists seem to oppose the family's eco- nonic growth, but they also appeared to be denying the Crownin- shields any participation in positions of social leadership. The Derbys used means afforded them by their lofty position to keep the Crowninshields from gaining a share of the power. The large merchant families could dominate many activities within a small town by capitalizing on their position as employers A